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Summative Test

Grade Level: Grade 11

Subject: Earth and Life Science

Topic Coverage: Explain how populations of organisms have changed and continue
to change over time showing patterns
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Instructions to Students:
Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer for each multiple-
choice item.
--- Multiple Choice Questions (50 Items) ---
1. What is the primary mechanism by which populations of organisms change over
time?
A. Mutation
B. Natural selection
C. Genetic drift
D. Migration
2. Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure in humans?
A. Appendix
B. Heart
C. Lungs
D. Brain
3. What term describes the process by which unrelated organisms develop similar
traits?
A. Divergent evolution
B. Convergent evolution
C. Coevolution
D. Parallel evolution
4. Which scientist is known for the theory of natural selection?
A. Gregor Mendel
B. Charles Darwin
C. Louis Pasteur
D. Albert Einstein
5. What is genetic drift?
A. A large-scale mutation
B. A change in allele frequencies due to random events
C. A form of natural selection
D. The movement of genes between populations
6. Which of the following best describes a population bottleneck?
A. A rapid increase in population size
B. A significant reduction in population size
C. The formation of a new species
D. The introduction of new alleles into a population
7. What is the term for the formation of a new species?
A. Speciation
B. Mutation
C. Adaptation
 D. Extinction
8. Which of the following is NOT a factor in natural selection?
A. Overproduction
B. Variation
C. Adaptation
D. Random mating
9. What is the effect of gene flow on populations?
A. It increases genetic diversity
B. It decreases genetic diversity
C. It causes extinction
D. It leads to mutation
10. Which of the following is an example of coevolution?
A. Bees and flowers
B. Wolves and deer
C. Birds and fish
D. Cats and mice
11. What is a phenotype?
A. The genetic makeup of an organism
B. The physical expression of traits
C. The location of a gene on a chromosome
D. The number of chromosomes in a cell
12. Which of the following is an example of adaptive radiation?
A. The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria
B. The finches of the Galápagos Islands
C. The domestication of dogs
D. The extinction of the dinosaurs
13. What is the founder effect?
A. A type of natural selection
B. A reduction in genetic diversity due to a small number of ancestors
C. A type of mutation
D. The introduction of new species into an ecosystem
14. Which of the following can lead to speciation?
A. Geographic isolation
B. Genetic drift
C. Natural selection
D. All of the above
15. What is a homologous structure?
A. A structure that has the same function but different origins
B. A structure that has different functions but similar origins
C. A structure that has no function
D. A structure that results from a mutation
16. What role does mutation play in evolution?
A. It decreases genetic diversity
B. It introduces new genetic variation
C. It eliminates harmful traits
D. It causes extinction
17. Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?
A. Wolves hunting in packs
B. Farmers breeding cows for milk production
C. Birds migrating south for the winter
 D. Fish adapting to polluted waters
18. What is the primary driving force behind evolution?
A. Genetic drift
B. Mutation
C. Natural selection
D. Gene flow
19. Which of the following is an example of a prezygotic barrier?
A. Hybrid infertility
B. Temporal isolation
C. Hybrid breakdown
D. Genetic incompatibility
20. What is the significance of the fossil record in understanding evolution?
A. It provides evidence of past life forms and their changes over time
B. It predicts future evolutionary changes
C. It shows the exact age of the Earth
D. It explains the origin of life
21. Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic barrier?
A. Behavioral isolation
B. Habitat isolation
C. Hybrid sterility
D. Temporal isolation
22. What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
A. A model that describes the genetic equilibrium of a population
B. A theory that explains the origin of life
C. A principle that predicts climate change
D. A model that describes the formation of new species
23. Which of the following factors can disrupt genetic equilibrium?
A. Random mating
B. Large population size
C. No migration
D. Natural selection
24. What is the significance of homologous structures in evolution?
A. They indicate a common ancestor
B. They show adaptation to similar environments
C. They are a result of convergent evolution
D. They have no evolutionary significance
25. Which of the following is an example of genetic drift?
A. A flood that randomly kills a portion of a population
B. A predator that hunts the weakest individuals
C. A disease that affects only a specific genotype
D. A change in climate that favors certain traits
26. What is the role of sexual selection in evolution?
A. It increases genetic diversity
B. It favors traits that increase mating success
C. It decreases mutation rates
D. It leads to genetic drift
27. Which of the following is an example of a behavioral adaptation?
A. The long neck of a giraffe
B. The migration of birds
C. The camouflage of a chameleon
 D. The venom of a snake
28. What is the main difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
A. Allopatric speciation involves physical separation, while sympatric does not
B. Sympatric speciation involves physical separation, while allopatric does not
C. Allopatric speciation results in more genetic diversity
D. Sympatric speciation occurs only in plants
29. Which of the following is an example of a structural adaptation?
A. The webbed feet of a duck
B. The hibernation of bears
C. The nocturnal habits of owls
D. The territorial behavior of wolves
30. What is the significance of the Galápagos finches in the study of evolution?
A. They demonstrate the process of adaptive radiation
B. They show the effects of genetic drift
C. They illustrate the concept of gene flow
D. They provide evidence of convergent evolution
31. What is the role of environmental changes in evolution?
A. They create new species instantly
B. They provide selective pressures that drive evolution
C. They eliminate all species equally
D. They have no impact on evolution
32. Which of the following is an example of mimicry?
A. A harmless snake resembling a venomous one
B. A peacock displaying its feathers
C. A lion hunting in a pride
D. A cactus storing water
33. What is the main purpose of phylogenetic trees?
A. To predict future evolutionary changes
B. To show the evolutionary relationships among species
C. To calculate the age of fossils
D. To describe the habitat of organisms
34. Which of the following can lead to adaptive radiation?
A. A new habitat with diverse resources
B. A stable environment with limited resources
C. A large population with little genetic variation
D. A single ancestor with no competition
35. What is the role of isolation in speciation?
A. It prevents gene flow between populations
B. It increases genetic diversity within populations
C. It causes immediate extinction
D. It has no role in speciation
36. Which of the following is an example of a physiological adaptation?
A. The thick fur of an Arctic fox
B. The ability of fish to breathe underwater
C. The sharp claws of a cat
D. The long ears of a rabbit
37. What is the significance of molecular evidence in studying evolution?
A. It provides direct evidence of phenotypic changes
B. It shows similarities in DNA sequences among species
C. It predicts environmental changes
 D. It explains the origin of life
38. Which of the following is a characteristic of a stable population at genetic
equilibrium?
A. High mutation rate
B. Large size
C. High migration rate
D. Low genetic diversity
39. What is the role of genetic recombination in evolution?
A. It decreases genetic variation
B. It increases genetic variation
C. It causes genetic drift
D. It prevents natural selection
40. Which of the following is an example of a morphological adaptation?
A. The long legs of a cheetah
B. The ability of frogs to jump
C. The migration of whales
D. The hibernation of bats
41. What is the significance of the fossil record in understanding common ancestry?
A. It provides direct evidence of common ancestry
B. It shows the genetic makeup of ancient organisms
C. It explains the future adaptations of species
D. It predicts the extinction of current species
42. Which of the following is a result of disruptive selection?
A. Increased population size
B. Extreme phenotypes are favored
C. Intermediate phenotypes are favored
D. No change in phenotype distribution
43. What is the role of hybrid zones in speciation?
A. They prevent the formation of new species
B. They allow the exchange of genes between diverging populations
C. They increase genetic drift
D. They eliminate genetic diversity
44. What is the significance of biogeography in understanding evolution?
A. It shows the distribution of species across different geographic areas
B. It predicts genetic changes in populations
C. It explains the behavior of species
D. It provides evidence for convergent evolution
45. Which of the following is an example of directional selection?
A. Favoring average-sized individuals
B. Favoring one extreme phenotype over others
C. Favoring both extreme phenotypes
D. Favoring individuals with a specific genotype
46. What is the role of genetic diversity in evolution?
A. It decreases the adaptability of populations
B. It increases the adaptability of populations
C. It causes extinction
D. It has no effect on evolution
47. Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?
A. Favoring both extreme phenotypes
B. Favoring the average phenotype
 C. Favoring one extreme phenotype
D. Favoring a new phenotype
48. What is the significance of embryological evidence in evolution?
A. It shows similarities in early development stages among species
B. It predicts future evolutionary changes
C. It explains the extinction of species
D. It provides evidence for genetic drift
49. Which of the following is an example of genetic drift in a small population?
A. A mutation that spreads throughout a large population
B. A natural disaster that randomly kills individuals
C. A disease that affects only certain genotypes
D. A predator that hunts the weakest individuals
50. What is the role of ecological niches in evolution?
A. They limit the survival of species
B. They provide opportunities for species to adapt and evolve
C. They decrease genetic diversity
D. They have no impact on evolution

