ALGEBRA OF MATRICES

MATRIX
DEFINITION A set of mn numbers (real or imaginary) arranged in the form of a rectangular array of 𝑚 rows
and 𝑛 columns is called an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix (to be read as ' 𝑚 by 𝑛′ matrix).

An 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix is usually written as

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 … 𝑎1𝑗 … 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 … 𝑎2𝑗 … 𝑎2𝑛
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝐴= 𝑎 𝑎𝑖2 𝑎𝑖3 … 𝑎𝑖𝑗 … 𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑖1
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
[𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑗 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ]

2 1 −1
(i) 𝐴=[ ] is a matrix having 2 rows and 3 columns and so it is a matrix of order 2 × 3 such
1 3 2
that 𝑎11 = 2, 𝑎12 = 1, 𝑎13 = −1, 𝑎21 = 1, 𝑎22 = 3, 𝑎23 = 2.

sin⁡ 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥
(ii) 𝐵 = [ ] is a matrix having 2 rows and 2 columns and so it is a matrix of order 2 × 2 such that
cos⁡ 𝑥 −sin⁡ 𝑥
𝑏11 = sin⁡ 𝑥, 𝑏12 = cos⁡ 𝑥, 𝑏21 = cos⁡ 𝑥, 𝑏22 = −sin⁡ 𝑥.

NOTE It is to note here that to define a matrix we must define its order and its elements either by a general
formula (See illustration given below) or separately.
ILLUSTRATION Construct a 3 × 4 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] whose elements are given by
(i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 + 𝑗
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 − 𝑗
TYPES OF MATRICES
ROW MATRIX A matrix having only one row is called a row-matrix or a row-vector.

For example, 𝐴 = [1 2 − 1 − 2] is a row matrix of order 1 × 4.

COLUMN MATRIX A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix or a column-vector.

3
1
2
For example, 𝐴 = [ 2] and 𝐵 = [ ] are column-matrices of order 3 × 1 and 4 × 1 respectively.
5
−1
4
SQUARE MATRIX A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns, say 𝑛, is called a
square matrix of order 𝑛.

DIAGONAL MATRIX A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 is called a diagonal matrix if all the elements, except those
in the leading diagonal, are zero i.e. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.

SCALAB MATRIX A square malrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called a scalar matrix if

𝑛×𝑛
(i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 and,
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑐 for all 𝑖, where 𝑐 ≠ 0.
IDENTITY OR UNIT MATRIX A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 is called an identity or unit matrix if
(i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0for all 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗and,
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 1 for all 𝑖

NULL MATRIX A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or a zero matrix.

0 0 0 0 0
For example, [ ] and [ ] are null matrices of orders 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 respectively.
0 0 0 0 0
UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called an upper triangular matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all
𝑖 > 𝑗.

LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called a lower triangular matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all
𝑖 < 𝑗.
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
DEFINITION Two matrices 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑟×𝑠 are equal if

(i) 𝑚 = 𝑟 i.e. the number of rows in 𝐴 equals the number of rows in 𝐵

(ii) 𝑛 = 𝑠 i.e. the number of columns in 𝐴 equals the number of columns in 𝐵

(iii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for 𝑖 = 1,2, …, m and 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑛.

𝑥−𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑧 −1 5
ILLUSTRATION 1 If [ ]=[ ], find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑤. ⁡ [CBSE 2002 C, 2013]
2𝑥 − 𝑦 3𝑧 + 𝑤 0 13
ILLUSTRATION 2 Find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and a which satisfy the matrix equation

𝑥 + 3 2𝑦 + 𝑥 0 −7
[ ]=[ ]
𝑧 − 1 4𝑎 − 6 3 2𝑎
EXAMPLE I A matrix has 12 elements. What are the possible orders it can have?
EXAMPLE 2 If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a matrix given by

4 −2 1 3
𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] = [ 5 7 9 6]
21 15 18 −25

write the order of 𝐴 and find the elements 𝑎24 , 𝑎34 . Also, show that 𝑎32 = 𝑎23 + 𝑎24 .
 (𝑖+2𝑗)2
EXAMPLE 3 Construct 𝑎 × 2 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] whose elements are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2
.
 𝑖−𝑗
EXAMPLE 4 Construct a 2 × 3 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑗𝑗 ] whose elements are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖+𝑗.

EXAMPLE 5 Construct a 3 × 2 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] whose elements are given by

(i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑗𝑥
𝜋
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 cos⁡ ( 𝑖 + 𝑗𝑥)
2
 𝑥−𝑦 2𝑧 + 𝑤 5 3
EXAMPLE 6 Find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and 𝑤 such that [ ]=[ ].
2𝑥 − 𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑤 12 15
EXAMPLE 7 Consider the following information regarding the number of men and women workers in three
factories I, II and III.

Men workers

II

III
30

25

27
Women workers

Represent the above information in the form of 3 × 2 matrix. What does the entry in the third row and second
column represent?
 𝑎+𝑏 2 6 2
EXAMPLES If [ ]=[ ], find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
5 𝑎𝑏 5 8

EXAMPLE 9 For what values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the following matrices equal?

2𝑥 + 1 3𝑦 𝑦 2 + 2]
𝐴=[ 2 ] , 𝐵 = [𝑥 + 3
0 𝑦 − 5𝑦 0 −6
HOME WORK

1. If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What if it has 5 elements?
 2 3 −5 2 −1
2. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑗𝑗 ] = [1 4 9] and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] = [−3 4] then find
0 7 −2 1 2
(i) 𝑎22 + 𝑏21
(ii) 𝑎11 𝑏11 + 𝑎22 𝑏22
3. Let 𝐴 be a matrix of order 3 × 4. If 𝑅1 denotes the first row of 𝐴 and 𝐶2 denotes its second column, then
determine the orders of matrices 𝑅1 and 𝐶2 .
4. Construct a 2 × 3 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] whose elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are given by:
(i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 × 𝑗
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗
(iii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 + 𝑗
(𝑖+𝑗)2
(iv) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2
 5. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] whose elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are given by:

(𝑖+𝑗)2
(i)
2

(𝑖−𝑗)2
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
2

(𝑖−2𝑗)2
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2
 (2𝑖+𝑗)2
(iii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
2

|2𝑖−3𝑗|
(iv) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2

|−3𝑖+𝑗|
(v) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2

(vi) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝑥 𝑗

6. Construct a 3 × 4 matrix 𝐴 = {𝑎𝑖𝑗 } whose elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are given by:
(i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 + 𝑗

(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 − 𝑗

(iii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2𝑖

(iv) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑗
 1
(v) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2 |−3𝑖 + 𝑗|

Construct a 4 × 3 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] whose elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are given by:

𝑖
(i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗

𝑖−𝑗
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖+𝑗

(iii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖
 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 2 4
7. Find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎 and 𝑏 if [ ]=[ ].
𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎 − 𝑏 −1 5 −5 −1

8. Find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎 and 𝑏 if

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑎−𝑏 3 1 −2 3
[ ]=[ ]
1 𝑥 + 4𝑦 3𝑎 + 4𝑏 1 6 29
10. Find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 from the following equations:
2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 2𝑏 4 −3
[ ]=[ ]
5𝑐 − 𝑑 4𝑐 + 3𝑑 11 24
11. Find 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 so that 𝐴 = 𝐵, where
𝑥−2 3 2𝑧 𝑦 𝑧 6
𝐴=[ ],𝐵 = [ ]
18𝑧 𝑦 + 2 6𝑧 6𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦
 𝑥 3𝑥 − 𝑦 3 2
12. If [ ]=[ ], find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝜔.
2𝑥 + 𝑧 3𝑦 − 𝜔 4 7
 𝑥−𝑦 𝑧 −1 4
13. If [2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜔] = [ 0 5], find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝜔.
 𝑥 + 3 𝑧 + 4 2𝑦 − 7 0 6 3𝑦 − 2
14. If [4𝑥 + 6 𝑎 − 1 0 ]=[ 2𝑥 −3 2𝑐 + 2]
𝑏−3 3𝑏 𝑧 + 2𝑐 2𝑏 + 4 −21 0
Obtain the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧.
 2𝑥 + 1 5𝑥 𝑥 + 3 10
15. If [ ]=[ ], find the value of (𝑥 + 𝑦).
0 𝑦2 + 1 0 26
 𝑥𝑦 4 8 𝑤
16. If [ ]=[ ], then find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and 𝑤.
𝑧+6 𝑥+𝑦 0 6
 17. Give an example of
(i) a row matrix which is also a column matrix

(ii) a diagonal matrix which is not scalar

(iii) a triangular matrix.

18. The sales figure of two car dealers during January 2013 showed that dealer 𝐴 sold 5 deluxe, 3 premium
and 4 standard cars, while dealer B sold 7 deluxe, 2 premium and 3 standard cars. Total sales over the 2
month period of January-February revealed that dealer 𝐴 sold 8 deluxe 7 premium and 6 standard cars.
In the same 2 month period, dealer 𝐵 sold 10 deluxe, 5 premium and 7 standard cars. Write 2 × 3
matrices summarizing sales data for January and 2 -month period for each dealer.
19. For what values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the following matrices equal?

2𝑥 + 1 2𝑦 𝑦 2 + 2]
𝐴=[ 2 ] , 𝐵 = [𝑥 + 3
0 𝑦 − 5𝑦 0 −6
20. Find the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 if

[𝑥 + 10 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦] = [3𝑥 + 4 3
]
2
0 −4 0 𝑦 − 5𝑦
21. Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 if 𝐴 = 𝐵, where

𝐴=[
𝑎 + 4 3𝑏
] , 𝐵 = [2𝑎 + 2 𝑏2 + 2 ]
8 −6 8 𝑏 2 − 10
ADDITION OF MATRICES
DEFINITION Let 𝐴, 𝐵 be two matrices, each of order 𝑚 × 𝑛. Then their sum 𝐴 + 𝐵 is a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛
and is obtained by adding the corresponding elements of 𝐴 and 𝐵.

1 2 3 6 5 4
If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ], then
4 5 6 3 2 1

−1 2 1
1 2 3
If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ 3 2 1], then 𝐴 + 𝐵
4 5 6
2 5 −2

1 −1 2
(i) 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ]
2 0 3

1 2
0 0 5
(ii) 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [3 −1]
1 −1 0
4 5
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION
THEOREM 1 (Commutativity) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + A. i.e. matrix addition is
commutative.
THEOREM 2 (Associativity) If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are three matrices of the same order, then (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶) i.e.
matrix addition is associative.
THEOREM 3 (Existence of Identity) The null matrix is the identity element for matrix addition, i.e. ⁡𝐴 + 𝑂 =
𝐴 = 𝑂 + 𝐴.
THEOREM 4 (Existence of Inverse) For every matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 there exists a matrix [−𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , denoted by
−𝐴, such that 𝐴 + (−𝐴) = 𝑂 = (−𝐴) + 𝐴.
THEOREM 5 (Cancellation laws) If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are matrices of the same order, then

𝐴+𝐵 = 𝐴+𝐶 ⇒𝐵 = 𝐶

[Left cancellation law]

and, ⁡𝐵 + 𝐴 = 𝐶 + 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐶

[Right cancellation law]

MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR (SCALAR
MULTIPLICATION)
DEFINITION Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝑘 be any number called a scalar. Then the matrix obtained
by multiplying every element of 𝐴 by 𝑘 is called the scalar multiple of 𝐴 by 𝑘 and is denoted by 𝑘𝐴.

