ABHAY MAHAJAN

B.Tech. IIT Roorkee

➔ 11+ years teaching experience
➔ Mentored and taught around 20000+ students
➔ Produced 400+ IIT selections
➔ 10+ INMO selections
➔ 1 EGMO Selection
 Kindly attempt the
Session Assignment
that follows

NOTE: Solution also attached

MARATHON SESSION
GEOMETRY
 Angle Chasing
and
Basic Properties
Q1. In ΔABC, what is such of the angles
a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i?

A. 360°

B. 540°

C. 600°

D. Cannot be determined
Q1. In ΔABC, what is such of the angles
a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i?

A. 360°

B. 540°

C. 600°

D. Cannot be determined
Q1. In ΔABC, what is such of the angles
a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i?

Solution:

Sum of angles of a triangle = 180°

∴ a + g + f = 180° ; b + i + c = 180°, d + e + h = 180°
∴ a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i = 540°.
Q2. The bisector of angle A in parallelogram ABCD
intersects side BC at M and the bisector of ∠AMC passes
through point D. Find the smallest angle of the
parallelogram in degree if it is known that ∠MDC = 45°

B M C

A
D
Q2. The bisector of angle A in parallelogram ABCD
intersects side BC at M and the bisector of ∠AMC passes
through point D. Find the smallest angle of the
parallelogram in degree if it is known that ∠MDC = 45°

Answer: 60° B M C

A
D
Solution:

∠A = 60° and ∠B = 120°. Let ∠DAM = ∠BAM = ⍺.

Then since AD|| BC, we have also ∠AMB = ⍺.
Then ∠AMC = 180° – ⍺ and hence ∠CMD = 90° – .
But then ∠MDA = 90° – .
Then ∠MDC = ∠CDA – ∠MDA = (180° – 2⍺) – (90° – )
= 90° – ⍺. Hence 90° – ⍺ = 45° and ⍺ = 30°
B M C

A D
AHSME - 1960
Q3. In this diagram AB and AC are the equal sides of an
isosceles ∆ABC, in which, is inscribed an equilateral
∆DEF. Designate ∠BFD by a, ∠ADE by b, and ∠FEC by c.
Then.
A
A.

B. E
b
D c

C.

a
D.
B F C
AHSME - 1960
Q3. In this diagram AB and AC are the equal sides of an
isosceles ∆ABC, in which, is inscribed an equilateral
∆DEF. Designate ∠BFD by a, ∠ADE by b, and ∠FEC by c.
Then.
A
A.

B. E
b
D c

C.

a
D.
B F C
AHSME - 1960
Q3. In this diagram AB and AC are the equal sides of an
isosceles ∆ABC, in which, is inscribed an equilateral
∆DEF. Designate ∠BFD by a, ∠ADE by b, and ∠FEC by c.
Then.
Solution:
Since ΔDEF is an equilateral triangle, all of the 60 + b – a = 60 – c + a
angles are 60°. Then angles in a line add up b + c = 2a
to 180°, so
∠FDB = 120 – b
∠EFC = 120 – a
The angles in a triangle add up to 180°, so
∠ABC = 60 + b – a
∠ACB = 60 – c + a
Since ΔABC is isosceles and AB = AC, by
Base - Angle Theorem,
PRMO - 2020
Q4. Two sides of a regular polygon with n sides, when
extended meet at an angle of 28°. What is the smallest
possible value of n?

A. 45

B. 50

C. 55

D. 60
PRMO - 2020
Q4. Two sides of a regular polygon with n sides, when
extended meet at an angle of 28°. What is the smallest
possible value of n?

A. 45

B. 50

C. 55

D. 60
PRMO - 2020
Q4. Two sides of a regular polygon with n sides, when
extended meet at an angle of 28°. What is the smallest
possible value of n?

