Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

BRAC University

Fall 2023

CSE250 – Circuits and Electronics

MESH ANALYSIS

PURBAYAN DAS, LECTURER

Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
BRAC University
 Course Outline: broad themes
Mesh
Analysis

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Department CSE,BBRACU
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 Mesh Analysis
• Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for analysing circuits, using
mesh currents as the circuit variables. Mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown
currents in a given circuit.
• A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loops within it.
• Mesh analysis is not quite as general
as nodal analysis because it is only
applicable to a circuit that is planar.
Nonplanar circuits cannot be handled
with mesh analysis.
• A nonplanar circuit is one that has
branches that cross each other and
cannot be redrew without doing so.

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 Mesh Analysis: steps
Start
Step 4: Solve the simultaneous equations
You should have a number of independent equations
equal to the number of meshes.
Step 1: Identify all the meshes and
assign mesh variables
Recall that, 'Mesh' is a loop which does not
contain any other loops within it. The mesh
Step 3: Apply KVL
currents can be taken CW or CCW or a mix of No need to apply KVL to those meshes where mesh
both. It is better to follow any one. currents are already known from Step 3.

Step 2: Write equations for all the current sources

If a current source exists in a mesh which is not part of any other mesh, the current of that mesh is equal to the value of the current
source. If a current exists between two loops, it will form a Supermesh, however, we can also write the equations for such current
sources.

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 Example 1
Use mesh analysis, determine 𝑣0. What is the current supplied by the dependent
voltage source? What is the power of it? Is it absorbing or supplying?

Before solving the circuit using mesh

analysis, recall that, "For passive
elements, current enters through the
positive terminal of the voltage drop
across it." This is according to the
passive sign convention, current
must always flow from a higher
potential to a lower potential through
a passive element that is absorbing
power.

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 Example 1: step 1

👉 First identify all the meshes (independent loops) in this circuit.

There are 3 meshes as identified in the circuit.
👉 Assign mesh currents (𝑖1 , 𝑖2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖3 ) to all the meshes. The assigned currents
can be clockwise, anti-clockwise, or a combination of the two.

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 Example 1: step 2

👉 The 2nd step is to apply KVL to each mesh.

Note that, we already know the mesh 1 current. i1 and the 16 A current flow through the
same wire in the same direction. We can write directly,
𝑖1 = 16 𝐴 (𝑖)
For meshes whose mesh currents are already known, we don't need to apply KVL.
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 Example 1: step 2 (contd … 3)

👉 Next, apply KVL to mesh 2.

75 (𝑖2 − 𝑖1 ) + 50𝑖2 − 9𝑣0 = 0
Notice that, the two mesh currents (𝑖1 and 𝑖2 ) overlap through the 75 . As there can be no more
than a current in a wire, the resulting current through the 75  will be either 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 or 𝑖2 − 𝑖1 . But
we won't know exactly before solving. As we are moving in the direction of 𝑖2 , we take 𝑖2 − 𝑖1 as the
resulting current and the KVL equation is written accordingly.
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 Example 1: step 2 (contd … 4)

75 (𝑖2 − 𝑖1 ) + 50𝑖2 − 9𝑣0 = 0 [𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒]

Now we have to replace 𝑣0 in terms of the mesh currents as the mesh equations should
not contain unknowns other than the mesh currents.
𝑣0 is the voltage drop across the 75  resistor. With the polarity of 𝑣0 given,
𝑣0 = 75 (𝑖1 − 𝑖2 )
Substituting, 75 (𝑖2 − 𝑖1 ) + 50𝑖2 − 9 × 75 (𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) = 0
750 𝑖1 − 800𝑖2 = 0 (𝑖𝑖)
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 Example 1: step 2 (contd … 5)

👉 Next, apply KVL to mesh 3.