Thus,

𝑘𝐴 = [𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛
1 2 5
For example, if 𝐴 = [−2 3 4], then 3𝐴 =
1 2 −1
6 2 3 1
𝐴 = [2 3 −2] , ⁡ then 𝐴 =
2
2 4 1
PROPERTIES OF SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
Various properties of scalar multiplication are stated and proved in the following theorem. THEOREM If 𝐴 =
[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 are two matrices and 𝑘, l are scalars, then
(i) 𝑘(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑘𝐵
(ii) (𝑘 + 𝑙)𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑙𝐴
(iii) (𝑘𝑙)𝐴 = 𝑘(𝐼𝐴) = 𝑙(𝑘𝐴)
(iv) (−𝑘)𝐴 = −(𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘(−𝐴)
(v) 1𝐴 = 𝐴
(vi) (−1)𝐴 = −𝐴
SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
DEFINITION For two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 of the same order, the subtraction of matrix 𝐵 from matrix 𝐴 is
denoted by 𝐴 − 𝐵 and is defined as 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 + (−𝐵).

−3 2 1 3 5 −2
For example, if 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], then
1 −4 7 −1 4 −2

𝐴−𝐵 =
 2 3 4 3 0 5
ILLUSTRATION If 𝐴 = [0 4 6] , 𝐵 = [5 3 2], find 3𝐴 − 2𝐵.
5 8 9 0 4 7
 2 3 −5 0 5 1
EXAMPLE 1 If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], find 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝐴 − 𝐵.
1 2 −1 −2 7 3
 2 −1 1 4
EXAMPLE 2 If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], find 3𝐴 − 2𝐵.
3 1 7 2
 1 −1
EXAMPLE 3 If 𝐴 = diag⁡ ( ) and 𝐵 = diag⁡(2⁡3 − 1), find 𝐴 + 𝐵, 3𝐴 + 4𝐵.
2

REMARK It is evident from the above example that if 𝐴 = diag⁡(𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 … 𝑎𝑛 ) and 𝐵 =

diag⁡(𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 … 𝑏𝑛 ) Then,

𝐴+𝐵 =
 cos⁡ 𝜃 sin⁡ 𝜃 sin⁡ 𝜃 −cos⁡ 𝜃
EXAMPLE4 Simplify: cos⁡ 𝜃 [ ] + sin⁡ 𝜃 [ ]
−sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃 sin⁡ 𝜃
 7 0 3 0
EXAMPLE5 Find 𝑋 and 𝑌, if 𝑋 + 𝑌 = [ ] and 𝑋 − 𝑌 = [ ].
2 5 0 3
 2 3 3 −6
EXAMPLE 6 Find a matrix 𝐴, if 𝐴 + [ ]=[ ].
−1 4 −3 8
 𝑥 𝑧 1 −1 3 5
EXAMPLE 7 Find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 if 2 [𝑦 𝑡 ] + 3 [0 ] = 3[ ].
2 4 6
EXAMPLE 8 Find non-zero values of 𝑥 satisfying the matrix equation:

2𝑥 2 8 5𝑥 2
𝑥[ ] + 2[ ] = 2 [𝑥 + 8 24]
3 𝑥 4 4𝑥 10 6𝑥
EXAMPLE 9 If 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are three matrices of the same order, then prove that

𝐴 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 𝐵 + 𝐶.
 −1 2 3 −2
EXAMPLE 10 Find a matrix 𝑋 such that 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝑋 = 𝑂, where 𝐴 = [ ] and, 𝐵 = [ ].
3 4 1 5
 −2 2 0 2 0 −2
EXAMPLE 11 Find a matrix 𝐴 such that 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 5𝐶 = 𝑂, where 𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ].
3 1 4 7 1 6

𝑥2 𝑥 −2
EXAMPLE 12 Solve the matrix equation [ 2 ] − 3 [2𝑦] = [ ].
𝑦 9
EXAMPLE 13 Two farmers Ram Kishan and Gurcharan Singh cultivate only three varities of rice namely
Basmati, Permal and Naura. The sale (in ₹) of these varities of rice by both the farmers in the month of
September and October are given by the following matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵

September sales (in ₹)

Basmati Permal Naura

10,000 20,000 30,000 Ram Kishan
𝐴=[ ]
50,000 30,000 10,000 Gurcharan Singh
October sales (in ₹)
Basmati Permal Naura
5,000 10,000 6,000 Ram Kishan
𝐵=[ ]
20,000 10,000 10,000 Gurcharan Singh

Find:

(i) What were the combined sales in September and October for each farmer in each variety.

(ii) What was the change in sales from September to October?

(iii) If both farmers receive 2% profit on gross rupees sales, compute the profit for each farmer and for each
wariety sold in October.
HOME WORK

1. Compute the following sums:

2 1 3 1 −2 3
3 −2 −2 4
(i) [ ]+[ ] (ii) [ 0 3 5] + [ 2 6 1]
1 4 1 3
−1 2 5 0 −3 1
2 4 1 3 −2 5
2. Let 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ]. Find each of the following:
3 2 −2 5 3 4
(i) 2𝐴 − 3𝐵
(ii) 𝐵 − 4𝐶
(iii) 3𝐴 − 𝐶
(iv) 3𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶

2 3 −1 0 2 −1 2 3
3. If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ],𝐶 = [ ], find
5 7 3 4 1 2 1 0
(i) 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝐵 + 𝐶
(ii) 2𝐵 + 3𝐴 and 3𝐶 − 4𝐵.

−1 0 2 0 −2 5 1 −5 2
4. Let 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ]. Compute 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 4𝐶.
3 1 4 1 −3 1 6 0 −4

5. If 𝐴 = diag⁡(2 −5 9), 𝐵 = diag⁡(1 1 −4) and 𝐶 = diag⁡(−6 3 4), find

(i) 𝐴 − 2𝐵
(ii) 𝐵 + 𝐶 − 2𝐴
(iii) 2𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 5𝐶

6. Given the matrices

2 1 1 9 7 −1 2 −4 3
𝐴 = [3 −1 0] , ⁡𝐵 = [3 5 4] ⁡ and ⁡𝐶 = [1 −1 0]
0 2 4 2 1 6 9 4 5

Verify that (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶).

5 2 3 6
7. Find matrices 𝑋 and 𝑌, if 𝑋 + 𝑌 = [ ] and 𝑋 − 𝑌 = [ ].
0 9 0 −1
3 2 1 0
8. Find 𝑋, if 𝑌 = [ ] and 2𝑋 + 𝑌 = [ ].
1 4 −3 2
6 −6 0 3 2 5
9. Find matrices 𝑋 and 𝑌, if 2𝑋 − 𝑌 = [ ] and 𝑋 + 2𝑌 = [ ].
−4 2 1 −2 1 −7
1 1 1 3 5 1
10. If 𝑋 − 𝑌 = [1 1 0] and 𝑋 + 𝑌 = [−1 1 4], find 𝑋 and 𝑌.
1 0 0 11 8 0
1 2 −1 9 −1 4
11. Find matrix 𝐴, if [ ]+𝐴 = [ ].
0 4 9 −2 1 3
9 1 1 5
12. If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ], find matrix 𝐶 such that 5𝐴 + 3𝐵 + 2𝐶 is a null matrix.
7 8 7 12
2 −2 8 0
13. If 𝐴 = [ 4 2] , 𝐵 = [4 −2], find matrix 𝑋 such that 2𝐴 + 3𝑋 = 5𝐵.
−5 1 3 6
1 −3 2 2 −1 −1
14. If 𝐴 = [ ] and, 𝐵 = [ ], find the matrix 𝐶 such that 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 is zero matrix.
2 0 2 1 0 −1
 15. Find 𝑥, 𝑦 satisfying the matrix equations

𝑥 − 𝑦 2 −2 3 −2 2 6 0 0
(i) [ ]+[ ]=[ ]
4 𝑥 6 1 0 −1 5 2𝑥 +𝑦 5
(ii) [𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3] + [𝑦 4] = [4 9 12]

2 3 −8
(iii) 𝑥 [ ] + 𝑦 [ ] + [ ]=𝑂
1 5 −11
3 4 1 𝑦 7 0
16. If 2 [ ]+[ ]=[ ], find 𝑥 and 𝑦.
5 𝑥 0 1 10 5
1 0 2 1 2 3 4 4 10
17. Find the value of 𝜆, a non-zero scalar, if 𝜆 [ ] + 2[ ]=[ ].
3 4 5 −1 −3 2 4 2 14
−1 2 3 −2
18. (i) Find a matrix 𝑋 such that 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝑋 = 𝑂, where 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ]
3 4 1 5
8 0 2 −2
(ii) If 𝐴 = [4 −2] and 𝐵 = [ 4 2], then find the matrix 𝑋 of order 3 × 2 such that 2𝐴 + 3𝑋 = 5𝐵.
3 6 −5 1

19. Find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and 𝑡, if

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 6 4 𝑥+𝑦
(i) 3 [ ]=[ ]+[ ]
𝑧 𝑡 −1 2𝑡 𝑧+𝑡 3
𝑥 5 3 4 7 14
(ii) 2 [ ]+[ ]=[ ]
7 𝑦−3 1 2 15 14

20. If 𝑋 and 𝑌 are 2 × 2 matrices, then solve the following matrix equations for 𝑋 and 𝑌.
2 3 −2 2
2𝑋 + 3𝑌 = [ ] , 3𝑋 + 2𝑌 = [ ]
4 0 1 −5

21. In a certain city there are 30 colleges. Each college has 15 peons, 6 clerks, 1 typist and 1 section officer.
Express the given information as a column matrix. Using scalar multiplication, find the total number of
posts of each kind in all the colleges.

22. The monthly incomes of Aryan and Babban are in the ratio 3: 4 and their monthly expenditures are in
the ratio 5: 7. If each saves ₹ 15000 per month, find their monthly incomes using matrix method. This
problem reflects which value?
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Let us first define the product of a row matrix and a column matrix.