Solution:

For 28° angle, we need a turn of 28° + 180°

For 208° turn, say we turned K times. In n - gon,
we know that one turn in n-gon is
PRMO - 2017
Q5. Let ABCD be a rectangle and let E and F be points on
DC and BC respectively sucht at area (ADE) = 16,
area(CEF) = 9 and area(ABF) = 25. What is the area of
triangle AEF?

A. 25

B. 30

C. 33

D. 37
PRMO - 2017
Q5. Let ABCD be a rectangle and let E and F be points on
DC and BC respectively sucht at area (ADE) = 16,
area(CEF) = 9 and area(ABF) = 25. What is the area of
triangle AEF?

A. 25

B. 30

C. 33

D. 37
PRMO - 2017
Q5. Let ABCD be a rectangle and let E and F be points on
DC and BC respectively sucht at area (ADE) = 16,
area(CEF) = 9 and area(ABF) = 25. What is the area of
triangle AEF?

A. 25

B. 30

C. 33

D. 37
Solution:
Q6. Inside an isosceles triangle ABC fulfilling
AB = AC and ∠BAC = 99.4°, a point D is given such
that AD = DB and ∠BAD = 19.7°. Compute ∠BDC.
Q6. Inside an isosceles triangle ABC fulfilling
AB = AC and ∠BAC = 99.4°, a point D is given such
that AD = DB and ∠BAD = 19.7°. Compute ∠BDC.

Answer: 149.1°
Solution:
Denote by E the image of B in reflection over AD.
Then AE = AB = AC and ∠EAC = ∠BAC – 2. ∠BAD = 60°, entailing that the triangle
AEC is equilateral and CE = CA. In addition, DE = DB = DA due to symmetry, and
therefore CD is the perpendicular bisector of AE and ∠ACD = ∠ACE = 30°. Now
it is simple to use the non-convex quadrilateral ABDC for computing
∠BDC = ∠DBA + ∠BAC + ∠ACD = 19.7° + 99.4° + 30° = 149.1°.

60°
D
30°
B C

E
Q7. A circle with centre C is drawn around ΔCQS so that
Q and S lie on the circumference of the circle. QC is
extended to P on the circle.Chord PR interests CS and QS
at A and B, respectively. If ∠QPR =24° and ∠CAP = 90°,
determine the measure of ∠QBR. (∠QBR is marked x° on
the diagram)
S
R
B
x° x°
A
24°
P Q
C
Q7. A circle with centre C is drawn around ΔCQS so that
Q and S lie on the circumference of the circle. QC is
extended to P on the circle.Chord PR interests CS and QS
at A and B, respectively. If ∠QPR =24° and ∠CAP = 90°,
determine the measure of ∠QBR. (∠QBR is marked x° on
the diagram)

Answer: 57° S
R
c° B
A d° x° x°

24° a° b° c°
P Q
C
Solution:
The angle in a triangle add to 180°. So in ∆CAP,
∠ACP = 180° – 90° – 24° = 66° = a°.
QCP is a diameter and is therefore a straight line. Two angle on a straight line add to 180°, so
∠QCS = 180° – a° = 180° – 66° = 114° = b°.
C is the centre of the circle with Q and S on the circumference. Therefore CS and CQ are radii of
the circle and CS = CQ. It follows that ΔCSQ is isosceles and ∠CSQ = ∠CQS = c°. Then in ∆CSQ,
c° + c° + b° = 180°
2c + 114 = 180
2c = 66
c = 33
Opposite angles are equal, so it follows that ∠SBA = ∠RBQ = x° and d° = ∠SAB = ∠CAP = 90°
In ΔABS,
x° + c° + d° = 180°
x + 33 + 90 = 180
x + 123 = 180
x = 57
∴ ∠QBR = 57°
Q8. The points A, B, D and E lie on the circumference of a
circle with centre C. If ∠BCD = 72° and CD = DE,
determine the measure of ∠BAE.

C
72°

B
Q8. The points A, B, D and E lie on the circumference of a
circle with centre C. If ∠BCD = 72° and CD = DE,
determine the measure of ∠BAE.

