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Kepler’s Laws

Class: Fourth

College of Electronic Engineering


Communication Engineering Department
Ninevah University

Dr. Aws Zuheer Yonis


Senior Lecturer

2018/2019

2 [email protected]
Kepler’s Laws

Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) was able to


derive empirically three laws describing
planetary motion.
1- Kepler’s First Law

Kepler’s first law states that the path


followed by a satellite around the primary
will be an ellipse. An ellipse has two focal
points shown as F1 and F2 in Fig. 2.1.
1- Kepler’s First Law

The center of mass of the two-body system, termed


the barycenter, is always centered on one of the
foci.
The semimajor axis of the ellipse is denoted by a,
and the semiminor axis, by b. The eccentricity e is
given by
1- Kepler’s First Law

The eccentricity and the semimajor axis are


two of the orbital parameters specified for
satellites (spacecraft) orbiting the earth.
 For an elliptical orbit, 0 < e < 1.
 When e = 0, the orbit becomes circular.
2- Kepler’s Second Law

Kepler’s second law states that, for equal


time intervals, a satellite will sweep out
equal areas in its orbital plane, focused at
the barycenter.
Perigee Apogee
2- Kepler’s Second Law

Fig. 2.2, assuming the satellite travels


distances S1 and S2 meters in 1 s, then the
areas A1 and A2 will be equal. The average
velocity in each case is S1 and S2 m/s, and
because of the equal area law, it follows that
the velocity at S2 is less than that at S1.
2- Kepler’s Second Law

The satellite takes longer to travel a given


distance when it is farther away from earth.
Use is made of this property to increase the
length of time a satellite can be seen from
particular geographic regions of the earth.
3- Kepler’s Third Law

Kepler’s third law states that the square of the


periodic time of orbit is proportional to the
cube of the mean distance between the two
bodies.
The mean distance is equal to the semimajor
axis a.
For the artificial satellites orbiting the earth,
Kepler’s third law can be written in the form
3- Kepler’s Third Law

Where n is the mean motion of the satellite


in radians per second and µ is the earth’s
geocentric gravitational constant.

Its value is
3- Kepler’s Third Law

Equation (2.2) applies only to the ideal


situation of a satellite orbiting a perfectly
spherical earth of uniform mass.
With n in radians per second, the orbital
period in seconds is given by
3- Kepler’s Third Law

The importance of Kepler’s third law is that


it shows there is a fixed relationship
between period and semimajor axis.

One very important orbit in particular,


known as the geostationary orbit, is
determined by the rotational period of the
earth.
Example 2.1

Calculate the radius of a circular orbit


for which the period is 1 day.
Sol

The day in second=24x60x60= 86,400 sec.

There are 86,400 seconds in 1 day, and


therefore the mean motion is
Example 2.1(cont.)

From Kepler’s third law

Since the orbit is circular the semimajor axis is


also the radius.
Definitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting
Satellites
For the particular case of earth-orbiting satellites,
certain terms are used to describe the position of
the orbit with respect to the earth.
 Subsatellite path : This is the path traced out on
the earth’s surface directly below the satellite.
Definitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites

 Apogee. The point farthest from earth. Apogee


height is shown as ha in Fig. 2.3.
 Perigee. The point of closest approach to earth.
The perigee height is shown
as hp in Fig. 2.3.
 Inclination. The angle between
the orbital plane and the earth’s
equatorial plane.
Definitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites

 Prograde orbit. An orbit in which the satellite


moves in the same direction as the earth’s
rotation.

 The prograde orbit is


also known as a
direct orbit
Definitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites

Retrograde orbit. An orbit in which the


satellite moves in a direction counter to the
earth’s rotation, as shown in Fig. 2.4. The
inclination of a retrograde orbit always lies
between 90° and 180°.
Definitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites

 Line of apsides.
 Ascending node.
 Descending node.
 Line of nodes.
 Argument of perigee.
 Mean anomaly.
 True anomaly.

Section(2.5)
Example 2.2

Calculate the semimajor axis for the satellite


parameters given in Table 2.1.
Solution
From Kepler’s third law gives

The mean motion is given in Table 2.1 as


NN=14.23304826 day-1

In rad/s this is n0=2 π x NN


= 0.00104 s-1
Kepler’s third law gives
a= 7192.335 km
Apogee and Perigee Heights

The apogee height and perigee height are often


required.
The length of the radius vectors at apogee and
perigee can be obtained from the geometry of the
ellipse:

Where Radius vector at apogee (ra)


Radius vector at perigee (rp)
Apogee and Perigee Heights

Apogee height (ha)


ha= ra-R

Perigee height (hp)


hp= rp-R

Mean earth radius (R) is 6371 Km


Example 2.3
Calculate the apogee and perigee heights for the orbital
parameters given in Table 2.1.
Assume a mean earth radius (R) of 6371 km.
From table
e = 0.0011501
a =7192.335 km
ra= a.(1+e) ra= 7200.6 km
rp= a. (1-e) rp=7184.1 km

The corresponding heights are:

ha= ra-R ha = 829.6 km


hp= rp-R hp= 813.1 km
2.8 Orbit Perturbations
The keplerian orbit described so far is ideal in
the sense that it assumes that the earth is a
uniform spherical mass and that the only force
acting is the centrifugal force resulting from
satellite motion balancing the gravitational pull
of the earth.
2.8.1 Effects of a nonspherical earth

2.8.2 Atmospheric drag


2.8.1 Effects of a nonspherical earth

For a spherical earth of uniform mass, Kepler’s third


law (Eq. 2.2) gives the nominal mean motion n0 as
2.8.1 Effects of a nonspherical earth
(Cont.)
When the earth’s oblateness is taken into account, the mean
motion, denoted in this case by symbol n, is modified to
(Wertz, 1984).

K1 is a constant which evaluates to 66,063.1704 km2.


The earth’s oblateness has negligible effect on the semimajor
axis a, and if a is known, the mean motion is readily
calculated.
The orbital period taking into account the earth’s oblateness
is termed the anomalistic period
2.8.1 Effects of a nonspherical earth
(Cont.)
The anomalistic period is

where n is in radians per second


Example 2.4
A satellite is orbiting in the equatorial plane with a period
from perigee to perigee of 12 h. Given that the eccentricity is
0.002, calculate the semimajor axis. The earth’s equatorial
radius is 6378.1414 km.
H.W (4)
2.6. The orbit for an earth-orbiting satellite has
an eccentricity of 0.15 and a semimajor axis of
9000 km.
Determine
(a) its periodic time;
(b) the apogee height;
(c) the perigee height.

Assume a mean value of 6371 km for the earth’s radius.


H.W (4)
2.10 . Explain what is meant by apogee
height and perigee height. The Cosmos 1675
satellite has an apogee height of 39,342 km
and a perigee height of 613 km.
Determine the semimajor axis and the
eccentricity of its orbit.
Assume a mean earth radius of 6371 km.
H.W (4)
2.11. The Aussat 1 satellite in geostationary orbit has an
apogee height of 35,795 km and a perigee height of 35,779
km. Assuming a value of 6378 km for the earth’s equatorial
radius, determine the semimajor axis and the eccentricity of
the satellite’s orbit.

2.16. Describe briefly the main effects of the earth’s


equatorial bulge on a satellite orbit. Given that a satellite is
in a circular equatorial orbit for which the semimajor axis is
equal to 42,165 km, calculate (a) the mean motion, (b) the
rate of regression of the nodes, and (c) the rate of rotation
of argument of perigee.

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