𝑏1
𝑎1 𝑎2 … 𝑏2
Let 𝐴 = [ 𝑎𝑛 ] be a row matrix and 𝐵 = [ ⋮ ] be a column matrix. Then, we define 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 +
𝑏𝑛
⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 .

5
−4
For example, if 𝐴 = [1 −2 3 4] and 𝐵 = [ ]. Then,
1
−2
5
−4
𝐴𝐵 = [1 −2 3 4] [ ] =
1
−2

DEFINITION Two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 are conformable for the product 𝐴𝐵 if the number of columns in 𝐴 (pre-
multiplier) is same as the number of rows in 𝐵 (post-multiplier).

NOTE If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 exists, then 𝐵𝐴 may or may not exist.
 2 1 3 1 −2
ILLUSTRATION 1 If 𝐴 = [ 3 −2 1] and 𝐵 = [2 1], then Tthe product 𝐴𝐵
−1 0 1 4 −3

NOTE In this case BA does not exist, because the number of columns in 𝐵 is not same as the number of rows in
𝐴.
 2 3
1 −2 3
ILLUSTRATION 2 Let 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [−1 2]. Find 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 and show that 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴.
3 2 −1
4 −5
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
THEOREM 1 Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general.
THEOREM 2 Matrix multiplication is associative i.e. (𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶), whenever both sides are defined.
THEOREM 3 Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition i.e.

(i) 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶

(ii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶 whenever both sides of equality are defined.

THEOREM 4 If 𝐴 is an 𝑚 × n matrix, then 𝐼𝑚 𝐴 = 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐼𝑛 .

REMARK1 The product of two matrices can be the null matrix while neither of them is the null matrix.

0 2 1 0 0 0
For example, if 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], then 𝐴𝐵 = [ ] while neither 𝐴 nor 𝐵 is the null matrix.
0 0 0 0 0 0
THEOREM 5 If 𝐴 is 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝑂 is a null matrix, then
(i) 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 𝑂𝑛×𝑝 = 𝑂𝑚×𝑝
(ii) 𝑂𝑝×𝑚 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 = 𝑂𝑝×𝑛

i.e. the product of the matrix with a null matrix is always a null matrix.

REMARK 2 In the case of matrix multiplication if 𝐴𝐵 = 0, then it does not necessarily imply that 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑂.
POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX
For any square matrix, we define

(i) 𝐴1 = 𝐴 and, (ii) 𝐴𝑛+1 = 𝐴𝑛 ⋅ 𝐴, where 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.

It is evident from this definition that 𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴, 𝐴3 = 𝐴2 𝐴 = (𝐴𝐴) A.etc.

It can be easily shown that

(i) 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑚+𝑛 and,
(ii) (𝐴𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝐴𝑚𝑛 for all 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.

MATRIX POLYNOMIAL Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 be apolynomial and let A be a
square matrix of order 𝑛. Then,

𝑓(𝐴) = 𝑎0 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐴𝑛−1 + 𝑎2 𝐴𝑛−2 +. . +𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑛

is called a matrix polynomial.

For example, if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 is a polynomial and 𝐴 is a square matrix, then 𝑓(𝐴) = 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 2𝐼 is a

matrix polynomial.
 𝑎 ℎ 𝑔 𝑥
EXAMPLE 1 If 𝐴, 𝐵, Care three matrices such that 𝐴 = [𝑥𝑦𝑧], 𝐵 = [ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 ] , 𝐶 = [𝑦], find 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐 𝑧
 1 −1 2 1
EXAMPLE 2 If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ], prove that (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 ≠ 𝐴2 + 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2 .
2 3 1 0
 1 −1 𝑎 1
EXAMPLE 3 If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] and (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 , find 𝑎 and 𝑏.
2 −1 𝑏 −1
0 1
EXAMPLE 4 If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that (𝑥𝐼 + 𝑦𝐴)2 = 𝐴.
−1 0
 𝛼 0 1 0
EXAMPLE 5 If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], find the values of 𝛼 for which 𝐴2 = 𝐵.
1 1 5 1
 2 −1 5 2 2 5
EXAMPLE 6 Let 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ],𝐶 = [ ].
3 4 7 4 3 8

Find a matrix 𝐷 such that 𝐶𝐷 − 𝐴𝐵 = 0.

1 3 2 1
EXAMPLE 7 Find the value of 𝑥 such that [1 𝑥 1] [ 2 5 1] [2] = 0.
15 3 2 𝑥
1 0 1 0
EXAMPLE If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐼 = [ ], then find 𝑘 so that 𝐴2 = 8𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼.
−1 7 0 1
2 −1 −1 −8 −10
EXAMPLE9 If [ 1 0] 𝐴 = [ 1 −2 −5], find 𝐴.
−3 4 9 22 15
Type II ON MATRIX POLYNOMIALS AND MATRIX POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

2 0 1
EXAMPLE 10 Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6. Find 𝑓(𝐴), if 𝐴 = [2 1 3].
1 −1 0
 3 1
EXAMPLE 11 If 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼2 = 𝑂.
−1 2
Type III ON PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
The Principle of Mathematical Induction:

Let 𝑃(𝑛) be a statement involving positive integer 𝑛 such that

(i) 𝑃 (1) is true i.e. the statement is true for 𝑛 = 1, and

(ii) 𝑃(𝑚 + 1) is true whenever 𝑃(𝑚) is true i.e. the truth of 𝑃(𝑚) implies the truth of 𝑃(𝑚 + 1).

Then, 𝑃(𝑛) is true for all positive integer 𝑛.

EXAMPLE 12 Prove the following by the principle of mathematical induction:

3 −4 1 + 2𝑛 −4𝑛
If 𝐴 = [ ] , then 𝐴𝑛 = [ ] for every positive integer 𝑛. [NCERT]
1 −1 𝑛 1 − 2𝑛
 cos⁡ 𝛼 sin⁡ 𝛼
EXAMPLE 13 If 𝐴𝛼 = [ ], then prove that
−sin⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡ 𝛼
(i) 𝐴𝛼 𝐴𝛽 = 𝐴𝛼+𝛽
cosn⁡ 𝛼 sinn⁡ 𝛼
(ii) (𝐴𝛼 )𝑛 = [ ] for every positive integer 𝑛.
−sinn⁡ 𝛼 cosn⁡ 𝛼
EXAMPLE 14 If a is a non-zero real or complex number. Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove
that:
𝑛
If 𝐴 = [
𝑎 1
] , then 𝐴𝑛 = [𝑎 𝑛𝑑𝑛−1 ] for every positive integer 𝑛
0 𝑎 0 𝑎𝑛
 1 1 1 3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1
𝑛
EXAMPLE 15 If 𝐴 = [1 1 1], then prove that 𝐴 = [3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1 ] for every positive integer 𝑛.
1 1 1 3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1 3𝑛−1
Type IV MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 16 Under what conditions is the matrix equation 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 = (𝐴 − 𝐵)(𝐴 + 𝐵) is true?

EXAMPLE 17 If 𝐴 is any 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix such that 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 are both defined show that 𝐵 is an 𝑛 × 𝑚 matrix.
EXAMPLE 18⁡𝐴, 𝐵 are two matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 are both defined; show that 𝐴, 𝐵 are square
matrices of the same order.
EXAMPLE 19 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are square matrices of order 𝑛, then prove that 𝐴 and 𝐵 will commute iff 𝐴 − 𝜆 I and
𝐵 − 𝜆 I commute for every scalar 𝜆.
EXAMPLE 20 If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 and 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵, then show that 𝐴2 = 𝐴, 𝐵2 = 𝐵.
EXAMPLE 21 Give an example of two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that

(i) 𝐴 ≠ 𝑂, 𝐵 ≠ 𝑂, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂 and 𝐵𝐴 ≠ 𝑂

(ii) 𝐴 ≠ 𝑂, 𝐵 ≠ 𝑂, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑂.
EXAMPLE 22 Give an example of three matrices 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 but 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶.
Type 𝑉 ON APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES
EXAMPLE 23 There are two families 𝐴 and 𝐵. There are 4 men, 6 women and 2 children in family 𝐴 and 2 men,
2 women and 4 children in family B. The recommended daily allowance for calories is : Man : 2400 , woman :
1900 , child : 1800 and for proteins is : Man : 55gm, woman : 45gm and child : 33gm.

Represent the above information by matrices. Using matrix multiplication, calculate the total requirement of
calories and proteins for each of the two families.

EXAMPLE 24 Use matrix multiplication to divide ₹ 30,000 in two parts such that the total annual interest at
9% on the first part and 11% on the second part amounts ₹ 3060 .
EXAMPLE 25 Three schools 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 organised a mela for collecting funds for helping the rehabilitation of
flood victims. They sold hand made fans, mats and plates from recyled material at a cost of ₹25, ₹100 and ₹ 50
each. The number of articles sold are given below:

School A B C

Hand-fans 40 25 35

Mats 50 40 50

Plates 20 30 40

Find the funds collected by each school separately by sailing the above articles. Also, find the total funds
collected for the purpose.
EXAMPLE 26 Prove that the product of matrices
2
2
[ cos ⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃sin⁡ 𝜃 ] and [ cos ⁡ 𝜙 cos⁡ 𝜙sin⁡ 𝜙
]
cos⁡ 𝜃sin⁡ 𝜃 sin2 ⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜙sin⁡ 𝜙 sin2 ⁡ 𝜙
𝜋
is the null matrix, when 𝜃 and 𝜙 differ by an odd multiple of 2 .

0 −tan⁡(𝛼/2)
EXAMPLE 27 Let 𝐴 = [ ] and I be the identity matrix of order 2 . Show that 𝐼 + 𝐴 = (𝐼 −
tan⁡(𝛼/2) 0
cos⁡ 𝛼 −sin⁡ 𝛼
𝐴) [ ].
sin⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡ 𝛼
 cos⁡ 𝑥 −sin⁡ 𝑥 0
EXAMPLE 28 Let 𝐹(𝑥) = [ sin⁡ 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥 0]. Show that 𝐹(𝑥)𝐹(𝑦) = 𝐹(𝑥 + 𝑦).
0 0 1
Type II ON MATRIX POLYNOMIALS AND MATRIX POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

2 3
EXAMPLE 29 Let 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7. Show that 𝑓(𝐴) = 𝑂. Use this result to find 𝐴5 .
−1 2
Type III ON PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

0 1
EXAMPLE 30 If 𝐴 = [ ], prove that (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐴)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝐼 + 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏𝐴
0 0

where I is a unit matrix of order 2 and 𝑛 is a positive integer.

EXAMPLE 31 Let 𝐴, 𝐵 be two matrices such that they commute. Show that for any positive integer 𝑛
(i) 𝐴𝐵𝑛 = 𝐵𝑛 𝐴
(ii) (𝐴𝐵)𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛 𝐵𝑛

EXAMPLEE 32 If 𝐴 is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐴, show that (𝐼 + 𝐴)3 = 7𝐴 + 𝐼.

