Basic Electronics Engineering (104010)

FE 2019 Course

Presented by
Dr. P. P. Chitte
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering
P.R.E.C., Loni

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 Unit VI: Communication Systems
Syllabus
Basic Communication System:
• Block Diagram
• Modes of Transmission
• Communication Media: Wired and Wireless
• Electromagnetic Spectrum, Allotment of frequency band for different
applications
• Block Diagram of AM and FM Transmitter and receiver
Mobile Communication System:
• Cellular concept
• Simple block diagram of GSM system.
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 Prerequisites
• Terminologies in Communication Systems

• Introduction to modulation

• Need of modulation

• Types of Modulation

• Brief introduction of AM and FM transmission

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 Communication Systems

Modulation De-modulation

Input Communication Output

Transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver Transducer
(Destination)

Information Noise Information in

Or Input Signal Original form
(Sound, Picture,
Speech, Data) Fig. Block diagram of Basic Communication System
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 Communication Systems
1.Information source:
• The objective of any communication system is to convey information from one
point to the other.
• The information comes from the information source, which originates it.
• It generates the required message that is to be transmitted such as sound,
picture, speech etc.

2.Transmitter:
• The objective of the transmitter is to collect the incoming message signal so as
to make it suitable for transmission and subsequent reception.
• In transmitter the information modulates the carrier.
• The modulation can be amplitude, frequency or phase depending upon the
requirements. 5
Contd…
3.Channel:
• Channel is the physical medium which connects the transmitter
with that of the receiver.
• It can be wired or wireless.
• It includes copper wire, coaxial cable, fibre optic cable, radio
waves, microwaves etc.
• Noise enters in any communication system through channel.
• Noise is an unwanted signal, random in nature.
• It can not be removed but eliminated to some extent.

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Contd…

4.Receiver
• The receiver block receives the incoming modified message signal from
the channel and processes it to recreate the original (non-electrical)
form of the message signal.
• There are a great variety of receivers in communication systems.
• Its most important function is demodulation.
• The output of receiver may be fed to a loudspeaker, television picture
tube, computer etc.

5.Destination:
• The destination is the final block in the communication system which
receives the message signal and processes it to determine the
information present in it.
• Usually, humans will be the destination block. 7
Contd…

4.Receiver
• The receiver block receives the incoming modified message signal from
the channel and processes it to recreate the original (non-electrical)
form of the message signal.
• There are a great variety of receivers in communication systems.
• Its most important function is demodulation.
• The output of receiver may be fed to a loudspeaker, television picture
tube, computer etc.

5.Destination:
• The destination is the final block in the communication system which
receives the message signal and processes it to determine the
information present in it.
• Usually, humans will be the destination block. 8
 Modes of Transmission / Communication
• The way in which data is transmitted from one device to another device is known
as transmission mode.
• The transmission mode is also known as the communication mode.
• Each communication channel has a direction associated with it, and transmission
media provide the direction. Therefore, the transmission mode is also known as a
directional mode.
• The transmission mode is defined in the physical layer.
Modes of
• The modes of transmission are as follows, Transmission

1. Simplex
Simplex Duplex
2. Duplex: Half duplex and full duplex.

Half Duplex Full Duplex

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Modes of Transmission / Communication

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 Contd…
1. Simplex Mode:
• In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, i.e., the data flow in one direction.
• A device can only send the data but cannot receive it or it can receive the data but cannot send
the data.
• This transmission mode is not very popular as mainly communications require the two-way
exchange of data. The simplex mode is used in the business field as in sales that do not require
any corresponding reply.
• Example: Keyboard and Monitor are the examples of the simplex mode as a keyboard can only
accept the data from the user and monitor can only be used to display the data on the screen.

2. Half-Duplex Mode:
• In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.
• When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa.
• The half-duplex mode is used in cases where there is no need for communication in both
directions at the same time. The entire capacity of the channel can be utilized for each
direction.
• Example: Walkie- talkie in which message is sent one at a time and messages are sent in both
the directions.
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 Contd…
3. Full-Duplex Mode:
• In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously.
• In full duplex mode, signals going in one direction share the capacity of the link with
signals going in other direction, this sharing can occur in two ways:
• Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths, one for sending
and other for receiving. The capacity is divided between signals travelling in both
directions.
• Full-duplex mode is used when communication in both directions is required all the
time. The capacity of the channel however must be divided between the two directions.
• Example: Telephone Network in which there is communication between two persons by
a telephone line, through which both can talk and listen at the same time.

