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12 views16 pages

lec19aek

Uploaded by

Hassan Al Baity
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Stepped Impedance Low-Pass Filter

• Relatively easy (believe that?) low-pass


implementation
• Uses alternating very high and very low
characteristic impedance lines
• Commonly called Hi-Z, Low-Z Filters
• Electrical performance inferior to other
implementations so often used for filtering
unwanted out-of-band signals

EEE 194 RF 1
Approximate Equivalent Circuits for
Short Transmission line Sections
• Using Table 4-1, approximate equivalent
circuits for a short length of transmission
line with Hi-Z or Low-Z are found

EEE 194 RF 2
Approximate Equivalent Circuits for
Short Transmission line Sections
• The equivalent circuits are:
XL=Zo βl
jX / 2 jX / 2

jB

T-Equialent circuit for transmission line section Equialent circuit for small β l and large Zo
β l << π / 2

BC=Yo βl

Equialent circuit for small β l and small Zo

EEE 194 RF 3
Approximate Equivalent Circuits for
Short Transmission line Sections
• Series inductors of a low-pass prototype
replaced with Hi-Z line sections (Zo= Zh)
• Shunt capacitors replaced with Low-Z line
sections (Zo= Zl)
• Ratio Zh/Zl should be as high as possible
LRg
βl = ( inductor )
Zh
CZl
βl = ( capacitor )
Rg
EEE 194 RF 4
Stepped Impedance Low-Pass Filter
• Select the highest and lowest practical line
impedance; e.g. the highest and lowest line
impedances could be 150 and 10 Ω,
respectively
• For example, given the low-pass filter
prototype, solve for the lengths of the
microstriplines:
Zlow Rg
lLn = gn ; lCn = gn
Rg β β Z high
EEE 194 RF 5
Stepped Impedance Low-Pass Filter -
Implementation
L1 L2 L3

C1 C2 C3

6th Order Low-Pass Filter Prototype


l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6

Zo Zlow Zhigh Zlow Zhigh Zlow Zhigh Zo

Stepped Impedance Implementation

Microstripline Layout of Filter


EEE 194 RF 6
Bandstop Filter
• Require either maximum or minimal
impedance at center frequency fo
• Let line lengths l = λo /4
• Let Ω = 1 cut-off frequency of the low-
pass prototype transformed into upper and
lower cut-off frequencies of bandstop
filter via bandwidth factor :
 π ωL   π  sbw  (ωU − ω L )
bf = cot   = cot   1 −   ; sbw =
 2 ωo  2 2  ωo

EEE 194 RF 7
Bandstop Filter: Implementation
1. Find the low-pass filter prototype
2. The L’s and C’s replaced by open and short
circuit stubs, respectively as in Low-Pass filter
design with
ZLn = (bf ) gn and YCn = (bf ) gn
3. Unit lengths of λo /4 are inserted and Kuroda’s
Identities are used to convert all series stubs into
shunt stubs
4. Denormalize the unit elements

EEE 194 RF 8
Coupled Filters: Bandpass
• Even and Odd mode excitations resulting in
1 1
Z Oe = ; ZOo =
v peCe v po Cod

EEE 194 RF 9
Coupled Filters: Even & Odd
Impedances

EEE 194 RF 10
Bandpass Filter Section

1
Z in = ( Z Oe − ZOo )2 − ( ZOe + ZOo )2 cos 2 ( β l )
2 sin ( β l )

EEE 194 RF 11
Bandpass Filter Section
• According to Figure 5-47, the characteristic
bandpass filter performance attained when
l = λ /4 or β l = π /2 .

EEE 194 RF 12
Bandpass Filter Section
• The upper and lower frequencies are
−1  Z Oe
− Z Oo 
( β l )1,2 = θ1,2 = ± cos  
 Oe
Z + Z Oo 

5th Order coupled line


Bandpass Filter

EEE 194 RF 13
Bandpass Filter: Implementation
1. Find the low-pass filter prototype
2. Identify normalized bandwidth, uper, and lower
frequencies
ωU − ω L
BW =
• Allowing: ωO

1 π BW 1 π BW 1 π BW
J 0 ,1 = ; J i,i +1 = ; J N , N +1 =
ZO 2 gO g1 ZO 2 gi gi +1 ZO 2 g N g N +1

EEE 194 RF 14
Bandpass Filter: Implementation
• This allows determination of the odd and
even characteristic line impedances:

( ) 
2
ZOo = Z O1 − Z J
O i,i +1 + Z J
O i,i +1 
i,i +1
 
and

( )
ZOe i,i +1 = ZO 1 + ZO J i,i +1 + ZO J i,i +1 
 2
 
• Indices i, i+1 refer to the overlapping
elements and ZO is impedance at ends of the
filter structure
EEE 194 RF 15
Bandpass Filter: Implementation
• Determine line dimensions and S and W of
the coupled lines from the graph on Figure
5-45 p256.
• Length of each coupled line segment at the
center frequency is λ /4.
• Normalized frequency is
ωc  ω ω c 
Ω=  − 
ωU − ω L  ωc ω 

EEE 194 RF 16

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