ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

CLASS 10
INTRODUCTION TO AI: FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS

 What is Intelligence?
 Humans have been developing machines which can make their lives easier.

 Machines are made with an intent of accomplishing tasks which are either too tedious for humans or are time
consuming.
 Hence, machines help us by working for us, thereby sharing our load and making it easier for us to fulfil such
goals.
 Life without machines today is unimaginable, and because of this, humans
have been putting efforts into making them even more sophisticated and
smart. As a result, we are surrounded by smart devices and gadgets like
smartphones, smartwatches, smart TV, etc. But what makes them smart?
 For example, how is a smartphone today different from the telephones
we had in the last century?
 Today’s phones can do much more than just call-up people. They can help
us in navigating, recommend which songs we should listen to or which
movies we should watch according to our own likes and dislikes.. These
drastic technological advancements lead us to recognize one key
concept: the concept of Artificial Intelligence
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence

Something which is man

made Ability to perceive or infer
information and to retain as
knowledge to be applied towards
adaptive behaviours within an
environment
DECISION MAKING
How do you make decisions?
 The basis of decision making depends upon the availability of information
and how we experience and understand it. For the purposes of this
article, ‘information’ includes our past experience, intuition, knowledge,
and self-awareness.
 We can’t make “good” decisions without information because then we
have to deal with unknown factors and face uncertainty, which leads us
to make wild guesses, flipping coins, or rolling a dice.
 Having knowledge, experience, or insights given a certain situation, helps
us visualize what the outcomes could be. and how we can achieve/avoid
those outcomes.
MAKE YOUR CHOICES!
Scenario 1
 You are locked inside a room with 3 doors to move out of the
locked room and you need to find a safe door to get your way out.
Behind the 1st door is a lake with a deadly shark. The 2nd door has
a mad psychopath ready to kill with a weapon and the third one has
a lion that has not eaten since the last 2 months.
 Which door would you choose? and Why?
 The answer is gate number 3. The reason being that since the lion has
not eaten for 2 months, he wouldn't have survived till now and would
already be dead . This makes going out from gate 3 the correct option.
SCENARIO 2
 Aarti invited four of her friends to her House.. They hadn't seen each
other in a long time, so they chatted all night long and had a good time.
In the morning, two of the friends Aarti had invited, died. The police
arrived at the house and found that both the friends were poisoned and
that the poison was in the strawberry pie. The three surviving friends
told the police that they hadn't eaten the pie. The police asked," Why
didn’t you eat the pie ?". Shiv said, " I am allergic to strawberries.". Seema
said, " I am on a diet." And Aarti said, "I ate too many strawberries while
cooking the pie, I just didn't want anymore."
 The policemen looked at the pictures of the party and immediately
identified the murderer.
LOOK AT THE PICTURE AND IDENTIFY WHO IS THE MURDERER?
ALSO STATE WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS THE MURDERER?
 The answer is Seema, can you guess how the police could tell? It’s
because she said she is on a diet and in the picture, she is eating a burger
and fries which means she lied.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

 When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make
decisions, predict the future, learn and improve on its own, it is said to
have artificial intelligence.
 In other words, you can say that a machine is artificially intelligent when
it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect data, understand it, analyse it,
learn from it, and improve it.
HOW DO MACHINES BECOME ARTIFICIALLY
INTELLIGENT?
 Humans become more and more intelligent with time as they gain
experiences during their lives.
 For example, in elementary school, we learn about alphabets and
eventually we move ahead to making words with them. As we grow, we
become more and more fluent in the language as we keep learning new
words and use them in our conversations.
 Similarly, machines also become intelligent once they are trained with
some information which helps them achieve their tasks. AI machines also
keep updating their knowledge to optimise their output.
APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AROUND US

 Google
 Hey siri
 Google maps
 amazon
WHAT IS NOT AI?