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 Communication Media
Different Communication Media

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 Communication Media
A. Wired Media (Bounded/Guided media) :
• In this communication, devices are connected to each other by cables.
• It is also known as bounded/guided media.
• Example: Copper wire, Fiber optic cables etc.
• Wired media are further categories as Twisted pair, Coaxial cable and Optical fiber.
1. Twisted Pair:
• It consists of a pair of copper wires twisted around each other; the wires are around 1 to 2 mm thick and they
are twisted to reduce the interference from the surrounding wires.
• Remember that a current carrying wire has a magnetic field around it that can interfere with that of another
wire when in close proximity. Twisted Pair is of two types:
i. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):
• This type of cable has the ability to block interference and does not depend on a physical shield for this
purpose.
• It is used for telephonic applications.
ii. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):
• This type of cable consists of a special jacket to block external interference.
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• It is used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels of telephone lines.
 Contd…
2. Coaxial Cable:
• Offering better data rates and less signal attenuation, a coaxial cable consist of a central
copper conductor that is surrounded by a foil shield. The foil is covered by yet another
shield known as a braided shield. Unlike twisted pairs, coaxial cables only have a single
copper conductor. The conductor and the foil shield are separated by a dielectric.
• Cable TVs and analog television networks widely use Coaxial cables.

3. Fiber Optic:
• It is the most expensive of wired mediums and offers the highest
rates of data transmission. They are often used in long distance
communications and are never affected by any electromagnetic fields. This is because it
involves light.
• A fiber optic cable is a thin, flexible, transparent medium made of very fine glass or plastic
fibers. It utilizes the principle of total internal reflection.
• It is used for transmission of large volumes of data. 15
 Communication Media
B. Wireless media (Unbounded/Unguided media):
• A wireless network uses radio waves as the sole medium for transmitting and receiving data. There
are no wires involved. An example is the wireless router in your home. Radio waves are
electromagnetic waves which are transverse in nature and they have the longest wavelength on the
electromagnetic spectrum.
• They travel at the speed of light and have frequencies ranging from 3 kHz to 3 GHz. Radio waves can
easily be absorbed by most materials and can bend around objects as well. There are 3 major types
of Unguided Media:
1. Radio waves: These are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The sending and
receiving antennas need not be aligned. Frequency Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM radios for
transmission.
2. Microwaves: It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be
properly aligned with each other. The distance covered by the signal is directly proportional to the
height of the antenna. Frequency Range: 1GHz – 300GHz.
• These are majorly used for mobile phone communication and television distribution.
3. Infrared: Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot penetrate
through obstacles. This prevents interference between systems. Frequency Range: 300GHz – 400THz.
It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc. 16
 Electromagnetic Spectrum:
Electromagnetic Spectrum:
• It is a signal made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
• The entire range of frequencies that the EM wave can produce oscillations is termed
as Electromagnetic Spectrum.
• For the classification purpose, the EM spectrum is divided into small segments and
each segment is given a nomenclature.
• Each range is identified by end frequencies or wavelengths that differ by a factor of
10.

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum:
Allotment of frequency band for different applications
Frequency (f) range Wavelength (λ) range EM spectrum nomenclature
3 – 30 KHz 100 – 10 Km VLF – Very Low Frequency
30 – 300 KHz 10 – 1 Km LF – Low Frequency
0.3 – 3 MHz 1000 – 100 m MF – Medium Frequency
3 – 30 MHz 100 – 10 m HF – High Frequency
30 – 300 MHz 10 – 1m VHF – Very High Frequency
0.3 – 3 GHz 1000 – 100 mm UHF – Ultra High Frequency
3 – 30 GHz 100 – 10 mm SHF – Super High Frequency
30 – 300 GHz 10 – 1 mm EHF – Extremely High Frequency
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 Terminologies in Communication Systems:
• Time ( t ): Time is a fundamental quantity with reference to which all communications happen. It is measured in
seconds (sec).
• Frequency ( f ): Frequency is fundamental quantity with reference to which all signals in a communication
system are more commonly distinguished. Frequency is defined as the number of oscillations per second and is
measured in hertz (Hz).
• Wavelength (λ) : Wavelength is defined as the distance travelled by an EM wave during the time of one cycle.
• Spectrum: The frequency domain representation of the given signal.
• Bandwidth (B.W.) : It is that portion of the EM spectrum occupied by a signal. More specifically it is the
range of frequencies over which the information is present in the original signal and hence it may also be termed
as signal bandwidth.
• Channel Bandwidth: The range of frequencies required for the transmission of modulated signal.
• Modulation: Modulation is a process in which any of the characteristics of carrier signal such as amplitude,
frequency or phase is varied according to the instantaneous value of modulating signal.
• Baseband Signal: Message signal in its original frequency range.
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 Need of modulation:

1) To reduce the height of antenna.

2) Avoids mixing of signal.

3) Allows multiplexing of signal.

4) Allows long distance communication.

5) Improves quality of reception.