9𝑣0 + 60𝑖3 + 90𝑖3 = 0
Substituting 𝑣0 = 75 (𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) for 𝑣0 ,
9 × 75 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 + 60𝑖3 + 90𝑖3 = 0
After simplifying,
675 𝑖1 − 675𝑖2 + 150𝑖3 = 0 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

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 Example 1: step 2 (contd … 6)
We have derived the three mesh equations,
𝑖1 = 16 𝐴
750 𝑖1 − 800𝑖2 = 0
675 𝑖1 − 675𝑖2 − 150𝑖3 = 0
Solving … …,
𝑖1 = 16 𝐴; 𝑖2 = 15 𝐴; 𝑖3 = − 4.5 𝐴;
So,
Power supplied by the dependent source
𝑣0 = 75 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = 75 16 − 15 = 75 𝑉 is thus,
Current supplied (entering into the –ve 𝑝 = − 𝑣𝑖 = 9𝑣0 × 19.5
terminal) by the dependent source is,
= 9 × 75 × 19.5
𝑖2 − 𝑖3 = 15 − (−4.5) = 19.5 𝐴 = 13162.5 𝑊

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 Problem 1
i. Perform branch current analysis to determine the current absorbed by the 6 𝑉
source in the following circuit.
ii. Perform mesh analysis to determine the current absorbed by the 6 𝑉 source in
the following circuit.

Ans: −𝟐. 𝟓 𝑨

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 Problem 2
• Calculate the current through the 10 Ω resistor using mesh analysis.

Ans: 𝑰𝟏𝟎 = 𝟒. 𝟒 𝑨

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 is a
iz
7

Dv ?
i2
i= = 4 6A .

2A
in 0 .
=

Loop-1 0
:2) + 41
- =

+ 0(i
10t
bi , through
-

- go + curiment
90 a)
2011-10i2 (keat point
=

=>

=> ei-iz = 9-Q 4 4A (Ans)

in -
i2 = .

Loop-2 + 512 = 0
40
15iz +

10 (i2 ii)
-
+

40
3012
-

=> 1011
=
-
+

=> i -3iz
= n -
 Problem 3
• Calculate the current 𝑖 using mesh analysis.

Ans: 𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟖 𝑨

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 Loop-1 0
1(i 2) +
0 =

is ?
=

is) +
ai , + 2(i
-

-8 - Q
zi-is-2iz
=

F
=>

Bi Zi
Loop-2 0
-
5i =

1(ie i)
+ 6 -
+

- 8+

i, + biz = 2 -
=> -

is =
3
Loop
-

+ 10iz
0
2(iz ii)
=
-

-
6 +

=> - 2i + 12:3 =
6 D
 Problem 4
• Apply mesh analysis to find 𝑣𝑜 in the following circuit.

Ans: 𝒗𝟎 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟑 𝑽

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 233 33
800 #
= .

500
-

& 101, -
400 + 10(i iz),
-
= 0

Di Dis 2011 -
1012 = 400 -
D
=>
V

⑧
a 2
--
100 10 il - iz) + 10(i2 -
i) = 0

& + 10(i2
-
-

800 00
in - 100
1
=> 100 100
-

2012-1013
-
=

=> - 10i ,
3 +

=> - i, + 2iz-i3 =
10-i
10
=>- i + 212 + 0
=

iz = -
10A

in
0
=> - i, + zi2 =

3
 Problem 5
• Find 𝑖0 using mesh analysis. What is the voltage across the 0.5𝑖0 source?

nor
I-
88 -
4

sie
⑧ &
+
is
Sin
↓
T

88
you
-
-

Ans: 𝒊𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑨; ± 𝟒𝟖 𝑽

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 &

il
p-2
↓
-

18
i =
-
40
0
+ 280
=

in + 4(i is) "2 44

-

5i)-yiz = -200
-
Q
iz = 20

Loop-2
#
-
2i2 0 -i = 40A
-

(i2 iz) + = =

280 + 0
-

280-
=> 10iz-8iz =

Loop-3 in = 0 .
5i0

=> is = -ti
=> ziz =
- in

=> itziz = u i
 Problem 6
• Determine the current through the source resistor 𝑅𝑠 using mesh analysis.

Diz

Dis
Dis

Ans: 𝒊𝒔 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝑨

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#esh-1 iz)
0
2(i
=
-

10 + i +
2(i iz) - +

10-D
-

5 i, - 2iz-2iz =
i =
-
Mesh-2

(iz is) 0
iz =
E
212
=
+ 2
ii)
-

2 (i2 -
+

=> -
zi + Giz-zin =
-0 in =
E
Aest3 -

(in - iz) + 2iz = 0

2 (iz-i)
+ 2

zi-siz + Siz = ori

=> -
 Mesh Analysis with current source betn loops
■ CASE 1 When a current source (dependent or independent) exists only in one
mesh, we simply set the current at that mesh equal to the current of the current
source. (We have already seen this in example 1).

