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Lecture 3

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Lecture 3

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abdohoal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Object-Oriented

Programming

Lecture 3
Chapter 8
A Second Look at Classes and
Objects

©2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter Topics

Chapter 8 discusses the following main topics:


• Static Class Members
• Passing Objects as Arguments to Methods
• Returning Objects from Methods
• The toString method
• Writing an equals Method
• Methods that Copy Objects

©20168-2
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter Topics

Chapter 8 discusses the following main topics:


• Aggregation
• The this Reference Variable
• Enumerated Types
• Garbage Collection
• Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Class Collaboration

©20168-3
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Review of Instance Fields and Methods

• Each instance of a class has its own copy of instance variables.


• Example:
• The Rectangle class defines a length and a width field.
• Each instance of the Rectangle class can have different values stored in its
length and width fields.

• Instance methods require that an instance of a class be created in


order to be used.

• Instance methods typically interact with instance fields or


calculate values based on those fields.

©20168-4
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Static Class Members

• Static fields and static methods do not belong to a single


instance of a class.
• To invoke a static method or use a static field, the class
name, rather than the instance name, is used.
• Example:
double val = Math.sqrt(25.0);

Class name Static method

©20168-5
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Static Fields

• Class fields are declared using the static keyword


between the access specifier and the field type.
private static int instanceCount = 0;

• The field is initialized to 0 only once, regardless of the


number of times the class is instantiated.
• Primitive static fields are initialized to 0 if no initialization is
performed.

• Examples: Countable.java, StaticDemo.java

©20168-6
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Static Fields

instanceCount field
(static)

Object1 Object2 Object3

©20168-7
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Static Methods

• Methods can also be declared static by placing the static keyword


between the access modifier and the return type of the method.
public static double milesToKilometers(double miles)

{…}

• When a class contains a static method, it is not necessary to


create an instance of the class in order to use the method.
double kilosPerMile = Metric.milesToKilometers(1.0);

• Examples: Metric.java, MetricDemo.java

©20168-8
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Static Methods

• Static methods are convenient because they may be


called at the class level.

• They are typically used to create utility classes, such as


the Math class in the Java Standard Library.

• Static methods may not communicate with instance


fields, only static fields.

©20168-9
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Passing Objects as Arguments

• Objects can be passed to methods as arguments.

• Java passes all arguments by value.

• When an object is passed as an argument, the value of the reference variable


is passed.

• The value of the reference variable is an address or reference to the object in


memory.

• A copy of the object is not passed, just a pointer to the object.

• When a method receives a reference variable as an argument, it is possible


for the method to modify the contents of the object referenced by the
variable.

©20168-10
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Passing Objects as Arguments

Examples:
PassObject.java A Rectangle object
PassObject2.java length: 12.0
width: 5.0
displayRectangle(box);

Address

public static void displayRectangle(Rectangle r)


{
// Display the length and width.
System.out.println("Length: " + r.getLength() +
" Width: " + r.getWidth());
}
©20168-11
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Returning Objects From Methods

• Methods are not limited to returning the primitive data types.


• Methods can return references to objects as well.
• Just as with passing arguments, a copy of the object is not
returned, only its address.
• See example: ReturnObject.java
• Method return type:

public static BankAccount getAccount()


{

return new BankAccount(balance);
}
©20168-12
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Returning Objects from Methods

account = getAccount();
A BankAccount Object

balance: 3200.0

address

public static BankAccount getAccount()


{

return new BankAccount(balance);
}

©20168-13
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
The toString Method

• The toString method of a class can be called explicitly:


Stock xyzCompany = new Stock ("XYZ", 9.62);
System.out.println(xyzCompany.toString());

• However, the toString method does not have to be called


explicitly but is called implicitly whenever you pass an object of
the class to println or print.

Stock xyzCompany = new Stock ("XYZ", 9.62);


System.out.println(xyzCompany);

©20168-14
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
The toString method

• The toString method is also called implicitly


whenever you concatenate an object of the class with a
string.