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
EXAMPLE 33 If 𝐴 is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 1, then find the simplified value of (𝐴 − 𝐼)3 + (𝐴 + 𝐼)3 −
7𝐴.
EXAMPLE 34 If 𝐴 = [3 5], 𝐵 = [7 3], then find a non-zero matrix 𝐶 such that 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶.
HOME WORK
1. Compute the indicated products:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏
(i) [ ][ ]
−𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
1 −2 1 2 3
(ii) [ ][ ]
2 3 −3 2 −1
2 3 4 1 −3 5
(iii) [3 4 5] [0 2 4]
4 5 6 3 0 5

2. Show that 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴 in each of the following cases:

5 −1 2 1
(i) 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ]
6 7 3 4
−1 1 0 1 2 3
(ii) 𝐴 = [ 0 −1 1] and 𝐵 = [0 1 0]
2 3 4 1 1 0
1 3 0 0 1 0
(iii) 𝐴 = [1 1 0] and 𝐵 = [1 0 0]
4 1 0 0 5 1

3. Compute the products 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 whichever exists in each of the following cases:
1 −2 1 2 3
(i) 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ]
2 3 2 3 1
3 2
4 5 6
(ii) 𝐴 = [−1 0] and 𝐵 = [ ]
0 1 2
−1 1
0
1
(iii) 𝐴 = [1 −1 2] and 𝐵 = [ ]
3
2
𝑎
𝑐 𝑏
(iv) [𝑎 𝑏] [𝑑] + [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑] [𝑐 ]
𝑑

4. Show that 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴 in each of the following cases:

1 3 −1 −2 3 −1 10 −4 −1 1 2 1
(i) 𝐴 = [2 −1 −1] and 𝐵 = [−1 2 −1] (ii) 𝐴 = [−11 5 0] and 𝐵 = [3 4 2]
3 0 −1 −6 9 −4 9 −5 1 1 3 2

5. Evaluate the following:

1 3 3 −2 1 3 5
(i) ([ ]+[ ]) [ ]
−1 −4 −1 1 2 4 6
1 0 2 2
(ii) [1 2 3] [2 0 1] [4]
0 1 2 6
1 −1
1 0 2 0 1 2
(iii) [0 2] ([ ]−[ ])
2 0 1 1 0 2
2 3
1 0 1 0 0 1
6. If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ], then show that 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 = 𝐶 2 = 𝐼2 .
0 1 0 −1 1 0
2 −1 0 4
7. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], find 3𝐴2 − 2𝐵 + 𝐼.
3 2 −1 7
 4 2
8. If 𝐴 = [ ], prove that (𝐴 − 2𝐼)(𝐴 − 3𝐼) = 0.
−1 1
1 1 1 2 1 3
9. If 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴2 = [ ] and 𝐴3 = [ ].
0 1 0 1 0 1

10. If 𝐴 = [ 𝑎𝑏2 𝑏 2 ], show that 𝐴2 = 0.

−𝑎 −𝑎𝑏
cos⁡ 2𝜃 sin⁡ 2𝜃
11. If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝐴2 .
−sin⁡ 2𝜃 cos⁡ 2𝜃
2 −3 −5 −1 3 5
12. If 𝐴 = [−1 4 5] and 𝐵 = [ 1 −3 −5], show that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑂3 × 3.
1 −3 −4 −1 3 5

0 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
13. If 𝐴 = [−𝑐 0 𝑎] and 𝐵 = [𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏𝑐 ], show that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑂3×3.
𝑏 −𝑎 0 𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2
2 −3 −5 2 −2 −4
14. If 𝐴 = [−1 4 5] and 𝐵 = [−1 3 4], show that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 and 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵.
1 −3 −4 1 −2 −3
−1 1 −1 0 4 3
15. Let 𝐴 = [ 3 −3 3] and 𝐵 = [ 1 −3 −3], compute 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 .
5 5 5 −1 4 4

16. For the following matrices verify the associativity of matrix multiplication i.e. (AB) 𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶).

1 0
1 2 0 1
(i) 𝐴 = [ ] , ⁡𝐵 = [−1 2] and 𝐶 = [ ]
−1 0 1 −1
0 3
4 2 3 1 −1 1 1 2 −1
(ii) 𝐴 = [1 1 2] , ⁡𝐵 = [0 1 2] and 𝐶 = [3 0 1].
3 0 1 2 −1 1 0 0 1

17. For the following matrices verify the distributivity of matrix multiplication over matrix addition i.e.
𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶.
1 −1 −1 0 0 1
(i) 𝐴 = [ ] , ⁡𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ]
0 2 2 1 1 −1
2 −1
0 1 1 −1
(ii) 𝐴 = [ 1 1] , ⁡𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ].
1 1 0 1
−1 2
1 0 −2 0 5 −4 1 5 2
18. If 𝐴 = [ 3 −1 0] , 𝐵 = [−2 1 3] and 𝐶 = [−1 1 0] , ⁡ verify that 𝐴(𝐵 − 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐶.
−2 1 1 −1 0 2 0 −1 1

19. Compute the elements 𝑎43 and 𝑎22 of the matrix:

0 1 0
2 −1
2 0 2 0 1 −1 2 −2
𝐴=[ ] [−3 2] [ ]
0 3 2 3 −3 4 −4 0
4 3
4 0 4
 0 1 0
20. If 𝐴 = [0 0 1] and 𝐼 is the identity matrix of order 3 , show that 𝐴3 = 𝑝𝐼 + 𝑞𝐴 + 𝑟𝐴2 .
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟

21. If 𝑤 is a complex cube root of unity, show that

1 𝑤 𝑤2 𝑤 𝑤2 1 1 0
([𝑤 𝑤2 1 ] + [𝑤 2 1 𝑤 ]) [𝑤 ] = [0]
𝑤2 1 𝑤 𝑤 𝑤2 1 𝑤2 0

2 −3 −5
22. If 𝐴 = [−1 4 5], show that 𝐴2 = 𝐴.
1 −3 −4
4 −1 −4
23. If 𝐴 = [3 0 −4], show that 𝐴2 = 𝐼3 .
3 −1 −3
1 0 2 1
24. (i) If [1 1 𝑥 ] [0 2 1] [1] = 0, find 𝑥.
2 1 0 1
2 3 1 −3 −4 6
(ii) If [ ][ ]=[ ], find 𝑥.
5 7 −2 4 −9 𝑥
2 1 2 𝑥
25. If [𝑥 4 1] [1 0 2] [ 4] = 0, find 𝑥.
0 2 −4 −1
0 1 −1 0
26. If [1 −1 𝑥 ] [2 1 3] [1] = 0, find 𝑥.
1 1 1 1
3 −2 1 0
27. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐼 = [ ], then prove that 𝐴2 − 𝐴 + 2𝐼 = 𝑂.
4 −2 0 1
3 1 1 0
28. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐼 = [ ], then find 𝜆 so that 𝐴2 = 5𝐴 + 𝜆𝐼.
−1 2 0 1
3 1
29. If 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼2 = 0.
−1 2
2 3
30. If 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴2 − 2𝐴 + 3𝐼2 = 𝑂.
−1 0
2 3
31. Show that the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] satisfies the equation 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 + 𝐴 = 0.
1 2

5 3
32. Show that the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] is a root of the equation 𝐴2 − 12𝐴 − 𝐼 = 0.
12 7
3 −5
33. If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 − 14𝐼.
−4 2
3 1
34. If 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼 = 𝑂. Use this to find 𝐴4 .
−1 2
3 −2
35. If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝑘 such that 𝐴2 = 𝑘𝐴 − 2𝐼2 .
4 −2
1 0
36. If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝑘 such that 𝐴2 − 8𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = 0.
−1 7
 1 2
37. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3, show that 𝑓(𝐴) = 0.
2 1
2 3 1 0
38. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐼 = [ ], then find 𝜆, 𝜇 so that 𝐴2 = 𝜆𝐴 + 𝜇𝐼
1 2 0 1

39. Find the value of 𝑥 for which the matrix product

2 0 7 −𝑥 14𝑥 7𝑥
[0 1 0] [ 0 1 0] equal to an identity matrix.
1 −2 1 𝑥 −4𝑥 −2𝑥
40. Solve the matrix equations:
1 0 𝑥
(i) [𝑥 1] [ ][ ] = 0
−2 −3 5
1 2 0 0
(ii) [1 2 1] [2 0 1] [2] = 0
1 0 2 𝑥
1 0 2 𝑥
(iii) [𝑥 − 5 − 1] [0 2 1] [4]
2 0 3 1
1 2 𝑥
(iv) [2𝑥 3] [ ][ ] = 0
−3 0 8
1 2 0
41. If 𝐴 = [3 −4 5], compute 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 + 3𝐼3.
0 −1 3
0 1 2
42. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥, find 𝑓(𝐴), where 𝐴 = [4 5 0].
0 2 3
0 1 2
43. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥, find 𝑓(𝐴), where 𝐴 = [2 −3 0].
1 −1 0
1 0 2
44. If 𝐴 = [0 2 1], then show that A is a root of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2.
2 0 3
1 2 2
45. If 𝐴 = [2 1 2], then prove that 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = 𝑂.
2 2 1
3 2 0
46. If 𝐴 = [1 4 0], show that 𝐴2 − 7𝐴 + 10𝐼3 = 0.
0 0 5
𝑥 𝑦
47. Without using the concept of inverse of a matrix, find the matrix [ ] such that
𝑧 𝑢
5 −7 𝑥 𝑦 −16 −6
[ ][ ]=[ ]
−2 3 𝑧 𝑢 7 2