Answer: 66°

A
y° z°
E
z°
w°

C w°
72°
w°
y° x°
x° D

B
Solution:
As the solution proceeds,the new markings on the diagram will be
explained. Draw radii from C to points A and E on the circumference. Join B
to D.
Since CB and CD are radii, CB = CD and ΔCBD is isosceles. Therefore
∠CBD = ∠CDB = x°. But in a triangle the angles sum to 180°. It follows that
x° + x° + 72° = 180°. Then 2x° = 108° and x = 54.
In ΔCDE, CD = CE since they are both radii. But we are given that CD = DE.
Therefore, CD = CE = DE and ΔCDE is equilateral. It follows that such angle
is 60°. Therefore, w = 60.
Since CE and CA are radii, CE = CA and ΔCEA is isosceles.
Therefore, ∠CEA = ∠CAE = z°.
Similarly since CA and CB are radii, CA = CB and ΔCAB is isosceles.
Therefore, ∠CAB = ∠CBA = y°.
Solution:
The figure ABDE is quadrilateral and we know that the sum of the interior
angles of a quadrilateral is 360°. Then
∠BAE + ∠ABD + ∠BDE + ∠DEA = 360°
(y° + z°) + (y° + x°) + (x° + w°) + (w° + z°) = 360°
2w° + 2x° + 2y° + 2z° = 360°
w° + x° + y° + z° = 180° Dividing by 2
(60°) + (54°) + y° + z° = 180° Substituting for w and x
(114°) + y° + z° = 180°
(y + z)° = 66°
∠BAE = 66° Since ∠BEA = (y + z)°
∴ ∠BAE = 66°
Q9. In the figure, AC = AE, AB = AD, ∠BAD = ∠EAC. If
BD = 10, DC = 4 then Find DE.

A. 16

B. 10

C. 14

D. None of these
Q9. In the figure, AC = AE, AB = AD, ∠BAD = ∠EAC. If
BD = 10, DC = 4 then Find DE.

A. 16

B. 10

C. 14

D. None of these
Q9. In the figure, AC = AE, AB = AD, ∠BAD = ∠EAC. If
BD = 10, DC = 4 then Find DE.
Solution:
In ΔABC and ΔADE,
AB = AD (Given)

Also ∠1 = ∠2
⇒ ∠1 + ∠3 = ∠2 + ∠3

⇒ ∠BAC = ∠DAE

Also AC = AE (Given)
By SAS congruence, ∆ABC ≅ ∆ADE
HMMT - 2017
Q10. Let A, B, C, D be four points on a circle in that order.
Also, AB = 3, BC = 5, CD = 6, and DA = 4. Let diagonals AC
and BD intersects at P. Compute .
HMMT - 2017
Q10. Let A, B, C, D be four points on a circle in that order.
Also, AB = 3, BC = 5, CD = 6, and DA = 4. Let diagonals AC
and BD intersects at P. Compute .

Answer:
HMMT - 2017
Q10. Let A, B, C, D be four points on a circle in that order.
Also, AB = 3, BC = 5, CD = 6, and DA = 4. Let diagonals AC
and BD intersects at P. Compute .

Solution:

Note that ΔAPB ~ ΔDPC so

Similarly, ΔBPC ~ ΔAPD so
Dividing these two equations yields
Q11.Given a parallelogram OBCA, a straight line is
constructed such that, it cuts off ⅓ part of OB and ¼
part of OA from point O. Find the fraction of length this
line cuts off from the diagonal OC.

A.

B.

C.

D.
Q11.Given a parallelogram OBCA, a straight line is
constructed such that, it cuts off ⅓ part of OB and ¼
part of OA from point O. Find the fraction of length this
line cuts off from the diagonal OC.

A.

B.

C.