■ CASE 2 When a current source (dependent

or independent) exists between two meshes,
the two meshes form a generalized mesh or
supermesh.

In other words, a supermesh results when two

meshes have a (dependent or independent)
current source in common.
Supermesh

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 Example 2: step 1
• Find 𝑖0 using mesh analysis. Also, calculate the voltage across the 3𝑖0 source.
Step 1: Identify all the meshes and assign mesh
variables to each of the meshes.
Check for supermeshes. Check if a current
source (dependent or independent) is
connected between two meshes. There can be
multiple supermeshes in a circuit.
In this circuit, the 3𝑖0 current source forms a
supermesh between meshes 2 and 3.
We need to handle such conditions differently
because there is no way to know the voltage
Supermesh across a current source in advance.
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 Example 2: step 2
• Find 𝑖0 using mesh analysis. Also,
calculate the voltage across the Step 2: Apply KVL to each of the meshes.
3𝑖0 source. KVL to the mesh 1,
4𝑖1 + 2 𝑖1 − 𝑖3 + 10 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = 0
 16𝑖1 − 10𝑖2 − 2𝑖3 = 0 (𝑖)
Next, ignore the current source that forms the
supermesh and apply KVL to the corresponding
meshes together. Careful with the current
notations. Applying KVL to the supermesh along
the black dotted line shown in the figure,
−52 + 10 𝑖2 − 𝑖1 + 2 𝑖3 − 𝑖1 + 8𝑖3 = 0
 12𝑖1 − 10𝑖2 − 10𝑖3 = − 52 (𝑖𝑖)
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 Example 2: step 2 (contd … 2)
• Find 𝑖0 using mesh analysis. Also, We have 2 equations, 3 variables, and no
calculate the voltage across the remaining mesh for KVL.
3𝑖0 source.
The 3rd equation required, can be found by
applying KCL to the supermesh.
𝑖3 − 𝑖2 = 3𝑖0
Now replace 𝑖0 in terms of the mesh currents. It
can be seen from the figure that, 𝑖0 = 𝑖1 .
Substituting,
𝑖3 − 𝑖2 = 3𝑖1
 3𝑖1 + 𝑖2 − 𝑖3 = 0 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

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 Example 2: step 3
• Find 𝑖0 using mesh analysis. Also, We have derived the three equations,
calculate the voltage across the
3𝑖0 source. 16𝑖1 − 10𝑖2 − 2𝑖3 = 0
12𝑖1 − 10𝑖2 − 10𝑖3 = − 52
3𝑖1 + 𝑖2 − 𝑖3 = 0
Solving … …,
𝑖1 = 1.5 𝐴; 𝑖2 = 1.25 𝐴; 𝑖3 = 5.75 𝐴
So, 𝑖0 = 𝑖1 = 1.5 𝐴
To calculate the voltage across the 3𝑖0
dependent source, we have to apply KVL to
either loop 2 or loop 3.

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 Example 2: voltage across 3i0
• Find 𝑖0 using mesh analysis. Also, Let the voltage across the 3𝑖0 source is 𝑉𝑥 as
calculate the voltage across the indicated in the figure.
3𝑖0 source.
Applying KVL to the loop 2,
−52 + 10 𝑖2 − 𝑖1 + 𝑉𝑥 = 0
 𝑉𝑥 = 52 − 10 1.25 − 1.5 = 54.5 𝑉
As observed by the polarities of voltage and
current, the dependent source is supplying
power.
+
𝑝 = +𝑣𝑖 = 54.5 × 3𝑖0 = 54.5 × 3𝑖1
𝑽𝒙
 𝑝 = 54.5 × 3 × 1.5 = 245.25 𝑊
−

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 Problem 7
• Find 𝑖0 using mesh analysis.

Diz"
- -
- - -

↑ ,
----
-
ii
↑

g
&
-
" Dis

Ans: 𝒊𝟎 = − 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑨

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Super mesh
-

(iz - iz) 50 (i iz) 0

[
=
+
-

10012 + 50 i
-

400 + =

G
=> 50i , + 15012-100iz
= 400
in =
Ez
inside
-
supermesh iz = 2

in -i 4
=
is iz-i2
4
=

= i + 12 =

2 5A
-

=
-
.