48. Find the matrix 𝐴 such that

1 1 3 3 5
(i) [ ] ⁡𝐴 = [ ]
0 1 1 0 1
1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
(ii) 𝐴 [ ]=[ ]
4 5 6 2 4 6
[NCERT]
 4 −4 8 4
(iii) [1] 𝐴 = [−1 2 1]
3 −3 6 3
−1 0 −1 1
(iv) 2 1 3 [−1 1
[ ] 0] [ 0 ] = 𝐴
0 1 1 −1
2 −1 −1 −8 −10
(v) [ 1 0] 𝐴 = [ 1 −2 −5]
−3 4 9 22 15
−7 −8 −9
1 2 3
(vi) 𝐴 = [ ]=[ 2 4 6]
4 5 6
11 10 9
1 −2
49. Find a 2 × 2 matrix 𝐴 such that 𝐴 [ ] = 6𝐼2 .
1 4
0 0
50. If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝐴16
4 0
0 −𝑥 0 1
51. If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] and 𝑥 2 = −1, then show that (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 .
𝑥 0 1 0
1 0 −3
52. If 𝐴 = [2 1 3], then verify that 𝐴2 + 𝐴 = 𝐴(𝐴 + 𝐼), where 𝐼 is the identity matrix.
0 1 1
3 −5
53. If 𝐴 = [ ], then find 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 − 14𝐼. Hence, obtain 𝐴3 .
−4 2
cos⁡ 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥
54. (i) If 𝑃(𝑥) = [ ], then show that 𝑃(𝑥)𝑃(𝑦) = 𝑃(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑃(𝑦)𝑃(𝑥).
−sin⁡ 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥
𝑥 0 0 𝑎 0 0 𝑥𝑎 0 0
(ii) If 𝑃 = [0 𝑦 0] and 𝑄 = [0 𝑏 0], prove that 𝑃𝑄 = [ 0 𝑦𝑏 0 ] = 𝑄𝑃
0 0 𝑧 0 0 𝑐 0 0 𝑧𝑐
2 0 1
55. If 𝐴 = [2 1 3], find 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 4𝐼 and hence find a matrix 𝑋 such that 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 4𝐼 + 𝑋 = 0.
1 −1 0
1 1 1 𝑛
56. If 𝐴 = [ ], prove that 𝐴𝑛 = [ ] for all positive integers 𝑛.
0 1 0 1

cos⁡ 𝜃 𝑖sin⁡ 𝜃
58. If 𝐴 = [ ], then prove by principle of mathematical induction that
𝑖sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
cos⁡ 𝑛𝜃 𝑖sin⁡ 𝑛𝜃
𝐴𝑛 = [ ] for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
𝑖sin⁡ 𝑛𝜃 cos⁡ 𝑛𝜃

cos⁡ 𝛼 + sin⁡ 𝛼 √2sin⁡ 𝛼 ], prove that

59. If 𝐴 = [
−√2sin⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡ 𝛼 − sin⁡ 𝛼

𝐴𝑛 = [cos⁡ 𝑛𝛼 + sin⁡ 𝑛𝛼 √2sin⁡ 𝑛𝛼 ] for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁

−√2sin⁡ 𝑛𝛼 cos⁡ 𝑛𝛼 − sin⁡ 𝑛𝛼
 1 1 1
60. If 𝐴 = [0 1 1], then use the principle of mathematical induction to show that
0 0 1
1 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)/2
𝐴𝑛 = [0 1 𝑛 ] for every positive integer 𝑛
0 0 1

61. If 𝐵, 𝐶 are 𝑛 rowed square matrices and if 𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝐶, 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐵, 𝐶 2 = 𝑂, then show that for every 𝑛 ∈
𝑁, 𝐴𝑛+1 = 𝐵𝑛 (𝐵 + (𝑛 + 1)𝐶).

62. If 𝐴 = diag⁡(𝑎𝑏𝑐), show that 𝐴𝑛 = diag⁡(𝑑𝑛 𝑏𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 ) for all positive integer 𝑛.

63. If 𝐴 is a square matrix, using mathematical induction prove that (𝐴𝑇 )𝑛 = (𝐴𝑛 )𝑇 for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.

64. A matrix 𝑋 has 𝑎 + 𝑏 rows and 𝑎 + 2 columns while the matrix 𝑌 has 𝑏 + 1 rows and 𝑎 + 3 columns.
Both matrices 𝑋𝑌 and 𝑌𝑋 exist. Find 𝑎 and 𝑏. Can you say 𝑋𝑌 and 𝑌𝑋 are of the same type? Are they
equal.

65. Give examples of matrices

(i) 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴.

(ii) 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂 but 𝐴 ≠ 𝑂, 𝐵 ≠ 𝑂.

(iii) 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂 but 𝐵𝐴 ≠ 𝑂.

(iv) 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 but 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶, 𝐴 ≠ 𝑂.

66. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be square matrices of the same order. Does (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 + 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2 hold? If not, why?

67. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are square matrices of the same order, explain, why in general
(i) (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 ≠ 𝐴2 + 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2
(ii) (𝐴 − 𝐵)2 ≠ 𝐴2 − 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2
(iii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)(𝐴 − 𝐵) ≠ 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 .

68. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be square matrices of the other 3 × 3. Is (𝐴𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 𝐵2 ? Give reasons.

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

69. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are square matrices of the same order such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴, then show that (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 +
2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2 .
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

3 1 4 2
1 1 1
70. Let 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [ 5 2] and 𝐶 = [−3 5]. Verify that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 though 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶, 𝐴 ≠ 𝑂.
3 3 3
−2 4 5 0

71. Three shopkeepers 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 go to a store to buy stationary. 𝐴 purchases 12 dozen notebooks, 5 dozen
pens and 6 dozen pencils. 𝐵 purchases 10 dozen notebooks, 6 dozen pens and 7 dozen pencils. C
purchases 11 dozen notebooks, 13 dozen pens and 8 dozen pencils. A notebook costs 40 paise, a pen
costs ₹1.25 and a pencil costs 35 paise. Use matrix multiplication to calculate each individual's bill.

72. The cooperative stores of a particular school has 10 dozen physics books, 8 dozen chemistry books and
5 dozen mathematics books. Their selling prices are ₹ 8.30, ₹3.45 and ₹4.50 each respectively. Find the
total amount the store will receive from selling all the items.
 73. In a legislative assembly election, a political group hired a public relations firm to promote its
candidates in three ways: telephone, house calls and letters. The cost per contact (in paise) is given
matrix 𝐴 as

Cost per contact

40 Telephone
𝐴 = [100⁡ House call
50 Letter

The number of contacts of each type made in two cities 𝑋 and 𝑌 is given in matrix 𝐵 as

Telephone House call Letter

𝐵=[ 1000 500 5000 ] → 𝑋
3000 1000 10000

Find the total amount spent by the group in the two cities 𝑋 and 𝑌.

74. A trust fund has ₹ 30000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. The first bond pays 5%
interest per year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix multiplication,
determine how to divide ₹ 30000 among the two types of bonds. If the trust fund must obtain an
annual total interest of (i) ₹ 1800 (ii) ₹ 2000 .
75. To promote making of toilets for women, an organisation tried to generate awarness through (i) house
calls (ii) letters, and (iii) announcements. The cost for each mode per attempt is given below:
(i) ₹ 50
(ii) ₹ 20
(iii) ₹ 40
The number of attempts made in three villages 𝑋, 𝑌 and 𝑍 are given below:

(i) (ii) (iii)

X 400 300 100

Y 300 250 75

Z 500 400 150

Find the total cost incurred by the organisation for three villages separately, using matrices.

[CBSE 2015]

76. There are 2 families 𝐴 and 𝐵. There are 4 men, 6 women and 2 children in family 𝐴, and 2 men, 2
women and 4 children in family B. The recommend daily amount of calories is 2400 for men, 1900 for
women, 1800 for children and 45 grams of proteins for men, 55 grams for women and 33 grams for
children. Represent the above information using matrix. Using matrix multiplication, calculate the total
requirement of calories and proteins for each of the two families. What awareness can you create among
people about the planned diet from this question?
77. In a parliament election, a political party hired a public relations firm to promote its candidates in three
ways - telephone, house calls and letters. The cost per contact (in paisa) is given in matrix 𝐴 as
140 Telephone
𝐴 = [200] House calls
150 Letters
The number of contacts of each type made in two cities 𝑋 and 𝑌 is given in the matrix 𝐵 as Telephone House
call Letters

1000 500 5000 City 𝑋

𝐵=[ ]
3000 1000 10000 City 𝑌

Find the total amount spent by the party in the two cities.

What should one consider before casting his/her vote - party's promotional activity or their social activities?

78. The monthly incomes of Aryan and Babbar are in the ratio 3:4 and their monthly expenditures are in
the ratio 5: 7. If each saves ₹ 15000 per month, find their monthly incomes using matrix method. This
problem reflects which value?
79. A trust invested some money in two type of bonds. The first bond pays 10% interest and second bond
pays 12% interest. The trust received ₹ 2800 as interest. However, if trust had interchanged money in
bonds, they would have got ₹ 100 less as interest. Using matrix method, find the amount invested by
the trust.
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
DEFINITION Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix. Then, the transpose of 𝐴, denoted by 𝐴𝑇 or 𝐴′ , is an 𝑛 × 𝑚
matrix such that

(𝐴𝑇 )𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑚; 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑛

Thus, 𝐴𝑇 is obtained from 𝐴 by changing its rows into columns and columns into rows.

1 2 3 4
For example, if 𝐴 = [2 3 4 1], then 𝐴𝑇 =.
3 2 1 4

The first row of 𝐴𝑇 is the first column of 𝐴. The second row of 𝐴𝑇 is the second column of 𝐴 and so on.
PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE
We shall now state and prove some properties of transpose of a matrix as theorems given below.

THEOREM 1 For any matrix 𝐴, (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴.

THEOREM 2 For any two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 of the same order, (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇 .
THEOREM 3 If 𝐴 is a matrix and 𝑘 is a scalar, then (𝑘𝐴)𝑇 = 𝑘(𝐴𝑇 ).
THEOREM 4 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 is defined, then (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 .
GENERALISATION If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are three matrices confirmable for the products (𝐴𝐵)𝐶 and 𝐴(𝐵𝐶), then (𝐴𝐵𝐶)𝑇 =
𝐶 𝑇 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 .