**Answer Key**:
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. A
10. A
11. B
12. B
13. B
14. D
15. B
16. B
17. B
18. C
19. B
20. A
21. C
22. A
23. D
24. A
25. A
26. B
27. B
28. A
29. A
30. A
31. B
32. A
33. B
34. A
35. A
36. B
37. B
38. B
39. B
40. A
41. A
42. B
43. B
44. A
45. B
46. B
47. B
48. A
49. B
50. B

**Table of Specifications (TOS)**:

AVERAG
EASY (70%) DIFFICUL
No. E (20%)
% of [Remembering T (10%) Item
of [Applying
Objective/s Item & [Evaluatin Placemen
Item &
s Understandin g& t
s Analyzing
g] Creating]
]
-------------- ---------------
------- ------- ---------------------
----------- -------------- --------------- --------------
----- --- --------------
--- ----
1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6,
Explainmechanismsofpopulationchange 10 20% 7&2 1&0 0&0
8, 9, 16,
18
10, 11,
12, 13,
Describeexamplesandprocessesinevolution 10 20% 6&2 1&0 1&0 15, 20,
21, 22,
24, 30
14, 17,
19, 23,
Identifyfactorsaffectingspeciation 10 20% 7&2 1&0 0&0 25, 26,
28, 29,
31, 32
33, 34,
35, 36,
Recognizeevidenceforevolutionandcommonances
10 20% 8&1 1&0 0&0 37, 38,
try
40, 41,
42, 48
7, 27, 39,
43, 44,
Applyconceptsofgeneticdriftandgene flow 10 20% 7&2 1&0 0&0 45, 46,
47, 49,
50