Object-Oriented

Programming

Lecture 2
Chapter 7

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 Chapter Topics

Chapter 7 discusses the following main topics:

• Introduction to Arrays
• Processing Array Contents
• Passing Arrays as Arguments to Methods
• Some Useful Array Algorithms and Operations
• Returning Arrays from Methods
• String Arrays
• Arrays of Objects

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 Chapter Topics

Chapter 7 discusses the following main topics:

• The Sequential Search Algorithm
• Parallel Arrays
• Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Arrays with Three or More Dimensions
• The Selection Sort and the Binary Search
• Command-Line Arguments
• The ArrayList Class

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 Introduction to Arrays

• Primitive variables are designed to hold only one

value at a time.

• Arrays allow us to create a collection of like values

that are indexed.

• An array can store any type of data but only one

type of data at a time.

• An array is a list of data elements.

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 Creating Arrays
• An array is an object so it needs an object reference.
// Declare a reference to an array that will hold integers.

int[] numbers;

• The next step creates the array and assigns its address to the
numbers variable.
// Create a new array that will hold 6 integers.

numbers = new int[6];

0 0 0 0 0 0
index 0 index 1 index 2 index 3 index 4 index 5
Array element values are initialized to 0.
Array indexes always start at 0.
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 Creating Arrays

• It is possible to declare an array reference and create it

in the same statement.
Base_Type[] Array_Name = new Base_Type[Length];
int[] numbers = new int[6];

• Arrays may be of any type:

float[] temperatures = new float[100];

char[] letters = new char[41];

long[] units = new long[50];

double[] sizes = new double[1200];

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 Creating Arrays

• The array size must be a non-negative number.

• It may be a literal value, a constant, or variable.

final int ARRAY_SIZE = 6;

int[] numbers = new int[ARRAY_SIZE];

• Once created, an array size is fixed and cannot

be changed.
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 Accessing the Elements of an Array

20 0 0 0 0 0
numbers[0] numbers[1] numbers[2] numbers[3] numbers[4] numbers[5]

• An array is accessed by:

• the reference name
• a subscript that identifies which element in the array to
access.
numbers[0] = 20; //pronounced "numbers sub zero"

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 Inputting and Outputting
Array Elements
• Array elements can be treated as any other
variable.
• They are simply accessed by the same name and
a subscript.
• See example: ArrayDemo1.java
• Array subscripts can be accessed using variables
(such as for loop counters).
• See example: ArrayDemo2.java

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©2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Bounds Checking

• Array indexes always start at zero and continue to

(array length - 1).

int values = new int[10];

• This array would have indexes 0 through 9.

• See example: InvalidSubscript.java
• In for loops, it is typical to use i, j, and k as
counting variables.
• It might help to think of i as representing the word index.

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©2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Off-by-One Errors
• It is very easy to be off-by-one when accessing arrays.

// This code has an off-by-one error.

int[] numbers = new int[100];
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)
numbers[i] = 99;

• Here, the equal sign allows the loop to continue on to index

100, where 99 is the last index in the array.
• This code would throw an
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

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 Array Initialization

• When relatively few items need to be initialized, an initialization list can

be used to initialize the array.

int[]days = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31};

• The numbers in the list are stored in the array in order:

days[0] is assigned 31,
days[1] is assigned 28,
days[2] is assigned 31,
days[3] is assigned 30,
etc.
• See example: ArrayInitialization.java
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©2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Alternate Array Declaration
• Previously we showed arrays being declared:
int[] numbers;
• However, the brackets can also go here:

int numbers[];
• These are equivalent but the first style is typical.

• Multiple arrays can be declared on the same line.

int[] numbers, codes, scores;

• With the alternate notation each variable must have brackets.

int numbers[], codes[], scores;
• The scores variable in this instance is simply an int variable.
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 Processing Array Contents

• Processing data in an array is the same as any other

variable.
grossPay = hours[3] * payRate;

• Pre and post increment works the same:

int[] score = {7, 8, 9, 10, 11};
++score[2]; // Pre-increment operation
score[4]++; // Post-increment operation

• See example: PayArray.java

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 Processing Array Contents
• Array elements can be used in relational operations:
if(cost[20] < cost[0])
{
//statements
}
• They can be used as loop conditions:
while(value[count] != 0)
{
//statements
}
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 Array Length
• Arrays are objects and provide a public field named length
that is a constant that can be tested.
double[] temperatures = new double[25];

• The length of this array is 25.