D.
Q11.Given a parallelogram OBCA, a straight line is
constructed such that, it cuts off ⅓ part of OB and ¼
part of OA from point O. Find the fraction of length this
line cuts off from the diagonal OC.
Solution: A C
Construction: Extend the line to meet CB
extended at G.
ΔOFD ∼ ΔCFG and ΔOED ∼ ΔBEG
D F

O B
E

G
RMO - 2007
Q12. Let ABC be an acute - angled triangle; AD be the
bisector of ∠BAC with D on BC; and BE be the altitude
from B on AC. Show that ∠CED > 45°
RMO - 2007
Q12. Let ABC be an acute - angled triangle; AD be the
bisector of ∠BAC with D on BC; and BE be the altitude
from B on AC. Show that ∠CED > 45°

Solution:
Draw DL perpendicular to AB; DK perpendicular to AC;
A
and DM perpendicular to BE.
Then EM = DK. Since AD bisects ∠A, we observe that
E
∠BAD = ∠KAD. Thus in triangles ALD and AKD, we see
that ∠LAD = ∠KAD; ∠AKD = 90° = ∠ALD; and AD is K
M
common. Hence triangle ALD and AKD are congruent, L
giving DL = DK. But DL > DM, since BE lies inside the
triangle (by acuteness property). Thus EM > DM. This B D C
implies that
∠EDM > ∠DEM = 90° – ∠EDM. We conclude that
∠EDM > 45°. Since ∠CED = ∠EDM, the results follows.
 Pythagoras
Theorem
 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

In a right triangle, the square of the length of hypotenuse is equal

to sum of squares of the lengths of sides containing the right angle.

Ex. If ABC is a right angle triangle, right angled at B then

AC2 = AB2 + BC2
A

B C
 THEOREMS

Converse Theorem: If the lengths a; b; c of three sides of a triangle

have the relation a2 + b2 = c2 then the triangle must be a right-angled
triangle with two legs a; b and hypotenuse c.
 THEOREMS

When investigating a right-angled triangle, the following conclusions

are often used:
Theorem: A triangle is a right triangle, if and only if the median on one
side (Hypotenuse) is half of that side (Hypotenuse).
Theorem: If a right triangle has an interior angle of size 30°, then its
opposite leg is half of the hypotenuse.
Q13. As shown in the figure, ABCD is a square, P is an
inner point such that PA: PB : PC = 1 : 2 : 3. Find ∠APB in
degrees.

A. 45°

B. 90°

C. 75°

D. 135°
Q13. As shown in the figure, ABCD is a square, P is an
inner point such that PA: PB : PC = 1 : 2 : 3. Find ∠APB in
degrees.

A. 45°

B. 90°

C. 75°

D. 135°
Q13. As shown in the figure, ABCD is a square, P is an
inner point such that PA: PB : PC = 1 : 2 : 3. Find ∠APB in
degrees.
Solution:
Without loss of generality, we assume that PA = 1;
PB = 2; PC = 3. Rotate the ΔAPB around B by 90° in
clockwise direction, such that P → Q, A → C,
ΔBPQ is isosceles right triangle, therefore
PQ2 = 2PB2 = 8, CQ2 = PA2 = 1,
Therefore, by Pythagoras Theorem,
PC2 = 9 = CQ2 + PQ2, ∠CQB = 90°
AMT - 2015
Q14. In the diagram, PS = 5, PQ =3, ∆PQS is right - angled
at Q, ∠QSR = 30° and QR = RS. The length of RS is

A. R
Q

B.
3
30°
C. 2
P S
5
D.
AMT - 2015
Q14. In the diagram, PS = 5, PQ =3, ∆PQS is right - angled
at Q, ∠QSR = 30° and QR = RS. The length of RS is

A. R
Q

B.
3
30°
C. 2
P S
5
D.
AMT - 2015
Q14. In the diagram, PS = 5, PQ =3, ∆PQS is right - angled
at Q, ∠QSR = 30° and QR = RS. The length of RS is

Solution:
Due to the right - angled triangle ΔPQS, R
Q
Pythagoras’ theorem gives QS = 4. 60°
Then ΔQRS is isosceles, so its altitude RT 3 x
2
bisects QS. T 30°
2
Now ΔSRT is standard 30°, 60°, 90° triangle P 5 S
with RT : RS : ST = 1 : 2 : so that
x = RS =
Centers of Triangle
 Median

❖ MEDIAN: Median of a triangle is a line segment joining

a vertex to the mid-point of the opposite side.
In the figure shown below, the median from A meets the
mid-point of the opposite side BC at point D.