REMARK The above law is called the reversal law for transposes i.e. the transpose of the product is the product
of the transposes taken in the reverse order.
 −1
EXAMPLE 1 If 𝐴 = [ 2] and 𝐵 = [−2 −1 −4], verify that (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 .
3
cos⁡ 𝜃 −sin⁡ 𝜃
EXAMPLE 2 If 𝐴 = [ ], then find the values of 𝜃 satisfying the equation 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐴 = 𝐼2 .
sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
1 2 2
EXAMPLE3 If 𝐴 = [2 1 −2] is a matrix satisfying 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 9𝐼3 , then find the values of a and 𝑏.
𝑎 2 𝑏
0 2𝑦 𝑧
EXAMPLE 4 Find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 if the matrix 𝐴 = [𝑥 𝑦 −𝑧] satisfy the equation 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼3 .
𝑥 −𝑦 𝑧
HOME WORK
2 −3 1 0
1. Let 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], verify that
−7 5 2 −4
𝑇 𝑇
(i) (2𝐴) = 2𝐴
(ii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
(iii) (𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐵𝑇
(iv) (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇

3
2. If 𝐴 = [5] and 𝐵 = [1 0 4], verify that (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 .
2
1 −1 0 1 2 3
3. Let 𝐴 = [2 1 3] and 𝐵 = [2 1 3]. Find 𝐴𝑇 , 𝐵𝑇 and verify that
1 2 1 0 1 1
(i) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
(ii) (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
(iii) (2𝐴)𝑇 = 2𝐴𝑇

−2
4. If 𝐴 = [ 4] , 𝐵 = [13 −6], verify that (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 .
5
3 4
2 4 −1
5. If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [−1 2], find (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 .
−1 0 2
2 1
1 −1
2 1 3
6. (i) For two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵, 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [0 2] verify that (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 .
4 1 0
5 0
1 3 1 4
(ii) For the matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵, verify that (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 , where 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ]
2 4 2 5
3 4
−1 2 1
7. If 𝐴𝑇 = [−1 2] and 𝐵 = [ ], find 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐵𝑇 .
1 2 3
0 1
cos⁡ 𝛼 sin⁡ 𝛼
8. If 𝐴 = [ ], then verify that 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼2 .
−sin⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡ 𝛼
sin⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡ 𝛼
9. If 𝐴 = [ ], verify that 𝐴𝑇 ⁡𝐴 = 𝐼2.
−cos⁡ 𝛼 sin⁡ 𝛼
10. If 𝑙1 , 𝑚𝑖 , 𝑛𝑗 ; 𝑖 = 1,2,3 denote the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular vectors in space, prove
𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑛1
that 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼, where 𝐴 = [𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑛2 ].
𝑙3 𝑚3 𝑛3
SYMMETRIC AND SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRICES
SYMMETRIC MATRIX A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called a symmetric matrix, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖, 𝑗.

3 −1 1
For example, the matrix 𝐴 = [−1 2 5] is symmetric, because
1 5 −2

𝑎12 = −1 = 𝑎21 , 𝑎13 = 1 = 𝑎31 , 𝑎23 = 5 = 𝑎32 i.e. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖, 𝑗

a square matrix 𝐴 is a symmetric matrix iff 𝐴⊤ = 𝐴.

𝑎 ℎ 𝑔 2+𝑖 1 3
Matrices 𝐴 = [ℎ 𝑏 𝑓] , 𝐵 = [ 1 2 3 + 2𝑖 ] are symmetric matrices because 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴 and 𝐵𝑇 = 𝐵.
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐 3 3 + 2𝑖 4
SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a skew-symmetric matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖, 𝑗. For
0 2 −3
example, the matrix 𝐴 = [−2 0 5] is skew-symmetric, because
3 −5 0

and,

𝑎12 = 2, 𝑎21 = −2 ⇒ 𝑎12 = −𝑎21 ; 𝑎13 = −3, 𝑎31 = 3 ⇒ 𝑎13 = −𝑎31

It follows from the definition of a skew-symmetric matrix that 𝐴 is skew-symmetric iff

⇔ ⁡𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖, 𝑗

⇔ ⁡(𝐴)𝑖𝑗 = −(𝐴𝑇 )𝑖𝑗 ⁡ for all 𝑖, 𝑗

⇔ ⁡𝐴 = −𝐴𝑇

⇔ ⁡𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴.

Thus, a square matrix 𝐴 is a skew-symmetric matrix iff 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴.

0 2𝑖 3 0 −3 5
Matrices 𝐴 = [−2𝑖 0 4] , 𝐵 = [ 3 0 2] are skew-symmetric matrices because 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴 and 𝐵𝑇 = −𝐵.
−3 −4 0 −5 −2 0
EXAMPLE 1 Show that the elements on the main diagonal of a skew-symmetric matrix are all zero.
 0 𝑎 3
EXAMPLE 2 If the matrix 𝐴 = [2 𝑏 −1] is skew-symmetric, find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐.
𝑐 1 0
EXAMPLE 3 Let 𝐴 be a square matrix. Then,

(i) 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 is a symmetric matrix

(ii) 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is a skew-symmetric matrix.

(iii) 𝐴𝐴𝑇 and 𝐴𝑇 A are symmetric matrices.

EXAMPLE 4 Prove that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a
skew-symmetric matrix.
EXAMPLE 5 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are symmetric matrices, then show that 𝐴𝐵 is symmetric iff 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 i.e. 𝐴 and B
commute.
EXAMPL.E 6 Show that the matrix 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝐵 is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as 𝐴 is symmetric or
skew-symmetric.
EXAMPLE 7 Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then, show that

(i) 𝐴 + 𝐵 is a symmetric matrix.

(ii) 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 is a skew-symmetric matrix.

(iii) 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 is a symmetric matrix.

 3 2 3
EXAMPLE 8 Express the matrix 𝐴 = [4 5 3] as the stm of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
2 4 5
EXAMPLE 9 Show that all positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric.
EXAMPLE 10 Show that positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric and
positive even integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are symmetric.
EXAMPLE 11 A matrix which is both symmetric as well as skew-symmetric is a null matrix.
HOME WORK

2 3
1. If 𝐴 = [ ], prove that 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is a skew-symmetric matrix.
4 5
3 −4
2. If 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 −1
5 2 𝑥
3. If the matrix 𝐴 = [𝑦 𝑧 −3] is a symmetric matrix, find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and 𝑡.
4 𝑡 −7
3 2 7
4. Let 𝐴 = [ 1 4 3]. Find matrices 𝑋 and 𝑌 such that 𝑋 + 𝑌 = 𝐴, where 𝑋 is a symmetric and 𝑌 is a
−2 5 8
skew-symmetric matrix.

4 2 −1
5. Express the matrix 𝐴 = [3 5 7] as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 −2 1
2 4
6. Define a symmetric matrix. Prove that for 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 is a symmetric matrix where 𝐴𝑇 is the
5 6
transpose of 𝐴.

3 −4
7. Express the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 −1
3 −2 −4
8. Express the matrix [ 3 −2 −5] as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix and verify
−1 1 2
your result.

3 3/2 5/2 0 1/2 9/2

9. 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶, 𝑡 = −3⁡ 4. 𝑋 = [3/2 4 4 ] , 𝑌 = [−1/2 0 −1 ]
5/2 4 8 −9/2 1 0

4 5/2 0 0 −1/2 −1
10. Symmetric matrix = [5/2 5 5/2], Skew-symmetric matrix = [1/2 0 9/2]
0 5/2 1 1 −9/2 0

3 −3/2 0 −5/2
11. Symmetric matrix = [ ], Skew-symmetric matrix = [ ]
−3/2 −1 5/2 0

3 1/2 −5/2 0 −5/2 −3/2

12. Symmetric matrix = [ 1/2 −2 −2], Skew-symmetric matrix = [5/2 0 −3 ]
−5/2 −2 2 3/2 3 0
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQS)

Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:

1. If 𝐴 is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝐵 is 𝑛 × 𝑝 matrix does 𝐴𝐵 exist? If yes, write its order.

3 −1
2 1 4
2. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [2 2]. Write the orders of 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴.
4 1 5
1 3
4 3 −4
3. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], write 𝐴𝐵.
1 2 3
1
4. If 𝐴 = [2], write 𝐴𝐴𝑇 .
3

5. Give an example of two non-zero 2 × 2 matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that 𝐴𝐵 = 0.

2 3
6. If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 .
5 7
𝑖 0
7. If 𝐴 = [ ], write 𝐴2 .
0 𝑖
cos⁡ 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥 𝜋
8. If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝑥 satisfying 0 < 𝑥 < 2 when 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼
−sin⁡ 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥
cos⁡ 𝑥 −sin⁡ 𝑥
9. If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝐴𝐴𝑇
sin⁡ 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥
1 0 𝑥 0
10. If [ ] + 2[ ] = 𝐼, where 𝐼 is 2 × 2 unit matrix. Find 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝑦 5 1 −2

1 −1
11. If 𝐴 = [ ], satisfies the matrix equation 𝐴2 = 𝑘𝐴, write the value of 𝑘.
−1 1
1 1
12. If 𝐴 = [ ] satisfies 𝐴4 = 𝜆𝐴, then write the value of 𝜆
1 1
−1 0 0
13. If 𝐴 = [ 0 −1 0], find 𝐴2 .
0 0 −1
−1 0 0
14. If 𝐴 = [ 0 −1 0], find 𝐴3 .
0 0 −1
−3 0
15. If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝐴4 .
0 −3
3
16. If [𝑥⁡2] [ ] = 2, find 𝑥
4

17. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a 2 × 2 matrix such that 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗, write 𝐴.

2 3 3 −6
18. Write matrix 𝐴 satisfying 𝐴 + [ ]=[ ].
−1 4 −3 8
19. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a square matrix such that 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 2 − 𝑗 2 , then write whether 𝐴 is symmetric or skew-
symmetric.

20. For any square matrix write whether 𝐴𝐴𝑇 is symmetric or skew-symmetric.

21. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a skew-symmetric matrix, then write the value of ∑𝑖 𝑎𝑖𝑖 .

22. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a skew-symmetric matrix, then write the value of ∑𝑖 ∑𝑗 𝑎𝑖𝑗 .

23. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are symmetric matrices, then write the condition for which 𝐴𝐵 is also symmetric.

24. If 𝐵 is a skew-symmetric matrix, write whether the matrix 𝐴𝐵𝐴𝑇 is symmetric or skewsymmetric.

25. If 𝐵 is a symmetric matrix, write whether the matrix 𝐴𝐵𝐴𝑇 is symmetric or skewsymmetric.

26. If 𝐴 is a skew-symmetric and 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 such that (𝐴𝑛 )𝑇 = 𝜆𝐴𝑛 , write the value of 𝜆

27. If 𝐴 is a symmetric matrix and 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, write whether 𝐴𝑛 is symmetric or skew-symmetric or neither of

these two.

28. If 𝐴 is a skew-symmetric matrix and 𝑛 is an even natural number, write whether 𝐴𝑛 is symmetric or
skew-symmetric or neither of these two.

29. If 𝐴 is a skew-symmetric matrix and 𝑛 is an odd natural number, write whether 𝐴𝑛 is symmetric or
skew-symmetric or neither of the two.

30. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are symmetric matrices of the same order, write whether 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 is symmetric or skew-
symmetric or neither of the two.