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 Types of Modulation: (Different techniques of Modulation)
1) Amplitude modulation (AM): (Amplitude “A” is variable)
If amplitude of carrier signal is varied according to instantaneous amplitude of
modulating signal ,the process is called as amplitude modulation.

2) Frequency modulation (FM): (Frequency “f” is variable)

If frequency of carrier signal is varied according to instantaneous amplitude of
modulating signal ,the process is called as frequency modulation.

3) Phase modulation (PM): (Phase “φ” is variable)

If phase of carrier signal is varied according to instantaneous amplitude of
modulating signal ,the process is called as phase modulation.
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Different Modulations

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23
 Comparison between AM and FM
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM)
Amplitude of AM will change with the modulating voltage. Amplitude of FM remains constant.

Transmitted power is dependent on the modulation index. Transmitted power remains constant. It is independent on the
modulation index.

Carrier power and one sideband power are useless. All transmitted power is useful

FM receivers are not immune to noise. FM receivers are immune to noise.

Bandwidth is less than FM. Bandwidth is large hence large channel is required.

AM equipments are more complex FM equipments are more complex

Not possible to operate several channels on same frequency Possible to operate several transmitters on same frequency
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AM Transmitter: Block diagram

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Contd...
1. Carrier Oscillator:
An oscillator is used to operate the transmitted at a desirable fixed radio frequency (RF).The power output of
the oscillator, being not sufficiently large, is amplified in several stage to the desirable.
2. Buffer Amplifier:
This amplifier isolates the oscillate from the succeeding stage, so that the variation of coupling and antenna
loading do not influence the oscillator frequency.
3. Frequency Multiplier:
Oscillator cannot generate very high carrier frequencies. To obtain such frequencies, the frequency multiplier
is used to multiply the frequency of oscillator output signal to the required value.
4. Power Amplifier:
The modulated carrier is fed to this stage for final amplification before being carried to the antenna.
5. Audio Amplifier:
This amplifier is used to amplify the audio signal output of the microphone that converts the speech or music
to be transmitted into equivalent electrical signal.
6. Modulator:
The function of the modulator is to amplitude modulate the RF carrier in accordance with the amplified audio
signal. 26
SUPER HETRODYNE AM RECEIVER

Loud
Speaker

Audio
Amplifier &
Power amplifier

Mixer IF
RF stage Detector
Amplifier

Ganged Tuning Local Oscillator

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• TRF receiver includes an
• RF stage
• a detector stage
• and an audio stage .
• Two or three RF amplifiers are required to filter and amplify the received signal to a
level sufficient to drive the detector stage.
• RF section (Receiver front end)
• used to select the signal
• Band limit the received RF signal
• and amplifying the received RF signal.
• AM detector
• Demodulates the AM wave and converts it to the original information signal.
• Audio section
• Used to amplify the recovered signal 28
 Advantages & Disadvantages of TRF
Advantages:
• TRF receivers are simple to design and allow the broadcast frequency 535 KHz
to 1640 KHz.
• High sensitivity.

Disadvantages:
• At the higher frequency, it produces difficulty in design.
• It has poor audio quality.
• Drawbacks
• Instability
• Variation in BW
• Poor Selectivity 29
AM Receiver: Block diagram

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 Contd…
1. Antenna: The antenna picks up all radiated signals and feeds them into the RF amplifier.
These signals are very small (usually only a few microvolts).
2. RF Amplifier: This circuit can be adjusted (tuned) to select and amplify any carrier frequency within the AM
broadcast band. Only the selected frequency and its two side bands pass through the amplifier. (Some AM
receivers don't have a separate RF amplifier stage.)
3. Local Oscillator: This circuit generates a steady sine wave at a frequency 455 KHz above the selected RF
frequency.
4. Mixer: This circuit accepts two inputs, the amplitude modulated RF signal from the output of the RF amplifier
(or the antenna when there is no RF amplifier) and the sinusoidal output of the local oscillator (LO). These two
signals are then "mixed" by a nonlinear process called heterodyning to produce sum and difference frequencies.
For example, if the RF carrier has a frequency of 1000 KHz, the LO frequency is 1455 KHz and the sum and
difference frequencies out of the mixer are 2455 KHz and 455 KHz, respectively. The difference frequency is
always 455 KHz no matter what the RF carrier frequency.
5. IF amplifier: The input to the If amplifier is the 455 KHz AM signal, a replica of the original AM carrier signal
except that the frequency has been lowered to 455 KHz, The IF amplifier significantly increases the level of this
signal.
6. Detector: This circuit recovers the modulating signal (audio signal) from the 455 KHz IF. At this point the IF is no
longer needed, so the output of the detector consists of only the audio signal.
7. Audio and Power amplifiers: This circuit amplifies the detected audio signal and drives the speaker to produce
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sound.
 Contd…
FM Modulation:
Mathematically, a frequency modulated (FM) waveform can be described using the equation,

Where s(t) is the FM wave, Ac cos2π fct is the high frequency sinusoidal carrier
and m(t) is the baseband message signal (the voice signal).
The parameter kf is the frequency sensitivity of the FM modulator.