Stock xyzCompany = new Stock ("XYZ", 9.62);

System.out.println("The stock data is:\n" +

xyzCompany);

©20168-15
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
The toString Method

• All objects have a toString method that returns the


class name and a hash of the memory address of the object.
• We can override the default method with our own to print
out more useful information.
• Examples: Stock.java, StockDemo1.java

©20168-16
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
The equals Method

• When the == operator is used with reference variables,


the memory address of the objects are compared.

• The contents of the objects are not compared.

• All objects have an equals method.

• The default operation of the equals method is to


compare memory addresses of the objects (just like the
== operator).
©20168-17
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
The equals Method

• The Stock class has an equals method.

• If we try the following:


Stock stock1 = new Stock("GMX", 55.3);

Stock stock2 = new Stock("GMX", 55.3);


if (stock1 == stock2) // This is a mistake.
System.out.println("The objects are the same.");
else
System.out.println("The objects are not the same.");

only the addresses of the objects are compared.

©20168-18
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
The equals Method

• Instead of using the == operator to compare two Stock


objects, we should use the equals method.
public boolean equals(Stock object2)
{
boolean status;

if(symbol.equals(Object2.symbol && sharePrice == Object2.sharePrice)


status = true;
else
status = false;
return status;
}

• Now, objects can be compared by their contents rather than by


their memory addresses.
• See example: StockCompare.java

©20168-19
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Methods That Copy Objects

• There are two ways to copy an object.


• You cannot use the assignment operator to copy reference
types

• Reference only copy


• This is simply copying the address of an object into another reference
variable.

• Deep copy (correct)


• This involves creating a new instance of the class and copying the
values from one object into the new object.

• Example: ObjectCopy.java

©20168-20
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Copy Constructors

• A copy constructor accepts an existing object of the same class


and clones it
public Stock(Stock object 2)
{
symbol = object2.symbol;
sharePrice = object2.sharePrice;
}

// Create a Stock object


Stock company1 = new Stock("XYZ", 9.62);

//Create company2, a copy of company1


Stock company2 = new Stock(company1);

©20168-21
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Aggregation

• Creating an instance of one class as a reference in


another class is called object aggregation.

• Aggregation creates a “has a” relationship between


objects.

• Examples:
• Instructor.java, Textbook.java, Course.java,
CourseDemo.java

©20168-22
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Aggregation in UML
Course Diagrams

- courseName : String
- Instructor : Instructor
- textBook : TextBook

+ Course(name : String, instr : Instructor, text : TextBook)


+ getName() : String
+ getInstructor() : Instructor
+ getTextBook() : TextBook
+ toString() : String

Instructor TextBook

- lastName : String - title : String


- firstName : String - author : String
- officeNumber : String - publisher : String

+ TextBook(title : String, author : String, publisher :


+ Instructor(lname : String, fname : String, String)
office : String) + TextBook(object2 : TextBook)
+Instructor(object2 : Instructor) + set(title : String, author : String, publisher : String)
+set(lname : String, fname : String, : void
office : String): void + toString() : String
+ toString() : String

©20168-23
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Returning References to Private Fields

• Avoid returning references to private data elements.

• Returning references to private variables will allow


any object that receives the reference to modify the
variable.

©20168-24
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Null References

• A null reference is a reference variable that points to nothing.


• If a reference is null, then no operations can be performed on it.
• References can be tested to see if they point to null prior to
being used.
if(name != null)
{
System.out.println("Name is: "
+ name.toUpperCase());
}

• Examples: FullName.java, NameTester.java

©20168-25
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
The this Reference

• The this reference is simply a name that an object can use to


refer to itself.
• The this reference can be used to overcome shadowing and
allow a parameter to have the same name as an instance field.

public void setFeet(int feet)


{ Local parameter variable feet
this.feet = feet;
//sets the this instance’s feet field
//equal to the parameter feet.
}
Shadowed instance variable

©20168-26
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
The this Reference

• The this reference can be used to call a constructor from


another constructor.
public Stock(String sym)
{
this(sym, 0.0);
}
• This constructor would allow an instance of the Stock class to be
created using only the symbol name as a parameter.
• It calls the constructor that takes the symbol and the price, using sym as
the symbol argument and 0 as the price argument.
• Elaborate constructor chaining can be created using this
technique.
• If this is used in a constructor, it must be the first statement in
the constructor.