 As we discussed earlier, any machine that has been trained with data and
can make decisions/predictions on its own can be termed as AI. Here, the
term ‘training’ is important.
 A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own, but it requires
human intervention to select the parameters of washing and to do the
necessary preparation for it to function correctly before each wash,
which makes it an example of automation, not AI.
 Also, it would be valid to say that not all the devices which are termed as
"smart" are AI-enabled. For example, a TV does not become AI-enabled if
it is a smart one, it gets the power of AI when it is able to think and
process on its own.
INTRODUCTION TO AI: BASICS OF AI

 AI is a form of Intelligence; a type of technology and a field of study.

 AI theory and development of computer systems (both machines and software)
enables machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence.
 Artificial Intelligence covers a broad range of domains and applications and is
expected to impact every field in the future. Overall, its core idea is building
machines and algorithms which are capable of performing computational tasks
that would otherwise require human like brain functions.
AI, ML & DL
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) -Refers to any technique that enables
computers to mimic human intelligence. It gives the ability to machines
to recognize a human’s face; to move and manipulate objects; to
understand the voice commands by humans, and also do other tasks. The
AI-enabled machines think algorithmically and execute what they have
been asked for intelligently.
 Machine Learning (ML) -It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which
enables machines to improve at tasks with experience (data). The
intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines to learn by
themselves using the provided data and make accurate Predictions/
Decisions.
 Deep Learning (DL) -It enables software to train itself to perform tasks
with vast amounts of data. In Deep Learning, the machine is trained with
huge amounts of data which helps it in training itself around the data.
Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for
themselves. Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial
Intelligence out of these three. Then comes Machine Learning which is
intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers all the
concepts and algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic human
intelligence.
 There are a lot of applications of AI out of which few are those which
come under ML out of which very few can be labelled as DL. Therefore,
Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) are part of Artificial
Intelligence (AI), but not everything that is Machine learning will be Deep
learning.
INTRODUCTION TO AI DOMAINS

 Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent according to the training which

it gets. For training, the machine is fed with datasets. According to the
applications for which the AI algorithm is being developed, the data
which is fed into it changes. With respect to the type of data fed in the AI
model, AI models can be broadly categorised into three domains:
 Computer vision
 NLP
 Datascience
DATA SCIENCES

 Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which the system collects numerous
data, maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense out of them.
 The information extracted through data science can be used to make a decision about it.
 Example of Data Science
 Price Comparison Websites
 These websites are being driven by lots and lots of data. If you have ever used these websites, you would know,
the convenience of comparing the price of a product from multiple vendors at one place. PriceGrabber,
PriceRunner, Junglee, Shopzilla, DealTime are some examples of price comparison websites. Now a days, price
comparison website can be found in almost every domain such as technology, hospitality, automobiles, durables,
apparels etc.
COMPUTER VISION
 Computer Vision, abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI that depicts the
capability of a machine to get and analyse visual information and
afterwards predict some decisions about it. The entire process involves
image acquiring, screening, analysing, identifying and extracting
information. This extensive processing helps computers to understand
any visual content and act on it accordingly. In computer vision, Input to
machines can be photographs, videos and pictures from thermal or
infrared sensors, indicators and different sources.
 Computer vision related projects translate digital visual data into
descriptions. This data is then turned into computer-readable language to
aid the decision-making process. The main objective of this domain of AI
is to teach machines to collect information from pixels.
 Examples of Computer Vision
 Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars
 CV systems scan live objects and analyse them, based on whether the car
decides to keep running or to stop.
 Face Lock in Smartphones
 Smartphones nowadays come with the feature of face locks in which the
smartphone’s owner can set up his/her face as an unlocking mechanism
for it. The front camera detects and captures the face and saves its
features during initiation. Next time onwards, whenever the features
match, the phone is unlocked.
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING

 Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch of artificial intelligence

that deals with the interaction between computers and humans using the natural
language. Natural language refers to language that is spoken and written by people,
and natural language processing (NLP) attempts to extract information from the
spoken and written word using algorithms.
 The ultimate objective of NLP is to read, decipher, understand, and make sense of the
human languages in a manilr that is valuable.
 Examples of Natural Language Processing
 Email filters
 Email filters are one of the most basic and initial applications of NLP online. It started
out with spam filters, uncovering certain words or phrases that signal a spam
message.
 Smart assistants
 Smart assistants like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa recognize patterns in speech,
then infer meaning and provide a useful response.
SCENARIO 1:

 Moral Issues: Self-Driving Cars -Let us imagine that we are in year 2030. Self-Driving cars which are
just a concept in today’s time are now on roads. People like us are buying them for ease and are using
it for our daily transits. Of-course because of all the features which this car has, it is expensive. Now,
let us assume, one day your father is going to office in his self-driving car. He is sitting in the back seat
as the car is driving itself. Suddenly, a small boy comes in front of this car. The incident was so sudden
that the car is only able to make either of the two choices:
 1. Go straight and hit the boy who has come in front of the car and injure him severely.
 2. Take a sharp right turn to save the boy and smash the car into a metal pole thus damaging the car as
well as injuring the person sitting in it.
 With the help of this scenario, we need to understand that the developer of the car goes through all
such dilemmas while developing the car’s algorithm. Thus, here the morality of the developer gets
transferred into the machine as what according to him/her is right would have a higher priority and
hence would be the selection made by the machine.
 If you were in the place of this developer and if there was no other alternative to the situation, which
one of the two would you prioritise and why?
SCENARIO 2:

 Let us now assume that the car has hit the boy who came in front of it. Considering this as an
accident, who should be held responsible for it? Why?
 1. The person who bought this car
 2. The Manufacturing Company
 3. The developer who developed the car’s algorithm
 4. The boy who came in front of the car and got severely injured
 ___________________________________________________________________________
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Here, the choices might differ from person to person and one must understand that nobody is wrong
in this case. Every person has a different perspective and hence he/she takes decisions according to
their moralities.
DATA PRIVACY

 The world of Artificial Intelligence revolves around Data. Every company whether small or big is mining data from
as many sources as possible. More than 70% of the data collected till now has been collected in the last 3 years
which shows how important data has become in recent times. It is not wrongly said that Data is the new gold.
This makes us think:
 Where do we collect data from?
 Why do we need to collect data?
 One of the major sources of data for many major companies is the device which all
of us have in our hands all the time: Smartphones. Smartphones have nowadays
become an integral part of our lives. Most of us use smartphones more than we
interact with people around us. Smartphones in today’s era provide us with a lot of
facilities and features which have made our lives easier. Feeling hungry? Order food
online. Want to shop but don’t have time to go out? Go shopping online. From
booking tickets to watching our favourite shows, everything is available in this one
small box loaded with technology.
 Another feature of smartphones nowadays is that they provide us with customised recommendations
and notifications according to our choices. Let us understand this with the help of some examples:
 1. When you are talking to your friend on a mobile network or on an app like WhatsApp.You tell your
friend that you wish to buy new shoes and are looking for suggestions from him/her.You discuss about
shoes and that is it. After some time, the online shopping websites start giving you notifications to buy
shoes! They start recommending some of their products and urge you to you buy some.
 2. If you search on Google for a trip to Kerala or any other destination, just after the search, all the
apps on your phone which support advertisements, will start sending messages about packages that
you can buy for the trip.
 3. Even when you are not using your phone and talking to a person face-to-face about a book you’ve
read recently while the phone is kept in a locked mode nearby, the phone will end up giving
notifications about similar books or messages about the same book once you operate it.
 In all such examples, how does the smartphone get to know about the discussions
and thoughts that you have? Remember whenever you download an app and install it,
it asks you for several permissions to access your phone’s data in different ways. If
you do not allow the app these permissions, you normally cannot access it. And to
access the app and make use of it, we sometimes don’t even give it a thought and
allow the app to get all the permissions that it wants. Hence every now and then, the
app has the permission to access various sensors which are there in your
smartphone and gather data about you and your surroundings. We forget that the
smartphone which we use is a box full of sensors which are powered all the time
while the phone is switched on.
 This leads us to a crucial question: Are we okay with sharing our data with the
external world?
 We need to understand that the data which is collected by various applications is
ethical as the smartphone users agree to it (by clicking on allow when it asks for
permission and by agreeing to all the terms and conditions). But at the same time if
one does not want to share his/her data with anyone, he/she can opt for alternative
applications which are of similar usage and keep your data private. For example, an
alternative to WhatsApp is the Telegram app which does not collect any data from us.
But since WhatsApp is more popular and used by the crowd, people go for it without
thinking twice.
AI BIAS