The length of an array can be obtained via its length

constant.
int size = temperatures.length;

• The variable size will contain 25.

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 The Enhanced for Loop

• Simplified array processing (read only)

• Always goes through all elements

• General format:

for(datatype elementVariable : array)

statement;

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 The Enhanced for Loop

Example:
int[] numbers = {3, 6, 9};
For(int val : numbers)
{
System.out.println("The next value is "
+ val);
}

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 Array Size

• The length constant can be used in a loop to provide

automatic bounding.

Index subscripts start at 0 and end at one less than the

array length.

for(int i = 0; i < temperatures.length; i++)

{
System.out.println("Temperature " + i ": "
+ temperatures[i]);
}

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 Array Size

• You can let the user specify the size of an array:

int numTests;
int[] tests;
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("How many tests do you have? ");
numTests = keyboard.nextInt();
tests = new int[numTests];

• See example: DisplayTestScores.java

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 Reassigning Array References
• An array reference can be assigned to another array
of the same type.
// Create an array referenced by the
numbers variable.
int[] numbers = new int[10];
// Reassign numbers to a new array.

numbers = new int[5];

If the first (10 element) array no longer has a

reference to it, it will be garbage collected.
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 Reassigning Array References

int[] numbers = new int[10];

The numbers variable
holds the address of an Address
int array.

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 Reassigning Array References

This array gets marked for

The numbers variable
holds the address of an Address garbage collection
int array.
numbers = new int[5];

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 Copying Arrays

• This is not the way to copy an array.

int[] array1 = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
int[] array2 = array1; // This does not copy array1.

2 4 6 8 10

array1 holds an
Address
address to the array
Example:
array2 holds an
SameArray.java
Address
address to the array

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 Copying Arrays
• You cannot copy an array by merely assigning one reference
variable to another.
• You need to copy the individual elements of one array to
another.

int[] firstArray = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };

int[] secondArray = new int[5];
for (int i = 0; i < firstArray.length; i++)
secondArray[i] = firstArray[i];

• This code copies each element of firstArray to the

corresponding element of secondArray.

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 Passing Array Elements to a Method

• When a single element of an array is passed to a

method it is handled like any other variable.

• See example: PassElements.java

• More often you will want to write methods to

process array data by passing the entire array, not
just one element at a time.

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©2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Passing Arrays as Arguments

• Arrays are objects.

• Their references can be passed to methods like any

other object reference variable.
showArray(numbers); 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Address Example: PassArray.java

public static void showArray(int[] array)

{
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
System.out.print(array[i] + " ");
}
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 Comparing Arrays

• The == operator determines only whether array

references point to the same array object.
int[] firstArray = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };
int[] secondArray = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };

if (firstArray == secondArray) // This is a mistake.

System.out.println("The arrays are the same.");
else
System.out.println("The arrays are not the
same.");

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 Comparing Arrays: Example
int[] firstArray = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
int[] secondArray = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
boolean arraysEqual = true;
int i = 0;

// First determine whether the arrays are the same size.

if (firstArray.length != secondArray.length)
arraysEqual = false;

// Next determine whether the elements contain the same data.

while (arraysEqual && i < firstArray.length)
{
if (firstArray[i] != secondArray[i])
arraysEqual = false;
i++;
}

if (arraysEqual)
System.out.println("The arrays are equal.");
else
System.out.println("The arrays are not equal.");

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 Useful Array Operations
• Finding the Highest Value
int [] numbers = new int[50];
int highest = numbers[0];
for (int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++)
{
if (numbers[i] > highest)
highest = numbers[i];
}
• Finding the Lowest Value
int lowest = numbers[0];
for (int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++)
{
if (numbers[i] < lowest)
lowest = numbers[i];
}
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 Useful Array Operations

• Summing Array Elements:

int total = 0; // Initialize accumulator
for (int i = 0; i < units.length; i++)
total += units[i];
• Averaging Array Elements:
double total = 0; // Initialize accumulator
double average; // Will hold the average
for (int i = 0; i < scores.length; i++)
total += scores[i];
average = total / scores.length;
Example: SalesData.java, Sales.java

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 Partially Filled Arrays
• Typically, if the amount of data that an array must hold is unknown:
• size the array to the largest expected number of elements.
• use a counting variable to keep track of how much valid data is in the
array.
…
int[] array = new int[100];
int count = 0;
…
System.out.print("Enter a number or -1 to quit: ");
number = keyboard.nextInt();
while (number != -1 && count <= 99)
{
array[count] = number;
count++;
System.out.print("Enter a number or -1 to quit: ");
number = keyboard.nextInt();
} input, number and keyboard were
… previously declared and keyboard
references a Scanner object