Hence, AD is the median of ∆ABC and it bisects the side

BC into two halves where BD = DC.
 Properties of Median:

1. In case of isosceles triangle, median from vertex (contained

between equal sides) bisects the vertex angle and perpendicular
to the opposite side.
As in the diagram below, AB = AC, AD is median therefore AD ⊥
BC and AD bisects angle A.

Note:
In equilateral triangle, all medians
follow the above property.
 Properties of Median:

2. A median divides the area of the triangle

into equal halves.
area of ∆ADB = area of ∆ADC
3. The length of medians in an equilateral triangle is
always equal. In equilateral triangle ABC where AD, BE and
CF are medians,
Then AD = BE = CF =
 Properties of Median:

4. In an isosceles triangle, medians drawn

from vertices with equal angles are equal in
length. Thus, in an isosceles triangle ABC
where AB = AC, medians BE and CF
originating from B and C respectively are equal in length.

5. In a scalene triangle, all medians are of different length.

6. The length of a median can be calculated using Apollonius

Theorem.
 Apollonius Theorem:

In ∆ABC, AD, BE and CF are medians then

2(AD2 + BD2) = AB2 + AC2

⇒
2(BE2 + EC2) = AB2 + BC2 ⇒

2(CF2 + BF2) = BC2 + AC2 ⇒

 CENTROID:

It is a point of intersection of all the medians of a triangle.

Properties:
● Centroid divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1.

● The centroid divides the triangle into six smaller

triangles of equal area.

[AGE] = [CEG] = [CGD] = [DGB] = [CGF] = [FGA]

 Incentre

Incentre:
It is the point of intersection of angle bisectors.
 Angle bisector property:

Angle Bisector Property: A

c
The length of angle bisector AD: b

B D C
a
 Incircle :

● Every Point on the Angle Bisector is C

equidistant from the Sides.
● Incenter is also the centre of a circle
touching all the three sides of the F r
triangle. I
● This circle is called incircle and radius is
`
called inradius. A D B
 Incentre:

Note: C
(i) Center of the incircle lies always
inside the triangle.
F r
(ii) r = ∆/s, I
where “s” is semi perimeter
`
= (a + b + c)/2 A D B
 Excenter:

It is the point of intersection of two external and one internal

angle bisector. It is also the center of a circle touching three
sides externally.

Note: There are three excircles for a triangle.

 Circumcenter:

Point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the sides.

Another definition is, it is a center of a circle passing through

the vertices of a triangle. This circle is called circumcircle
and radius is called circumradius(R).
A

B C
 Circumcenter:

Note: A

(i) Circumradius, R = abc/4∆

(ii) In right angle triangle, circumcenter is O

midpoint of hypotenuse.
C B
(iii) For Acute Triangle, Circumcenter lies
inside.
(iv) For Obtuse Triangle, Circumcenter lies
Outside.
 Orthocentre:

It is a point of intersection of all the

altitudes of a triangle.
 Orthocentre:

It is a point of intersection of all the altitudes of

a triangle.

Properties:
(i) The triangle formed by the feet
of these altitudes is called the
orthic triangle.
 Orthocentre:

Properties:
a) Quadrilaterals BDHF, DCEH, EHFA, are
cyclic quadrilaterals.

b) Quadrilaterals BCEF , ABDE and CDFA

are cyclic quadrilaterals.
 Orthocentre:

It is a point of intersection of all the altitudes of a

triangle. B

Properties:
(iii) In case of right angled triangle,
orthocenter is the vertex at which angle is
A C
90o.
 Orthocentre

It is a point of intersection of all the altitudes of a triangle.