 Another aspect to AI Ethics is bias. Everyone has a bias of their own no matter how much one tries to be
unbiased, we in some way or the other have our own biases even towards smaller things. Biases are not negative
all the time. Sometimes, it is required to have a bias to control a situation and keep things working.
 When we talk about a machine, we know that it is artificial and cannot think on its own. It can have intelligence,
but we cannot expect a machine to have any biases of its own. Any bias can transfer from the developer to the
machine while the algorithm is being developed.
 Let us look at some of the examples:
 1. Majorly, all the virtual assistants have a female voice. It is only now that some companies have understood this
bias and have started giving options for male voices but since the virtual assistants came into practice, female
voices are always preferred for them over any other voice. Can you think of some reasons for this?
 2. If you search on Google for salons, the first few searches are mostly for female salons. This is based on the
assumption that if a person is searching fora salon, in all probability it would be a female. Do you think this is a
bias? If yes, then is it a Negative bias or Positive one?
 ____________________________________________________________________________________
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 Various other biases are also found in various systems which are not thought up by the machine but have got
transferred from the developer intentionally or unintentionally.
AI ACCESS

 Since Artificial Intelligence is still a budding technology, not everyone has the
opportunity to access it. The people who can afford AI enabled devices make the
most of it while others who cannot are left behind. Because of this, a gap has
emerged between these two classes of people and it gets widened with the rapid
advancement of technology.

 Let us understand this with the help of some examples:

AI CREATES UNEMPLOYMENT

 AI is making people’s lives easier. Most of the things nowadays are done in just a few clicks. In no time AI will manage to
be able to do all the laborious tasks which we humans have been doing since long. Maybe in the coming years, AI enabled
machines will replace all the people who work as labourers. This may start an era of mass unemployment where people
having little or no skills may be left without jobs and others who keep up with their skills according to what is required,
will flourish.
 This brings us to a crossroads. On one hand where AI is advancing and improving the lives of people by working for
them and doing some of their tasks, the other hand points towards the lives of people who are dependent on laborious
jobs and are not skilled to do anything else.
 Should AI replace laborious jobs? Is there an alternative for major unemployment?
 Should AI not replace laborious jobs? Will the lives of people improve if they keep on being unskilled?
 Here, we need to understand that to overcome such an issue, one needs to be open to changes. As technology is
advancing with time, humans need to make sure that they are a step ahead and understand this technology with its pros
and cons.
AI FOR KIDS

 As we all can see, kids nowadays are smart enough to understand technology from a very early age. As
their thinking capabilities increase, they start becoming techno-savvy and eventually they learn
everything more easily than an adult. But should technology be given to children so young?
 Consider this: A young boy in class 3 has got some Maths homework to finish. He is sitting at a table
which has the Google chat bot - Alexa on it, and he is struggling with his homework. Soon, he starts
asking Alexa to answer all his questions. Alexa replies with answers and the boy simply writes them
down in his notebook.
 While this scenario seems funny, it still has some concerns related to it. On one hand where it is good
that the boy knows how to use technology effectively, on the other hand he uses it to complete his
homework without really learning anything since he is not applying his brain to solve the Math
problems. So, while he is smart, he might not be getting educated properly.
 Is it ethical to let the boy use technology to help in this manner?