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 Arrays and Files

• Saving the contents of an array to a file:

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
PrintWriter outputFile =
new PrintWriter ("Values.txt");
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++)
outputFile.println(numbers[i]);
outputFile.close();

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 Arrays and Files
• Reading the contents of a file into an array:
final int SIZE = 5; // Assuming we know the size.
int[] numbers = new int[SIZE];
int i = 0;
File file = new File ("Values.txt");
Scanner inputFile = new Scanner(file);
while (inputFile.hasNext() && i < numbers.length)
{
numbers[i] = inputFile.nextInt();
i++;
}
inputFile.close();

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 Returning an Array Reference
• A method can return a reference to an array.
• The return type of the method must be declared as an array of
the right type.
public static double[] getArray()
{
double[] array = { 1.2, 2.3, 4.5, 6.7, 8.9 };
return array;
}

The getArray method is a public static method that

returns an array of doubles.
• See example: ReturnArray.java

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 String Arrays

• Arrays are not limited to primitive data.

• An array of String objects can be created:

String[] names = { "Bill", "Susan", "Steven", "Jean" };

The names variable holds A String array is an array

the address to the array. of references to String objects.
Address

names[0] address “Bill” Example:

names[1] address “Susan” MonthDays.java
names[2] address “Steven”
names[3] address “Jean”

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 String Arrays

• If an initialization list is not provided, the new keyword must

be used to create the array:
String[] names = new String[4];
The names variable holds
the address to the array.

Address

names[0] null
names[1] null
names[2] null
names[3] null

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 String Arrays

• When an array is created in this manner, each element of

the array must be initialized.
names[0] = "Bill";
names[1] = "Susan";
The names variable holds names[2] = "Steven";
the address to the array. names[3] = "Jean";

Address

names[0] null “Bill”

names[1] null “Susan”
names[2] null “Steven”
names[3] null “Jean”

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 Calling String Methods On Array
Elements
• String objects have several methods, including:
• toUpperCase
• compareTo
• equals
• charAt
• Each element of a String array is a String object.
• Methods can be used by using the array name and
index as before.
System.out.println(names[0].toUpperCase());
char letter = names[3].charAt(0);

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 The length Field & The length Method

• Arrays have a final field named length.

• String objects have a method named length.
• To display the length of each string held in a String array:

for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++)

System.out.println(names[i].length());

• An array’s length is a field

• You do not write a set of parentheses after its name.
• A String’s length is a method
• You do write the parentheses after the name of the String class’s
length method.

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 Arrays of Objects

• Because Strings are objects, we know that arrays can

contain objects.
BankAccount[] accounts = new BankAccount[5];
The accounts variable holds the address
of an BankAccount array.
The array is an
Address
array of references
accounts[0] null
to BankAccount
accounts[1] null
objects.
accounts[2] null
accounts[3] null
accounts[4] null
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 Arrays of Objects
• Each element needs to be initialized.
for (int i = 0; i < accounts.length; i++)
accounts[i] = new BankAccount();
• See example: ObjectArray.java

The accounts variable holds the address balance: 0.0

of an BankAccount array.

Address balance: 0.0

accounts[0] Address balance: 0.0

accounts[1] Address
balance: 0.0
accounts[2] Address
accounts[3] Address balance: 0.0

accounts[4] Address
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 The Sequential Search Algorithm

• A search algorithm is a method of locating a specific

item in a larger collection of data.
• The sequential search algorithm uses a loop to:
• sequentially step through an array,
• compare each element with the search value, and
• stop when
• the value is found or
• the end of the array is encountered.
• See example: SearchArray.java

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 Two-Dimensional Arrays

• A two-dimensional array is an array of arrays.

• It can be thought of as having rows and columns.

column 0 column 1 column 2 column 3

row 0

row 1

row 2
row 3

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 Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Declaring a two-dimensional array requires two sets of
brackets and two size declarators
• The first one is for the number of rows
• The second one is for the number of columns.

double[][] scores = new double[3][4];

two dimensional array rows columns

• The two sets of brackets in the data type indicate that the
scores variable will reference a two-dimensional array.
• Notice that each size declarator is enclosed in its own set of
brackets.

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 Accessing Two-Dimensional Array
Elements
• When processing the data in a two-dimensional
array, each element has two subscripts:
• one for its row and
• another for its column.