31. Write a square matrix which is both symmetric as well as skew-symmetric.

1 3 𝑦 0 5 6
32. Find the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦, if 2 [ ]+[ ]=[ ].
0 𝑥 1 2 1 8
𝑥+3 4 5 4
33. If [ ]=[ ], find 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝑦−4 𝑥+𝑦 3 9
2𝑥 − 𝑦 5 6 5
34. Find the value of 𝑥 from the following: [ ]=[ ].
3 𝑦 3 −2
𝑥−𝑦 2 2 2
35. Find the value of 𝑦, if [ ]=[ ].
𝑥 5 3 5
3𝑥 + 𝑦 −𝑦 1 2
36. Find the value of 𝑥, if [ ]=[ ].
2𝑦 − 𝑥 3 −5 3
37. If matrix 𝐴 = [1 2 3], write 𝐴𝐴𝑇 .
2𝑥 + 𝑦 3𝑦 6 0
38. If [ ]=[ ], then find 𝑥.
0 4 6 4
1 2
39. If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 .
3 4
𝑎+𝑏 2 6 5
40. If [ ]=[ ], then find 𝑎.
5 𝑏 2 2

41. If 𝐴 is a matrix of order 3 × 4 and 𝐵 is a matrix of order 4 × 3, find the order of the matrix of 𝐴𝐵.

cos⁡ 𝛼 −sin⁡ 𝛼
42. If 𝐴 = [ ] is identity matrix, then write the value of 𝛼.
sin⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡ 𝛼
 1 2 3 1 7 11
43. If [ ][ ]=[ ], then write the value of 𝑘.
3 4 2 5 𝑘 23
44. If 𝐼 is the identity matrix and 𝐴 is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐴, then what is the value of (𝐼 + 𝐴)2 −
3𝐴 ?

1 2
45. If 𝐴 = [ ] is written as 𝐵 + 𝐶, where 𝐵 is a symmetric matrix and 𝐶 is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
0 3
find 𝐵.

46. If 𝐴 is 2 × 3 matrix and 𝐵 is a matrix such that 𝐴𝑇 𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴𝑇 both are defined, then what is the order of
𝐵?

47. What is the total number of 2 × 2 matrices with each entry 0 or 1 ?

𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 3 1
48. If [2𝑥 + 𝑦 7 ] = [8 ], then find the value of 𝑦.
7

49. If a matrix has 5 elements, write all possible orders it can have.
𝑖
50. For a 2 × 2 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] whose elements are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑗, write the value of 𝑎12 .

2 −1 10
51. If 𝑥 [ ] + 𝑦 [ ] = [ ], find the value of 𝑥.
3 1 5
9 −1 4 1 2 −1
52. If [ ]=𝐴+[ ], then find matrix 𝐴.
−2 1 3 0 4 9
𝑎 − 𝑏 2𝑎 + 𝑐 −1 5
53. If [ ]=[ ], find the value of 𝑏.
2𝑎 − 𝑏 3𝑐 + 𝑑 0 13
0 1 −2
54. For what value of 𝑥, is the matrix 𝐴 = [−1 0 3] askew-symmetric matrix? [CBSE 2013]
𝑥 −3 0
2 −2
55. If matrix 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐴2 = 𝑝𝐴, then write the value of 𝑝.
−2 2

56. If 𝐴 is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐴, then write the value of 7𝐴 − (𝐼 + 𝐴)3 , where 𝐼 is the identity
matrix.
3 4 1 𝑦 7 0
57. If 2 [ ]+[ ]=[ ], find 𝑥 − 𝑦.
5 𝑥 0 1 10 5
1 0
58. If⁡[𝑥 1] [ ] = 0, find 𝑥.
−2 0
𝑎 + 4 3𝑏 2𝑎 + 2 𝑏 + 2
59. If [ ]=[ ], write the value of 𝑎 − 2𝑏.
8 −6 8 𝑎 − 8𝑏
60. Write a 2 × 2 matrix which is both symmetric and skew-symmetric.
𝑥𝑦 4 8 𝑤
61. If [ ]=[ ], write the value of (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧).
𝑧+6 𝑥+𝑦 0 6
|−3𝑖+𝑗|
, if 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
62. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] whose elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = { 2
(𝐼 + 𝑗)2 , if 𝑖 = 𝑗

𝑥+𝑦 2 1 1
63. If [𝑥 − 𝑦] = [ ] [ ], then write the value of (𝑥, 𝑦).
4 3 −2
0 2𝑏 −2
64. Matrix 𝐴 = [ 3 1 3] is given to be symmetric, find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
3𝑎 3 −1
65. Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 × 2 with each entry 1,2 or 3 .

−1 0 −1 1
66. If [2 1 3] [−1 1 0] [ 0] = 𝐴, then write the order of matrix 𝐴.
0 1 1 −1
3 5
67. If 𝐴 = [ ] is written as 𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝑄, where as 𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝑄, where 𝑃 is symmetric and 𝑄 is skew-
7 9
symmetric matrix, then write the matrix 𝑃.
68. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be matrices of orders 3 × 2 and 2 × 4 respectively. Write the order of matrix 𝐴𝐵.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQS)

1 0 0
1. If 𝐴 = [0 1 0], then 𝐴2 is equal to
𝑎 𝑏 −1
(a) a null matrix
(b) a unit matrix
(c) −𝐴
(d) 𝐴

𝑖 0
2. If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, then 𝐴4𝑛 equals
0 𝑖
0 𝑖
(a) [ ]
𝑖 0
0 0
(b) [ ]
0 0
1 0
(c) [ ]
0 1
0 𝑖
(d) [ ]
𝑖 0

3. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 and 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵, then 𝐵2 is equal to

(a) 𝐵
(b) A
(c) 1
(d) 0

4. If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 and 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵, where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are square matrices, then

(a) 𝐵2 = 𝐵 and 𝐴2 = 𝐴
(b) 𝐵2 ≠ 𝐵 and 𝐴2 = 𝐴
(c) 𝐴2 ≠ 𝐴, 𝐵2 = 𝐵
(d) 𝐴2 ≠ 𝐴, 𝐵2 ≠ 𝐵

5. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴, then 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 is equal to

(a) 2𝐴𝐵
(b) 2𝐵𝐴
(c) 𝐴 + 𝐵
(d) 𝐴𝐵

2𝜋 2𝜋
cos⁡ 7 −sin⁡ 7 1 0
6. If [ 2𝜋 2𝜋 ] =[ ], then the least positive integral value of 𝑘 is
sin⁡ 7 cos⁡ 7 0 1
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 7

7. If the matrix 𝐴𝐵 is zero, then

(a) It is not necessary that either 𝐴 = 𝑂 or, 𝐵 = 𝑂
(b) 𝐴 = 𝑂 or 𝐵 = 0
(c) 𝐴 = 𝑂 and 𝐵 = 𝑂
(d) all the above statements are wrong
 𝑎 0 0
8. Let 𝐴 = [0 𝑎 0 ], then 𝐴𝑛 is equal to
0 0 𝑎
𝑑𝑛 0 0
(a) [ 0 𝑎𝑛 0]
0 0 𝑎
𝑎𝑛 0 0
(b) [0 𝑎 0]
0 0 𝑎
𝑑𝑛 0 0
(c) [0 𝑑𝑛 0 ]
0 0 𝑑𝑛
𝑛𝑎 0 0
(d) [ 0 𝑛𝑎 0]
0 0 𝑛𝑎

9. If 𝐴, 𝐵 are square matrices of order 3, 𝐴 is non-singular and 𝐴𝐵 = 0, then 𝐵 is a

(a) null matrix
(b) singular matrix
(c) unit matrix
(d) non-singular matrix

𝑛 0 0 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
10. If 𝐴 = [0 𝑛 0 ] and 𝐵 = [𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 ], then 𝐴𝐵 is equal to
0 0 𝑛 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
(a) B
(b) 𝑛𝐵
(c) 𝐵𝑛
(d) 𝐴 + 𝐵

1 𝑎
11. If 𝐴 = [ ], then 𝐴𝑛 (where 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 ) equals
0 1
1 𝑛𝑎
(a) [ ]
0 1
2
(b) [1 𝑛 𝑎]
0 1
1 na
(c) [ ]
0 0
𝑛 𝑛𝑎
(d) [ ]
0 𝑛
1 2 𝑥 1 −2 𝑦
12. If 𝐴 = [0 1 0] and 𝐵 = [0 1 0] and 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼3 , then 𝑥 + 𝑦 equals
0 0 1 0 0 1
(a) 0
(b) -1
(c) 2
(d) none of these

1 −1 𝑎 1
13. If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] and (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 , then values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
2 −1 𝑏 −1
(a) 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 1
(b) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 4
(c) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 4
(d) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 4

𝛼 𝛽
14. If 𝐴 = [ ] is such that 𝐴2 = 𝐼, then
𝛾 −𝛼
(a) 1 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽𝛾 = 0
(b) 1 − 𝛼 2 + 𝛽𝛾 = 0
 (c) 1 − 𝛼 2 − 𝛽𝛾 = 0
(d) 1 + 𝛼 2 − 𝛽𝛾 = 0

15. If 𝑆 = [𝑠𝑖𝑗 ] is a scalar matrix such that 𝑠𝑖𝑖 = 𝑘 and 𝐴 is a square matrix of the same order, then 𝐴𝑆 =
𝑆𝐴 = ?
(a) 𝐴𝑘
(b) 𝑘 + 𝐴
(c) 𝑘𝐴
(d) 𝑘𝑆

16. If 𝐴 is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐴, then (𝐼 + 𝐴)3 − 7𝐴 is equal to

(a) 𝐴
(b) 𝐼 − 𝐴
(c) 𝐼
(d) 3𝐴

17. If a matrix 𝐴 is both symmetric and skew-symmetric, then

(a) 𝐴 is a diagonal matrix
(b) 𝐴 is a zero matrix
(c) A is a scalar matrix
(d) 𝐴 is a square matrix

0 5 −7
18. The matrix [−5 0 11] is
7 −11 0
(a) a skew-symmetric matrix
(b) a symmetric matrix
(c) a diagonal matrix
(d) an upper triangular matrix

19. If 𝐴 is a square matrix, then 𝐴𝐴 is a

(a) skew-symmetric matrix
(b) symmetric matrix
(c) diagonal matrix
(d) none of these

20. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are symmetric matrices, then 𝐴𝐵𝐴 is

(a) symmetric matrix
(b) skew-symmetric matrix
(c) diagonal matrix
(d) scalar matrix

5 𝑥
21. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 , then
𝑦 0
(a) 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5
(b) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
(c) 𝑥 = 𝑦
(d) none of these

22. If 𝐴 is 3 × 4 matrix and 𝐵 is a matrix such that 𝐴𝑇 𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴𝑇 are both defined. Then, 𝐵 is of the type
(a) 3 × 4
(b) 3 × 3
(c) 4 × 4
(d) 4 × 3

23. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a square matrix of even order such that 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 2 − 𝑗 2 , then
(a) 𝐴 is a skew-symmetric matrix and |𝐴| = 0

(b) 𝐴 is symmetric matrix and |𝐴| is a square

(c) 𝐴 is symmetric matrix and |𝐴| = 0

(d) none of these.

cos⁡ 𝜃 −sin⁡ 𝜃
24. If 𝐴 = [ ], then 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐴 = 𝐼2, if
sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
(a) 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
𝜋
(b) 𝜃 = (2𝑛 + 1) 2 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
𝜋
(c) 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 + 3 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
(d) none of these

2 0 −3
25. If 𝐴 = [ 4 3 1] is expressed as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix, then the
−5 7 2
symmetric matrix is
2 2 −4
(a) [ 2 3 4]
−4 4 2
2 4 −5
(b) [ 0 3 7]
−3 1 2
4 4 −8
(c) [ 4 6 8]
−8 8 4
1 0 0
(d) [0 1 0]
0 0 1

26. Out of the following matrices, choose that matrix which is a scalar matrix:
0 0
(a) [ ]
0 0
0 0 0
(b) [ ]
0 0 0
0 0
(c) [0 0]
0 0
0
(d) [0]
0

27. The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is
(a) 27
(b) 18
(c) 81
(d) 512

28. Which of the given values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 make the following pairs of matrices equal?

