Introduction

Binding Materials
Clay
Lime
Gypsum
Cement (developed by Roman; lime & volcanic ash; hydraulic
cement at 18th century)
Concrete
CE 382 Reinforced Concrete Cement
Sand
Fundamentals
Gravel (or other aggregate)
Introduction & Material Behavior Water
Admixtures

Choice of Concrete Choice of Concrete

Advantages
Can be mold into any shape
High compressive strength
Economy; long-term, maintenance & durability
Fire resistance
Rigidity
Availability
Disadvantages
Low tensile strength
Forms and shoring
Relatively low strength per unit of weight or volume
Time-dependent volume change

3 4
Materials Mixing, Placing & Curing of Concrete
Cement Mix design for required strength & workability,
Particle size strength durability & permeability
Special cements for low heat of hydration, less permeability Water/cement (w/c) strength
Water workability (transportation & placing)
For chemical reactions
No acids
No high amount of salt
Aggregate
Reduce the amount of cement paste & cost
Reduce the volume change of concrete
More durable
Water/Cement Ratio
5 6

Mixing, Placing & Curing of Concrete Mixing, Placing & Curing of Concrete
During transportation, prevent segregation, the separation Ready-mix Concrete
of the larger pieces from the bulk of the mass
Avoid honeycombed spots in finished concrete
Prefer ready-mix concrete
Proper curing; not let water to evaporate until concrete
sets

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Mixing, Placing & Curing of Concrete Mixing, Placing & Curing of Concrete
Compaction segregation honeycombing

9 10

Mixing, Placing & Curing of Concrete Mechanical Properties of Concrete

curing Concrete
Nonlinear
Inelastic
Nonhomogeneous
Time dependent

Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Concrete

Cube (200×200×200 mm or 150×150 ×150 mm)
Cylinder (150×300 mm)
~1.1 mean app. 0.80-0.85

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Mechanical Properties of Concrete Uniaxial Compression
Rate of strength gain co=0.002

0-7 day: very fast Failure at cu

Descending
7-28 day: slower
portion
After 28 days very slow
Different concrete
Size effect: size strength
strength
Rate of loading strength Different initial
Modulus of
elasticity

13 14

Uniaxial Compression Uniaxial Compression

10 MPa concrete 50 MPa concrete

15 16
Rate of Loading Mathematical Model - Hognestad

Strain rate
Strength
Strain capacity

Unloading parallel to initial stiffness

17 18

Repeated (cyclic) loading Tensile Strength of Concrete

Envelope curve Direct Tensile Tests, fct

Stiffness
degradation
# of cycles

Stiffness

19
É 20
Tensile Strength of Concrete Tensile Strength of Concrete
Indirect Tensile Tests Indirect Tensile Tests
Modulus of Rupture Test, fctf Split Cylinder Test, fcts

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Tensile Strength of Concrete Tensile Strength of Concrete TS 500-2000

5
Direct tensile strength
4.5
P
4 Split tensile strength
P/2 P/2
3.5
3 Flexural tensile strength (two point)
2.5
Flexural tensile strength (single point)
2
1.5
1
10 20 30 40 50
fc (MPa)
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Tensile Strength of Concrete Shear Strength of Concrete
Shear strength > tensile strength

35% - 80% of compressive strength

Not of primary importance

Principal tensile stresses

Id E

25 26

Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Elasticity

Slope of the curve Ec w1c.5 0.043 fc ACI 318-11
wc between 1440-2560 kg/m3 (in MPa)
Changes with the stress level Ec 4700 fc

Initial modulus 0.3

f cm
Secant modulus Ecm 22000
10
EuroCode 2

0-0.5fc
Tangent modulus Ecj 3250 f ckj 14000 TS 500-2000

@0.4-0.5fc

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Modulus of Elasticity Bearing strength
Under sustained load time dependent deformations
Ec to or even
Level of loading
of its initial value
to 1170
Age of concrete fcl: bearing strength