Properties:
(iv) If H is the orthocentre of triangle ABC,
then A is the orthocentre of triangle HBC.
 Properties

(v) AH = 2R cosA, BH = 2R cosB, CH = 2R cosC

 Properties

(vi) HD = 2R cosB cosC,

HE = 2R cosC cosA,
HF = 2R cosA cosB
 Parallelogram Property

D
C

A B

AC2 + BD2 = 2(AB2 + BC2)

 Euler Line Theorem:

EULER LINE:
The circumcentre O, the centroid G and the
orthocenter H of a non-equilateral triangle are
collinear and HG = 2GO.
The line passing through H, G, O is called the
Euler line.
 SINE RULE

In any ,
A

c b

B a C
 COSINE RULE

In any ,
A

c b

B a C
Q15. In ΔABC with incenter I, AB = 61, AC =51, and BC = 71.
The circumcircles of triangles AIB and AIC meet line BC
at points D(D ≠ B) and E(E ≠ C), respectively. Determine
the lengths of segment DE.
Q15. In ΔABC with incenter I, AB = 61, AC =51, and BC = 71.
The circumcircles of triangles AIB and AIC meet line BC
at points D(D ≠ B) and E(E ≠ C), respectively. Determine
the lengths of segment DE.

B D E C
Q15. In ΔABC with incenter I, AB = 61, AC =51, and BC = 71.
The circumcircles of triangles AIB and AIC meet line BC
at points D(D ≠ B) and E(E ≠ C), respectively. Determine
the lengths of segment DE.

Answer: 41
Q15. In ΔABC with incenter I, AB = 61, AC =51, and BC = 71.
The circumcircles of triangles AIB and AIC meet line BC
at points D(D ≠ B) and E(E ≠ C), respectively. Determine
the lengths of segment DE.

Solution:
Angle chasing gives ΔIDC ≅ ΔIAC, so CA = CD and similarly,
BA = BE.
Thus DE = BE + CD – BC = AB + AC – BC = 41.
PRMO - 2013
Q16. In a triangle ABC, let H, I and O be the orthocentre,
incentre and circumcentre, respectively. If the points B,
H, I, C lie on a circle, what is the magnitude of ∠BOC in
degrees.
PRMO - 2013
Q16. In a triangle ABC, let H, I and O be the orthocentre,
incentre and circumcentre, respectively. If the points B,
H, I, C lie on a circle, what is the magnitude of ∠BOC in
degrees.

Answer: 120°
Solution:

As BH ⊥ AC, ∠HBC = 90 – C.
Similarly, ∠HCB = 90 – B,
thus ∠BHC = 180 – A.
Similarly ∠BIC =
thus A = 60°.
So ∠BOC = 2A = 120°
PRMO - 2018
Q17. In a triangle ABC the median from B to CA is
perpendicular to the median from C to AB. If the median
from A to BC is 30, determine

F M E

B C
D
PRMO - 2018
Q17. In a triangle ABC the median from B to CA is
perpendicular to the median from C to AB. If the median
from A to BC is 30, determine

F M E

B C
D
PRMO - 2018
Q17. In a triangle ABC the median from B to CA is
perpendicular to the median from C to AB. If the median
from A to BC is 30, determine

Answer: 24
A

F M E

B C
D
Solution:
Let G be centroid, D, E, F be mid-points of BC, CA , AB & M be A
mid-point of FE.
Let BE = 3x, CF = 3y, given AD = 30 F M E
Hence AM = 5, GM = 5, GD = 10, BG = 2x, GE = x,
CG = 2y, GF = y G
Now D is mid- point of hypotenuse of right angle triangle BGC
So D is circumcentre of the triangle
SO BD = GD = 10 ⇒ BC = 20
B C
Hence 4(x2+ y2) x2 y2
= 400 ⇒ + = 100 D
Now 9(x2 + y2) = {2BC2 + 2AB2 – AC2 + 2BC2 + 2AC2 – AB2}
⇒ 900 × 4 = 4BC2 + AB2 + AC2
⇒ AB2 + AC2 = 3600 – 1600 = 2000

Hence
RMO - 2013
Q18. Let ABC be an acute angle triangle. The circle Г with
BC as diameter intersects AB and AC again at P and Q,
respectively. Determine ∠BAC given that the
orthocenter of triangle APQ lies on Г.