3𝑥 + 7 5 0 𝑦−2
[ ] and, [ ]
𝑦+1 2 − 3𝑥 8 4
1
(a) 𝑥 = − 3 , 𝑦 = 7
2
(b) 𝑦 = 7, 𝑥 = − 3
 1 2
(c) 𝑥 = − 3 , 4 = − 5
(d) Not possible to find

0 2 0 3𝑎
29. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝑘𝐴 = [ ], then the values of 𝑘, 𝑎, 𝑏, are respectively
3 −4 2𝑏 24
(a) −6, −12, −18
(b) −6,4,9
(c) −6, −4, −9
(d) −6,12,18

1 0 0 1 cos⁡ 𝜃 sin⁡ 𝜃
30. If 𝐼 = [ ],𝐽 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], then 𝐵 equals
0 1 −1 0 −sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
(a) 𝐼cos⁡ 𝜃 + 𝐽sin⁡ 𝜃
(b) 𝐼sin⁡ 𝜃 + 𝐽cos⁡ 𝜃
(c) 𝐼cos⁡ 𝜃 − 𝐽sin⁡ 𝜃
(d) −𝐼cos⁡ 𝜃 + 𝐽sin⁡ 𝜃

1 −5 7
31. The trace of the matrix 𝐴 = [ 0 7 9] is
11 8 9
(a) 17
(b) 25
(c) 3
(d) 12

32. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a scalar matrix of order 𝑛 × 𝑛 such that 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑘 for alli 𝑖, then trace of 𝐴 is equal to
(a) 𝑛𝑘
(b) 𝑛 + 𝑘
𝑛
(c) 𝑘
(d) none of these

0 0 4
33. The matrix 𝐴 = [0 4 0] is a
4 0 0
(a) square matrix
(b) diagonal matrix (c) unit matrix
(d) none of these

34. The number of possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 2 or 0 is

(a) 9
(b) 27
(c) 81
(d) none of these

2𝑥 + 𝑦 4𝑥 7 7𝑦 − 13
35. If [ ]=[ ], then the value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 is
5𝑥 − 7 4𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+6
(a) 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1
(b) 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3
(c) 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4
(d) 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 3

36. If 𝐴 is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐼, then (𝐴 − 𝐼)3 + (𝐴 + 𝐼)3 − 7𝐴 is equal to

(a) 𝐴
(b) 𝐼 − 𝐴
(c) 𝐼 + 𝐴
(d) 3𝐴
37. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices of order 3 × 𝑚 and 3 × 𝑛 respectively and 𝑚 = 𝑛, then the order of 5𝐴 − 2𝐵
is
(a) 𝑚 × 3
(b) 3 × 3
(c) 𝑚 × 𝑛
(d) 3 × 𝑛

38. If 𝐴 is a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 and 𝐵 is a matrix such that 𝐴𝐵𝑇 and 𝐵𝑇 𝐴 are both defined, then the order
of matrix 𝐵 is
(a) 𝑚 × 𝑛
(b) 𝑛 × 𝑛
(c) 𝑛 × 𝑚
(d) 𝑚 × 𝑛

39. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are matrices of the same order, then 𝐴𝐵𝑇 − 𝐵𝑇 𝐴 is a

(a) skew-symmetric matrix
(b) null matrix
(c) unit matrix
(d) symmetric matrix

1, if 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
40. If matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]2×2, where 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = { , then 𝐴2 is equal to
0, if 𝑖 + 𝑗
(a) 𝐼
(b) 𝐴
(c) 0
(d) −𝐼
𝜋 𝑥
1
sin−1 ⁡(𝜋𝑥) tan−1 ⁡ ( ) 1
−cot −1 ⁡(𝜋𝑥) tan−1 ⁡ ( )
𝜋 𝜋
41. If 𝐴 = [ 𝑥
],𝐵 = [ 𝑥
], then 𝐴 − 𝐵 is equal to
𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 ⁡ (𝜋) cot −1 ⁡(𝜋𝑥) sin−1 ⁡ (𝜋) −tan−1 ⁡(𝜋𝑥)
(a) 𝐼
(b) 0
(c) 2𝐼
1
(d) 2 𝐼

42. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are square matrices of the same order, then (𝐴 + 𝐵)(𝐴 − 𝐵) is equal to
(a) 𝐴2 − 𝐵2
(b) 𝐴2 − 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵2
(c) 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵
(d) 𝐴2 − 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐵

2 3
2 −1 3
43. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [4 −2], then
−4 5 1
1 5
(a) only 𝐴𝐵 is defined
(b) only 𝐵𝐴 is defined
(c) 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 both are defined
(d) 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 both are not defined

0 −5 8
44. The matrix 𝐴 = [ 5 0 12] is a
−8 −12 0
(a) diagonal matrix
(b) symmetric matrix
(c) skew-symmetric matrix
(d) scalar matrix
 1 0 0
45. The matrix 𝐴 = [0 2 0] is
0 0 4
(a) identity matrix
(b) symmetric matrix
(c) skew-symmetric matrix
(d) diagonal matrix
SUMMARY
1. A set of 𝑚𝑛 numbers (real or imaginary) arranged in the form of a rectangular array of 𝑚 rows and 𝑛
columns is called an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix.

2. A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.

3. A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix.

4. A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns, say 𝑛, is called a square
matrix of order 𝑛.

5. The elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 for which 𝑖 = 𝑗, i.e. the elements 𝑎11 , 𝑎22 , … , 𝑎𝑛𝑛 are
called the diagonal elements and the line along which they lie is called the principal diagonal or leading
diagonal.

6. A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 is called a diagonal matrix if all the elements, except those in the leading
diagonal, are zero i.e. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.

7. A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 is called a scalar matrix, if

(i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 and,
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑐 for all 𝑖, where 𝑐 ≠ 0.

8. A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 is called an identity or a unit matrix, if

(i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 and,
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 1 for all 𝑖.

9. A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or a zero matrix.

10. A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called

(i) an upper triangular matrix, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all 𝑖 > 𝑗

(ii) a lower triangular matrix, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all 𝑖 < 𝑗.

11. Two matrices 𝐴 = [[⁡𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 of the same order are equal, if

𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for all 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑚; 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑛

12. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] are two matrices of the same order 𝑚 × 𝑛, then their sum 𝐴 + 𝐵 is an
𝑚×𝑛 𝑚×𝑛
𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix such that (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑚 and 𝑗 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛 Following are the
properties of matrix addition:
(i) Commutativity: If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices of the same order, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴.

(ii) Associativity: If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are three matrices of the same order, then (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)

(iii) Existence of Identity: The null matrix is the identity element for matrix addition i.e., 𝐴 + 𝑂 = 𝐴 + 𝑂 × 𝐴

(iv) Existence of Inverse: For every matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 there exists a matrix −𝐴 = [−𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚 × 𝑛 such that 𝐴 +
(−𝐴) = 𝑂 = (−𝐴) + 𝐴.

(v) Cancellation Laws: If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are three matrices of the same order, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐶 and, 𝐵 + 𝐴 =
𝐶 + 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐶.
 13. Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝑘 be any number called a scalar. Then, the matrix obtained by
multiplying every element of 𝐴 by 𝑘 is called the scalar multiple of 𝐴 by 𝑘 and is denoted by 𝑘𝐴.
Thus, 𝑘𝐴 = [𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 .

Following are the properties of scalar multiplication:

If 𝐴, 𝐵 are two matrices of the same order and 𝑘, 𝑙 are scalars, then
(i) 𝑘(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑘𝐵
(ii) (𝑘 + 𝑙)𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑙𝐴
(iii) (𝑘𝑙)𝐴 = 𝑘(𝑙𝐴) = 𝑙(𝑘𝐴)
(iv) (−𝑘)𝐴 = −(𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘(−𝐴)
(v) 1𝐴 = 𝐴
(vi) (−1)𝐴 = −𝐴

14. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices of the same order, then 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 + (−𝐵).

15. Two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 are conformable for the product 𝐴𝐵 if the number of columns in 𝐴 is same as the
number of rows in 𝐵.

If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝐼𝑛×𝑝 are two matrices, then 𝐴𝐵 is an 𝑚 × 𝑝 matrix such that (𝐴𝐵)𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑗
𝑚×𝑛

Matrix multiplication has the following properties:

(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative.

(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative i.e. ( 𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶) wherever both sides of the equality are defined.

(iii) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition

i.e. 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 and (𝐵 + 𝐶)𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴 wherever both sides of the equality are defined.

(iv) If 𝐴 is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix, then 𝐼𝑚 𝐴 = 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐼𝑛 .

(v) If 𝐴 is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝑂 is a null matrix, then 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 𝑂𝑛×𝑝 = 𝑂𝑚×𝑝 and 𝑂𝑝×𝑚 × 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 = 𝑂𝑝×𝑛 .

i.e., the product of a matrix with a null matrix is a null matrix.

16. If 𝐴 is a square matrix, then we define 𝐴1 = 𝐴 and 𝐴𝑛+1 = 𝐴𝑛 𝐴

17. If 𝐴 is a square matrix and 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are constants, then 𝑎0 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐴𝑛−1 + 𝑎2 𝐴𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑎𝑛 𝐼
is called a matrix polynomial.

18. Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix. Then, the transpose of 𝐴, denoted by 𝐴𝑇 , is an 𝑛 × 𝑚 matrix such that
(𝐴𝑇 )𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖 = 1,2, 𝑚; 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑛

Following are the properties of transpose of a matrix:

(i) (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
(ii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
(iii) (𝑘𝐴)𝑇 = 𝑘𝐴𝑇
(iv) (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
(v) (𝐴𝐵𝐶)𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑇 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇

19. A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called a symmetric matrix, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖, 𝑗 i.e. 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 .

20. A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called a skew symmetric matrix, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖, 𝑗 i.e. 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴.
21. All main diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.

22. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skewsymmetric matrix.

23. All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric matrices.

24. All odd positive integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric matrices.