Humidity R fcl
Temperature

time

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Coefficient of thermal expansion

of concrete mm/mm/°C
the same for steel
in the design is neglected

TS 500 c = 0.20

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Shear modulus Behavior under multi-axial stresses
Biaxial
elasticity equation Tensile stresses in both
direction
TS 500 The strength is not different
than that of uniaxial tension
One in tension, orthogonal
in compression
Strength is less as compared
to uniaxial tension
Compression in both
directions
Strength is greater than
uniaxial compression

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Behavior under multi-axial stresses Behavior under multi-axial stresses

Triaxial If 2= 3 and all stresses are compressive
2= 3 strength and strain capacity of concrete

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Time dependent deformations of concrete Time dependent deformations of concrete
Shrinkage Shrinkage depends on evaporation function of
Water necessary for hydration appr. 25% of the cement by Temperature
weight Humidity
For workability more water is used Area of exposed surface
Excess water evaporates volume (shrink) Water content of mix
Shrinkage causes significant deformations & stresses in Time
concrete structures
Shrinkage can affect both strength and serviceability of the
structure

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Time dependent deformations of concrete Shrinkage Cracks

Plain concrete not strained shrinkage causes no
stresses
RC members not restrained compression in steel &
tension in concrete
RC member restrained internal forces due to
shrinkage
For long walls and buildings expansion joints

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Time dependent deformations of concrete Time dependent deformations of concrete
Creep Creep
Time dependent deformations under sustained load Level of sustained load
Depends on
The age of concrete creep
w/c ratio creep
Humidity creep
Level of sustained load
Time
Significant amount of redistribution due to creep in RC
structures

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Time dependent deformations of concrete Steel reinforcement

Plain bars, S220
Deformed bars, S420
B420C
: elastic recovery

: creep recovery

t- i: time plastic
: instantaneous
dependent deformation
deformation
deformation

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 Steel Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement Mechanical Properties
Hot rolled TS 708-2016
Cold worked

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Steel Reinforcement Steel reinforcement

Weldability TEC 2018
Carbon equivalent 7.2.5.3 (b) TS verilen B420C ve B500C nervürlü

de er
S420 beton
çeli
3.2.5.3 (b) B420C and B500C deformed bars given in TS
708 will be used. In addition to the conditions given in TS
708, S420 bars can also be used if the
is less than 1.35 ( )
: Carbon, : Chromium, : Copper, : Manganese, : Molybdenum,
and the equivalent carbon ratio does not exceed 0.55%.
: Nitrogen, : Nickel, : Phosphorus, : Sulfur, : Vanadium

47 48
Cold Worked Steel Plain Bar, hot rolled

49 50

Steel reinforcement Steel reinforcement

Welded wire fabric 8, 10, 12, 22
#5, #8
Es = 200 000 MPa

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Steel reinforcement Concrete grades
Behavior under repeated and reversed loading C16: characteristic cylinder compressive strength of 28
Bauschinger effect days in MPa
C16, C18, C20, C25, C30 C50, high strength
concrete

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Concrete Grades Concrete

TS EN 206: 2014-02 TEC 2018

betonarme binalarda daha beton

.
7.2.5.1 In all reinforced concrete buildings to be
constructed within the scope of this Regulation, concrete
with a lower strength than C25 shall not be used.
7.2.5.3 (a) TS EN verilen betonlardan C25 ila C80
beton .
7.2.5.3 (a) Concrete class C25 to C80 shall be used given
in TS EN 206.

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Concrete
TEC 2018

daha
e
modülü TS EN 1992-
7.2.4 In this section, the assumptions given in TS 500, the stress
distribution in concrete and the modulus of elasticity should
be used in earthquake-resistant design and reinforcement
calculations of reinforced concrete elements. In cases where
concrete classes higher than C50 are used, the stress
distribution and modulus of elasticity of concrete shall be used
as given in TS EN 1992-1.

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