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 Accessing Two-Dimensional Array
Elements

The scores variable

holds the address of a
2D array of doubles.
column 0 column 1 column 2 column 3
Address
row 0 scores[0][0] scores[0][1] scores[0][2] scores[0][3]
row 1 scores[1][0] scores[1][1] scores[1][2] scores[1][3]
row 2 scores[2][0] scores[2][1] scores[2][2] scores[2][3]

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 Accessing Two-Dimensional Array
Elements

Accessing one of the elements in a two-dimensional

array requires the use of both subscripts.
The scores variable scores[2][1] = 95;
holds the address of a
2D array of doubles.
column 0 column 1 column 2 column 3
Address
row 0 0 0 0 0
row 1 0 0 0 0
row 2 0 95 0 0

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 Accessing Two-Dimensional Array
Elements
• Programs that process two-dimensional arrays can do so with
nested loops.
• To fill the scores array: Number of rows, not the
largest subscript
for (int row = 0; row < 3; row++)
{ Number of
for (int col = 0; col < 4; col++) columns, not the
{
largest subscript
System.out.print("Enter a score: ");
scores[row][col] = keyboard.nextDouble();
}
}
keyboard references a
Scanner object

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 Accessing Two-Dimensional Array
Elements
• To print out the scores array:

for (int row = 0; row < 3; row++)

{
for (int col = 0; col < 4; col++)
{
System.out.println(scores[row][col]);
}
}

• See example: CorpSales.java

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 Initializing a Two-Dimensional Array

• Initializing a two-dimensional array requires enclosing each row’s

initialization list in its own set of braces.

int[][] numbers = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9} };

• Java automatically creates the array and fills its elements with the
initialization values.
• row 0 {1, 2, 3}
• row 1 {4, 5, 6}
• row 2 {7, 8, 9}

• Declares an array with three rows and three columns.

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 Initializing a Two-Dimensional Array

int[][] numbers = {{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9}};

The numbers variable produces:

holds the address of a
2D array of int values.
column 0 column 1 column 2
Address
row 0 1 2 3
row 1 4 5 6
row 2 7 8 9

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 The length Field

• Two-dimensional arrays are arrays of one-

dimensional arrays.

• The length field of the array gives the number of

rows in the array.

• Each row has a length constant tells how many

columns is in that row.

• Each row can have a different number of columns.

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 The length Field

• To access the length fields of the array:

int[][] numbers = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
{ 5, 6, 7 },
{ 9, 10, 11, 12 } };

for (int row = 0; row < numbers.length; row++)

{
for (int col = 0; col < numbers[row].length; col++)
System.out.println(numbers[row][col]);
}

Number of rows Number of columns in this row.

• See example: Lengths.java
The array can have variable length rows.

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 Summing The Elements of a Two-
Dimensional Array

int[][] numbers = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
{5, 6, 7, 8},
{9, 10, 11, 12} };
int total;
total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < numbers.length; row++)
{
for (int col = 0; col < numbers[row].length; col++)
total += numbers[row][col];
}

System.out.println("The total is " + total);

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 Summing The Rows of a Two-
Dimensional Array

int[][] numbers = {{ 1, 2, 3, 4},

{5, 6, 7, 8},
{9, 10, 11, 12}};
int total;

for (int row = 0; row < numbers.length; row++)

{
total = 0;
for (int col = 0; col < numbers[row].length; col++)
total += numbers[row][col];
System.out.println("Total of row "
+ row + " is " + total);
}

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 Summing The Columns of a Two-
Dimensional Array
int[][] numbers = {{1, 2, 3, 4},
{5, 6, 7, 8},
{9, 10, 11, 12}};
int total;

for (int col = 0; col < numbers[0].length;

col++)
{
total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < numbers.length; row++)
total += numbers[row][col];
System.out.println("Total of column "
+ col + " is " + total);
}

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 Passing and Returning Two-
Dimensional Array References
• There is no difference between passing a single or
two-dimensional array as an argument to a
method.

• The method must accept a two-dimensional array

as a parameter.

• See example: Pass2Darray.java

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 Ragged Arrays
• When the rows of a two-dimensional array are of different
lengths, the array is known as a ragged array.
• You can create a ragged array by creating a two-dimensional
array with a specific number of rows, but no columns.
int [][] ragged = new int [4][];

• Then create the individual rows.

ragged[0] = new int [3];
ragged[1] = new int [4];
ragged[2] = new int [5];
ragged[3] = new int [6];

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 More Than Two Dimensions

• Java does not limit the number of dimensions that an array

may be.