Loop-3
-
- i 1) + 50(in
12) +100i) = 0
(in
-

50
500 +
500
-

50i2 + 20013
=

=> -
50 -
 Problem 8
• Find 𝑖0 using mesh analysis. Determine the node voltage 𝑣0 .

Di
-
↓

------

Dizi
"
&
i2
------

Ans: 𝒊𝟎 = 𝟑𝟔 𝑨; 𝒗𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒 𝑽

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 io -i2
upenmesh : =

2(iz i) + 54 0
1(i2 ii)
=

+
2iz
-

+
-

2iz 54-0
=> zi zi2 + = -

,
+

J 6
supermesh
Inside 11 =

iz =
-
36
in =
-

iz = 36A
240
is-iz =

z = 36
-ziz
=> "3-iz =

22 is
0
.

across
for vo : drop
is + is
=>
2( 30)
=
- = -
60
2(i iz)
-

-
=

mesh-1 3i 0
2(i 127 +
7 60)
114V
=

2(i -is)
-
=
-
+ = 54 -

vo

Gi-i2-2iz = 0-i
 Problem 9
• Use Mesh Analysis to analyze the circuit. Find 𝑉𝑦.

27 -
10(i -in)

2 is
-
>
43V

I
Y
-
15 % *
·
·

=> 27

Dis · & iz
-
43
-
5(i) 12)
-

= 68V Ans: 𝑽𝒚 = 𝟔𝟖 𝑽

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 is between
we write supen mesh equation when them a crint source

mesh uments but here we know in = -2 Ix -

2 unknown
i, + i = 5-D in -iz
① i 5A =
-

in -
=
in =

② i2 = -atx

2(i in)
iz
-

= -

=>

=> 2i + 12-Riz 0 =

12 + 20in = 0
2013 -

mesh3 4 + 10 (in-11) +
-

- ic = is -5
8- in
=

50iz
=

=> -
10 + =

now
follow the figure .
 Problem 10
• Derive the mesh equations for the following circuit. Determine 𝑖0.

--
,
12

Di
----

3 Die
is
Ans: 𝒊𝟎 = − 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐 𝑨

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i =
-
5 i, -
is

X
Supermesh 5) 0
2(i
=
-
+
32 + 1i2 + 2(i2
in) - +
- so + yi +

Si + biz-ziy = 50 -
=>

supermesh
Inside
i, 10
i2 =

i
-

is 10
=> - i +
=

Aesh-4 - iz) 0
(iy + 5) + 2 (iy =

22 5 +
. Hin + 1

=> -ziz + zin =

-27 .

5
 Problem 11
• Find the mesh currents.

i1
--------

=
&
I
&

11
3 is D is
"
&

------------

Ans: ±𝟐 𝒎𝑨; ±𝟔 𝒎𝑨; ±𝟐 𝒎𝑨

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penmesh : -100 + hi 1 + Biz + 213 + 40 = 0

-
=> hi + oietzin = 60
-i + iz 4 ⑪
SidesupenmeshQ
= -

4 =
i2-i =

mesh i2-iz 2i
~ side super =

=>
2i , -istiz = 0 i &

2
a = 2
,
12 = 6 ,
iz =
 Problem 12
(𝑖) Use nodal analysis to find 𝑖𝑥 . Determine the voltage across the 3 𝐴 source.
(𝑖𝑖) Use mesh analysis to find 𝑖𝑥 . Determine the voltage of the red colored node.

in modal
modal analysis done
-

----- analysis slide

e.

! !
Dis Die
,
&

!
&

Ans: 𝒊𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟗 𝑨; 𝒗𝟑𝑨 = ±𝟑. 𝟔𝟒 𝑽; 𝒗𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟔 𝑽

-

- - -

Spring'23

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 in -i ,
211 Giz 3i2 0
-upenmesh
=

: + + =

=> 2i + 312 + 6iz = 0-

is-i 3
supermesh 2: =

-side
=> - i , tiz = 3
A

=
-1 039
.

059A
ixz-i 1
.