©20168-27
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Enumerated Types

• Known as an enum, requires declaration and definition


like a class
• Syntax:
enum typeName { one or more enum constants }

• Definition:
enum Day { SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY,FRIDAY, SATURDAY }

• Declaration:
Day WorkDay; // creates a Day enum

• Assignment:
Day WorkDay = Day.WEDNESDAY;

©20168-28
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Enumerated Types

• An enum is a specialized class


Each are objects of type Day, a specialized class

Day.SUNDAY

Day workDay = Day.WEDNESDAY; Day.MONDAY


The workDay variable holds the address of the
Day.WEDNESDAY object Day.TUESDAY

address Day.WEDNESDAY

Day.THURSDAY

Day.FRIDAY

Day.SATURDAY

©20168-29
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Enumerated Types - Methods

• toString – returns name of calling constant


• ordinal – returns the zero-based position of the constant in the enum. For
example the ordinal for Day.THURSDAY is 4
• equals – accepts an object as an argument and returns true if the argument is
equal to the calling enum constant
• compareTo - accepts an object as an argument and returns a negative integer if
the calling constant’s ordinal < than the argument’s ordinal, a positive integer if
the calling constant’s ordinal > than the argument’s ordinal and zero if the calling
constant’s ordinal == the argument’s ordinal.

• Examples: EnumDemo.java, CarType.java, SportsCar.java,


SportsCarDemo.java

©20168-30
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Enumerated Types - Switching

• Java allows you to test an enum constant with a


switch statement.

Example: SportsCarDemo2.java

©20168-31
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Garbage Collection

• When objects are no longer needed they should be


destroyed.

• This frees up the memory that they consumed.

• Java handles all of the memory operations for you.

• Simply set the reference to null and Java will reclaim


the memory.

©20168-32
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Garbage Collection

• The Java Virtual Machine has a process that runs in the background
that reclaims memory from released objects.

• The garbage collector will reclaim memory from any object that no
longer has a valid reference pointing to it.

BankAccount account1 = new BankAccount(500.0);

BankAccount account2 = account1;

• This sets account1 and account2 to point to the same object.

©20168-33
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Garbage Collection

A BankAccount object

account1 Address Balance: 500.0

account2 Address

Here, both account1 and account2 point to the same


instance of the BankAccount class.

©20168-34
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Garbage Collection

A BankAccount object

account1 null Balance: 500.0

account2 Address

However, by running the statement: account1 = null;


only account2 will be pointing to the object.

©20168-35
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Garbage Collection

A BankAccount object

account1 null Balance: 500.0

Since there are no valid references to this


account2 null
object, it is now available for the garbage
collector to reclaim.

If we now run the statement: account2 = null;


neither account1 or account2 will be pointing to the object.

©20168-36
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Garbage Collection

A BankAccount object

account1 null Balance: 500.0

The garbage collector reclaims the


account2 null
memory the next time it runs in
the background.

©20168-37
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
The finalize Method

• If a method with the signature:


public void finalize(){…}

is included in a class, it will run just prior to the garbage


collector reclaiming its memory.
• The garbage collector is a background thread that runs
periodically.
• It cannot be determined when the finalize method will
actually be run.
©20168-38
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Class Collaboration

• Collaboration – two classes interact with each other


• If an object is to collaborate with another object, it
must know something about the second object’s
methods and how to call them
• If we design a class StockPurchase that
collaborates with the Stock class (previously
defined), we define it to create and manipulate a
Stock object
See examples: StockPurchase.java, StockTrader.java

©20168-39
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
CRC Cards

• Class, Responsibilities and Collaborations (CRC) cards are


useful for determining and documenting a class’s
responsibilities
• The things a class is responsible for knowing
• The actions a class is responsible for doing
• CRC Card Layout (Example for class Stock)

Stock
Know stock to purchase Stock class
Know number of shares None
Calculate cost of purchase Stock class
Etc. None or class name

©20168-40
Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

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