P Q

B C
RMO - 2013
Q18. Let ABC be an acute angle triangle. The circle Г with
BC as diameter intersects AB and AC again at P and Q,
respectively. Determine ∠BAC given that the
orthocenter of triangle APQ lies on Г.

P Q

B C
RMO - 2013
Q18. Let ABC be an acute angle triangle. The circle Г with
BC as diameter intersects AB and AC again at P and Q,
respectively. Determine ∠BAC given that the
orthocenter of triangle APQ lies on Г.
Answer: 45°
RMO - 2013
Q18. Let ABC be an acute angle triangle. The circle Г with
BC as diameter intersects AB and AC again at P and Q,
respectively. Determine ∠BAC given that the
orthocenter of triangle APQ lies on Г.
Solution:
Let K denote the orthocentre of triangle APQ.
Since triangle ABC and AQP are similar it follows that K lies
in the interior of triangle APQ.
Note that ∠KPA = ∠KQA = 90° – ∠A.
Since BPKQ is a cyclic quadrilateral it follows that
∠BQK = 180° – ∠BPK = 90° – ∠A,
while on the other hand
∠BQK = ∠BQA – ∠KQA = ∠A
since BQ is perpendicular to AC.
This show that 90° – ∠A = ∠A, so ∠A = 45°.
Circles
 IMPORTANT THEOREMS

THEOREM 1: Equal chords of

congruent circles subtend equal
angles at their centre and vice versa.

Note:
Equal chords subtend equal angles at
the centre.
 IMPORTANT THEOREMS
THEOREM 2: The perpendicular
drawn from the centre of a circle to a
chord bisects the chord and vice-
versa.

Note:
Perpendicular bisector of a chord always
passes through the center of a circle.
 IMPORTANT THEOREMS

THEOREM 3: The angle subtended by

an arc of a circle at the centre is double
the angle subtended by it at any point
on the remaining part of the circle.
 IMPORTANT THEOREMS

THEOREM 4: Angles in the same

segment of a circle are equal.
A C

P Q
 Let’s see some theorems related to tangents

Theorem 1 : The tangent at any point of a circle is always

perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.

O Normal

A P B
OP ⟂ AB (tangent)
Note: At any point on a circle, there can be
one and only one tangent can be drawn.
 Let’s see some theorems related to tangents

Theorem 2 : From an external point, we can draw two tangents to the circle.

Both tangents are equal in length.

(ii) Centre lies on the bisector of the angle between
the two tangents and vice-versa.
(iii) Tangents subtend equal angles at the center.
A

P O

B
 Let’s see some theorems related to tangents
Pitot Theorem:
Let ABCD be a tangential quadrilateral.
Then the sum of the opposite sides is
equal .
That is, AB + CD = AB + BC.
R z C
a
D
z
a
S Q
x y
A x P y B
 Let’s see some theorems related to tangents

Alternate Segment Theorem: A

If through a point on a circle, a tangent and a

chord be drawn the angle which the tangent O
makes with the chord is equal to the angle in
the alternate segment. B
C
 Let’s see some theorems related to tangents

If two chords AB and CD intersect at P, then

PA ⨯ PB = PC ⨯ PD
 Let’s see some theorems related to tangents

Note:
(i) Let A, B, C, D be four distinct points and lines AB and CD
intersect at P. Then A, B, C, D are concyclic if and only if PA.PB =
PC.PD
(ii) If we draw a line from P passing through
centre O,
Then PA.PB = PX.PY = (PO + r)(PO – r) = PO2 – r2
 Let’s see some theorems related to tangents

If through a point outside a circle, a tangent and a

chord be drawn, the square of the length of the
tangent is equal to the rectangle contained by the
segments of the chord.
PT2 = PA ⨯ PB
 Power of a Point

Let ω be a circle with centre O and radius r, and let P be a

point. The power of P with respect to ω is defined to be the
difference of squared length PO2 – r2.
This is positive, zero, or negative according as P is outside,
on, or inside the circle ω.

