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Chapter 1

Uploaded by

rya336437
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter One Introduction

Chapter One
Introduction

Gas and Vapor


A gas is simply a group of freely moving small spheres whose only interaction
with each other. It is in effect matter having neither constant shape nor volume.

 A gas above the critical point in a process in which it cannot condense.


 A vapor is a gas below its critical point in a process in which the phase change
about primary case, it can be condense.

Some Important Petroleum Gases


There are several important Hydrocarbon gases in petroleum field such as:

Natural Gas (N.G)


The largest natural gas reserves are located in Russia, Iran and Qatar. There are
also large reserves in the North Sea. Natural gas stands for approximately 21% of
the world’s energy consumption.

Gas production has been increasing at the rate of about 3% per year. About one-
third of this gas is obtained from oil wells and two-thirds from gas wells.
rising joined
Crude oil emerging from the well is accompanied by a large volume of natural gas,
about 300 - 600 cu ft (8.5m3) of gas per barrel of oil on the average. The quantity
of natural gas produced per barrel of oil decreases with the age of the oil field.

𝑮𝑷
𝑮𝑶𝑹 =
𝑶𝑷
Where:
GP : Raw Gas Production (SCFD).
OP : Oil Production (BOPD) or (Barrel/Day).
GOR : Gas Oil Ratio (SCF/Barrel).

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Chapter One Introduction
raw material
Except for being used as fuel, natural gas is the most common feedstock for
hydrogen production or syngas production.

1 lbb of Petroleum = 158.98723 liter

1 lbb of Petroleum = 163.908 m3 of Natural Gas

Million Stander Cubic Foot (MMSCF) (‫ = )مق مق‬106 ft3


Price of Petroleum(Cent/lbb)
Price of Natural Gas (Cent/𝑚3 ) =
163.908(m3/ lbb)

Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen is an important raw material for the chemical and refining
industries, and it may play a future role in the energy sector. The present use of
manufactured hydrogen is primarily for the production of
ammonia and methanol, then for hydro-treatment in refineries. Other present
uses of hydrogen are related to the food industry, the semi-conductor industry
and the metallurgical industry (for instance the direct reduction of iron ore).

Hydrogen Production Technology


Hydrogen is not available as conventional fossil fuels like natural gas, oil and
coal so it must be produced either from renewable energy driven electrolysis
or from fuel processing of hydrocarbons.

The principal process for converting hydrocarbons into hydrogen is steam


reforming. steam methane reforming reaction takes place accompanied by
other chemical reactions. The general overall reaction for the steam reforming
of hydrocarbons can be formulated as:

Cn H(2n+2) + nH2O n CO + (2n+1)H2 (Steam Reforming)

Or more specifically for methane, usually the major constituent of natural gas as:

CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 (Steam Methane Reforming)

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Chapter One Introduction

Fuel Gases (Methane, Propane and Butane)

Methane is familiar as domestic piped gas in the more urban parts of the world.
Propane is most familiar in liquid form in low-pressure cylinders for domestic use.
Propane, Iso-butane and Butane are used in propellant mixtures, mixed with liquid
formulations such as hair spray or paint, in aerosol cans and as the fuel for small
domestic burners such as cigarette lighters.

The fuel gases are nearly always simply burned in air as a source of heat and are,
as a result, largely interchangeable with each other, with other fuels, from
petroleum to coal, and sometimes interchangeable with electrical or other heat
sources. Because of this interchangeability, and because they are often used in
domestic applications, these gases are not ‘industrial gases’ in the same sense as
the gases such as nitrogen, oxygen or acetylene.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)


This is a mixture of propane and butane, two hydrocarbons which are gaseous at
atmospheric pressure but liquid if higher pressure is applied. They are obtained
from natural gas at natural gasoline plants and also from refinery gases. A large
volume of the gas can be compressed into a small volume of liquid, simplifying
handling problems.

Liquefied petroleum gas, or "bottled gas" as it is sometimes known, is an important


domestic fuel in rural communities and even in small communities which have a
central distributing system, where the LPG is supplied consumers through the gas
lines. LPG is also widely used as an intermediate material in petrochemical
manufacturing, and It is also being used to a growing extent as motor fuel in trucks
and buses.

The presence of ethane is avoided because this light hydrocarbon does not liquefy
under pressure at atmospheric temperatures. If the LPG contains pentane, a liquid
hydrocarbon heavier than butane, this component may separate in a liquid state in
the gas lines. This shows the importance of careful fractionation of the propane-
butane mixture to remove undesirable hydrocarbons.

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Chapter One Introduction

Natural gas and natural gasoline contain no unsaturated hydrocarbons, but these
may be present in refinery gas streams. The unsaturated hydrocarbons have a
tendency to polymerize and form gummy deposits, making their presence
undesirable in liquefied petroleum gas.

Care is taken by manufacturers to keep the propane and butane free of hydrogen
sulfide, which is corrosive and on burning produces sulfur dioxide, a gas having a
pungent odor. However, a minute quantity of ethyl mercaptan, a sulfur compound
having an exceptionally strong and disagreeable odor, is added to the odorless
propane and butane to warn the customer of gas leaks.

Natural Gas Liquids (NGLS)


Petroleum products as they are termed may also be supplied in whole or in part
from natural gas. The liquids extracted from gas constitute an important
supplement to our petroleum resources.

Though natural gas is predominantly methane, it contains other saturated


hydrocarbons and gasoline vapors. The heavier hydrocarbons are recovered and
sold as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gasoline, solvents, and raw
materials for the manufacture of plastics and chemicals, among other uses.

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