• More than three dimensions is hard to visualize, but can be

useful in some programming problems.

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 Selection Sort

• In a selection sort:
• The smallest value in the array is located and moved to
element 0.
• Then the next smallest value is located and moved to
element 1.
• This process continues until all of the elements have been
placed in their proper order.
• See example: SelectionSortDemo.java

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 Binary Search
• A binary search:
• requires an array sorted in ascending order.
• starts with the element in the middle of the array.
• If that element is the desired value, the search is over.
• Otherwise, the value in the middle element is either greater or less
than the desired value
• If it is greater than the desired value, search in the first half of the
array.
• Otherwise, search the last half of the array.
• Repeat as needed while adjusting start and end points of the search.
• See example: BinarySearchDemo.java

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 Command-Line Arguments

• A Java program can receive arguments from the operating

system command-line.

• The main method has a header that looks like this:

public static void main(String[] args)

• The main method receives a String array as a parameter.

• The array that is passed into the args parameter comes

from the operating system command-line.

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 Command-Line Arguments

• To run the example:

java CommandLine How does this work?

args[0] is assigned "How"
args[0] is assigned "does"
args[0] is assigned "this"
args[0] is assigned "work?"

• Example: CommandLine.java
• It is not required that the name of main’s parameter array be
args.

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 Variable-Length Argument Lists

• Special type parameter – vararg…

• Vararg parameters are actually arrays
• Examples: VarArgsDemo1.java, VarargsDemo2.java

public static int sum(int... numbers)

{
int total = 0; // Accumulator
// Add all the values in the numbers array.
for (int val : numbers)
total += val;
// Return the total.
return total;
}

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 The ArrayList Class

• Similar to an array, an ArrayList allows object storage

• Unlike an array, an ArrayList object:
• Automatically expands when a new item is added
• Automatically shrinks when items are removed
• Requires:

import java.util.ArrayList;

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 Creating an ArrayList

ArrayList<String> nameList = new ArrayList<String>();

Notice the word String written inside angled

brackets <>

This specifies that the ArrayList can hold String

objects.

If we try to store any other type of object in this ArrayList,

an error will occur.

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 Using an ArrayList

• To populate the ArrayList, use the add method:

• nameList.add("James");
• nameList.add("Catherine");

• To get the current size, call the size method

• nameList.size(); // returns 2

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 Using an ArrayList

• To access items in an ArrayList, use the get method

nameList.get(1);

In this statement 1 is the index of the item to get.

• Example: ArrayListDemo1.java

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 Using an ArrayList

• The ArrayList class's toString method returns a string

representing all items in the ArrayList
System.out.println(nameList);

This statement yields :

[ James, Catherine ]

• The ArrayList class's remove method removes

designated item from the ArrayList
nameList.remove(1);
This statement removes the second item.

• See example: ArrayListDemo3.java

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 Using an ArrayList
• The ArrayList class's add method with one argument
adds new items to the end of the ArrayList
• To insert items at a location of choice, use the add method
with two arguments:
nameList.add(1, "Mary");
This statement inserts the String "Mary" at index 1

• To replace an existing item, use the set method:

nameList.set(1, "Becky");
This statement replaces “Mary” with “Becky”

• See example: ArrayListDemo5.java

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 Using an ArrayList

• An ArrayList has a capacity, which is the number of

items it can hold without increasing its size.

• The default capacity of an ArrayList is 10 items.

• To designate a different capacity, use a parameterized

constructor:

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(100);

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 Using an ArrayList

• You can store any type of object in an ArrayList

ArrayList<BankAccount> accountList =
new ArrayList<BankAccount>();

This creates an ArrayList that can hold

BankAccount objects.

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 Using an ArrayList

// Create an ArrayList to hold BankAccount objects.

ArrayList<BankAccount> list = new ArrayList<BankAccount>();

// Add three BankAccount objects to the ArrayList.

list.add(new BankAccount(100.0));
list.add(new BankAccount(500.0));
list.add(new BankAccount(1500.0));

// Display each item.

for (int index = 0; index < list.size(); index++)
{
BankAccount account = list.get(index);
System.out.println("Account at index " + index +
"\nBalance: " + account.getBalance());
}

See: ArrayListDemo6.java

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 Using an ArrayList

• The diamond operator

• Beginning in Java 7, you can use the <> operator for
simpler ArrayList declarations:

No need to specify the data type here.

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

Java infers the type of the ArrayList object from the

variable declaration.
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