PA.PB = PX.PY
= (PO + r)(PO – r)
= PO2 – r2
 Length of Common Tangent

● Length of Direct Common Tangents =

 Length of Common Tangent

● Length of Transverse Common Tangents

=
Q19. Let AB be a diameter of circle with center O. P is the
point outside circle such that PB, PC touch circle at B and C
respectively. Show that AC // OP.
Q19. Let AB be a diameter of circle with center O. P is the
point outside circle such that PB, PC touch circle at B and C
respectively. Show that AC // OP.

Solution: P
It suffices to show ∠A = ∠1. Connect BC.
Since PB is tangent to circle , we have ∠A = ∠2.
Since AB ⊥ PB and OP ⊥ BC, we have C
∠1 = 90° – ∠OPB = ∠2.
It follows that ∠A = ∠1. 2
1 B
A
O
Q20. In ΔABC, AB = 9, BC = 8 and AC = 7. Let M be the
midpoint of BC. If AM extended intersects the circumcircle
of ΔABC at D, find MD.
Q20. In ΔABC, AB = 9, BC = 8 and AC = 7. Let M be the
midpoint of BC. If AM extended intersects the circumcircle
of ΔABC at D, find MD.

Answer: 16/7
Q20. In ΔABC, AB = 9, BC = 8 and AC = 7. Let M be the
midpoint of BC. If AM extended intersects the circumcircle
of ΔABC at D, find MD.
Solution:
A

B C
M

Now the intersecting Chords Theorem gives AM. MD = BM. CM,

where BM = CM = 4. Hence
Q21. As shown in the figure below, circles C1 and C2 of
radius 360 are tangent to each other, and both
tangent to straight line l. If circle C3 is tangent of C1,
C2 and l and Circe C4 is tangent to C1, C3 and l find the
radius of C4
Q21. As shown in the figure below, circles C1 and C2 of
radius 360 are tangent to each other, and both
tangent to straight line l. If circle C3 is tangent of C1,
C2 and l and Circe C4 is tangent to C1, C3 and l find the
radius of C4

Answer: 40
Solution:
Let R be the radius of C3. Then
(360 – R)2 + 3602 = (360 + R)2 ⇒ R = 90.
Let r be the radius of C4. Then
Q22. Given a semicircle with the diameter AB, C is a
point on the semicircle and D is the midpoint of the
minor arc . Let AD, BC intersect at E. If CE = 3 and
BD = find AB.
Q22. Given a semicircle with the diameter AB, C is a
point on the semicircle and D is the midpoint of the
minor arc . Let AD, BC intersect at E. If CE = 3 and
BD = find AB.

Answer: 10
Solution:
Let AC extended and BD extended intersect at P. One sees that
AD bisects ∠BAC. Since AB is the diameter, we have AD ⊥ BP
P
and hence ΔABP is an isosceles triangle where AB = AP
(because ΔABD ≅ ΔAPD). Now BP = 2BD =
It is also easy to see that ΔBDE ~ ΔBCP since both are right
angled triangles. Hence, we have BE. BC = BD. BP (One may C D
also see this by the Tangent Secant Theorem because C, E, D P
E
are concyclic.)
It follows that BE. (BE + 3) = solving which gives BE = 5.A B
Hence, BC = 8 and by Pythagoras’ theorem

Since PA. PC = PB. PD By the Tangent Secant Theorem, we

must have PA. 4 = we conclude that AB = PA = 10.
 Kindly attempt the
Session Assignment
that follows

NOTE: Solution also attached

If you liked the session, then