.
=

in-iz 2 in
insupermeshes
=

i , - iz = - 2il
=>

=> 3i1-i2 = 0
 Problem 13
Ima
O i-iz
-
=

Britt

----
-
iz-i3
=

Y
• Use mesh analysis to
70
-

analyze the circuit. Find 𝐼𝑥 . ↑

&
• Determine the current 𝐼𝑦 .
W
i
• Now repeat using Nodal L
Dir ↑

2
Dir
analysis. = = = ----

• Compare the two methods ↑

in solving this circuit. ↑

should be done using modal analysis . &

①
Ans: 𝑰𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒎𝑨; 𝑰𝒚 = −𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎𝑨 Spring'23

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 Problem 14
• Use mesh analysis to determine 𝑣0 and 𝑖0. What is the voltage across the 5 𝐴
source?

- -
. . .

"
↑
I
i
i :
I

·&
I

·
-
↑ ---- -

in
in?
↑

Ans: 𝒗𝟎 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝟏 𝑽; 𝒊𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 𝑨
↑

- -
-
F

- - - -

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 5011 + 10(l-is) -
4i0 + 40iy = 0 io = i, -

i
. mesh :
S -
250 +

10 - 10i3-ui his 40in

-

0
50i , +
10i3
=
+ +
+ , Vo =
=> -
250

=> 56 % -
Gis + 40in = 250 -

Insides-mesh =
&

in iz -
= 5A
" =
=> -
iztin = 5

-i
is =

in =
=> i, = 0 .
200
z

i , -iz 0 . 2x10is
=>
=

-
=> in-iz-zin =

1013 + 410
0
h-3
=

# : 10
Ciz-i1) +

411-4iz
-

0
2013-1011
=
=> +

=> -

Gi + 16 13 = 0-
 Problem 15
• Use mesh analysis to determine 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑖𝑥. What is the voltage across the 3 𝐴
source?

.....
S

i, 3 is
Y -
S
S
Ans: 𝒗𝒙 = − 𝟒 𝑽; 𝒊𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑨

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Supermesh ix = il
=
z(i-is]
-

4in 0
i =
M
50 Hoi 513
=
- + +

4i 0 i2 =
53
=
+
=> -
50 + 10i1 +

=> Mi + 513 = 50 -
⑪ Vy =
-
4V is =
supermesh
side
in =

10
3
12-in =

= - istiz =
3

-
inside supermesh
i3-iz =
2 (ii-in)
=> is-iz =
Y is + 212-3iz = 0
=>
Giz-sie = in-is
 Nodal vs Mesh Analysis
• Given a network to be analysed, how do we know which method is better or more efficient?
The choice of the better method is dictated by two factors:
■ Nature of the network
Mesh analysis is easier for networks that contain Nodal analysis is easier for networks with parallel
many series-connected elements, voltage connected elements, current sources, or
sources, or supermeshes supernodes.
A circuit with fewer nodes than meshes is better analysed using nodal analysis, and vice versa. The key
is to select the method that results in the smaller number of equations.
■ Information required
Mesh analysis is easier if branch or mesh currents Nodal analysis is easier if node voltages are
are required required
As we shall see in CSE251, mesh analysis is the only method to use in analysing transistor circuits. But
mesh analysis cannot easily be used to solve an op amp circuit, because there is no direct way to
obtain the voltage across the op amp itself. For nonplanar networks, nodal analysis is the only option.

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 Problem 16
• Which method, nodal or mesh, is more convenient for solving the circuit? Derive
the equations that correspond to the convenient one.

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 Problem 17
• Count how many nodes and meshes there are in this circuit. What is the bare minimum of
variables that need to be considered for both nodal and mesh analysis? Which of these
methods is the most convenient for solving the circuit? Determine the equations that
correspond to the convenient one.

for mesh analysis = 7.

minimum # of variables •
for nodal analysis = 4;
minimum # of variables •
# of meshes = 7; •
# of nodes = 4; •
Ans:

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Department CSE,BBRACU
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 Problem 18
• Count how many nodes and meshes there are in this circuit. What is the bare minimum of
variables that need to be considered for both nodal and mesh analysis? Which of these
methods is the most convenient for solving the circuit? Determine the equations that
correspond to the convenient one.

for mesh analysis = 5.

minimum # of variables •
for nodal analysis = 6;
minimum # of variables •
# of meshes = 5; •
# of nodes = 14; •
Ans:

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 Practice Problems
• Additional recommended practice problems: here
• Other suggested problems from the textbook: here

[PDS] PURBAYAN DAS CSE250 – CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT CSE,

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 Thank you for your attention

[PDS] PURBAYAN DAS CSE250 – CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT CSE,

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Department CSE,BBRACU
RACU 38