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 FM Transmitter: Block diagram

Group of Multiplier: The FM signal produced at the output of phase modulator has a low carrier frequency and low
modulation index. They are increased to an adequately high value with the help of frequency multipliers and mixer. The power
level is raised to the desired level by the amplifier.
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Contd…
1. Audio Amplifier:
It amplifies the audio signal from the microphone which converts the sound into equivalent electrical
signal.
2. Reactance Modulator:
This transforms the audio amplitude changes into frequency changes of the transmitter oscillator.
3. Transmitter Oscillator: An RF oscillator is used here to generate the desirable oscillations.
4. Frequency Multiplier:
A number of frequency multipliers are used in this stage to raise the frequency to the required value.
5. Mixer:
A part of the output of block of frequency fc and that of frequency fo .The frequency multiplier block
beat together in the mixer stage to produce a fc-fo Signal.
6. IF Amplifier: The IF amplifier significantly increases amplitude of fc-fo frequency component signal.
7. Discriminator:
The output of the IF amplifier is applied to a phase discriminator which gives a zero DC output voltage if
the frequency of its input signal to which it is tuned remains constant.
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 FM Receiver: Block diagram

De-emphasis: Artificially boosted high frequency signals to their original amplitude

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Contd.
1. Antenna:
The antenna picks up all radiated signals and feeds them into the RF amplifier.
2. RF Amplifier:
The RF amplifier amplifies the received signal intercepted by the antenna. The amplified signal
is then applied to the mixer stage.
3. Local Oscillator: The second input of the mixer comes from the local oscillator.
4. Mixer: The two input frequencies of the mixer generate an IF signal of 10.7 MHz.
5. IF amplifier: An IF signal of 10.7 MHz is then amplified by the IF amplifier.
6. Limiter:
The output of the IF amplifier is applied to the limiter circuit. The limiter removes the noise in
the received signal and gives a constant amplitude signal. This circuit is required when a phase
discriminator is used to demodulate an FM signal.

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Contd…
7. FM Detector (Discriminator):
The output of the limiter is now applied to the FM discriminator, which recovers the
modulating signal. However, this signal is still not the original modulating signal.
8. De-emphasis circuit:
Before applying it to the audio amplifier stages, it is de-emphasized. De-emphasizing
attenuates the higher frequencies to bring them back to their original amplitudes as these are
boosted or emphasized before transmission.
9. Audio and Power amplifiers:
The output of the de-emphasized stage is the audio signal, which is then applied to the audio
stages and finally to the speaker. It should be noted that a limiter circuit is required with the FM
discriminators. If the demodulator stage uses a ratio detector instead of the discriminator, then
a limiter is not required. This is because the ratio detector limits the amplitude of the received
signal.

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 Mobile communication system: Cellular concept
Why use of cellular network?
• The immense potential of conventional telephone cannot be exploited to its maximum due to the
limitation imposed by the connecting wires. But this restriction has been removed with the
advent of the cellular radio.
• If we use dedicated RF loop for every subscriber, we need larger bandwidth to serve even a
limited number of subscriber in a single city.
• To overcome this B.W. problem, subscribers have to share the RF channels on need basis, instead
of dedicated RF loops. This can be achieved by using multiple access methods FDMA, TDMA,
or CDMA. Even then the number of RF channels required to serve the subscribers, works out to
be impracticable.
• With limited frequency resource, cellular principle can serve thousands of subscribers at an
affordable cost. In a cellular network, total area is subdivided into smaller areas called “cells”.
Each cell can cover a limited number of mobile subscribers within its boundaries. Each cell can
have a base station with a number of RF channels.
• Frequencies used in a given cell area will be simultaneously reused at a different cell which is
geographically separated.

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Contd…
Frequencies used in a given cell area will be
simultaneously reused at a different cell which is geographically
separated.
For example,
a typical seven-cell pattern can be considered.
• Total available frequency resources are divided
• into seven parts, each part consisting of a number of radio
channels and allocated to a cell site
• In a group of 7 cells, available frequency spectrum is consumed totally. The same seven sets of frequency
can be used after certain distance.
• The group of cells where the available frequency spectrum is totally consumed is called a cluster of cells.
• Two cells having the same number in the adjacent cluster, use the same set of RF channels and hence are
termed as “Co-channel cells”. The distance between the cells using the same frequency should be
sufficient to keep the co-channel (co-ch) interference to an acceptable level. Hence, the cellular systems
are limited by Co-channel interference.

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Contd…

Shape of Cells
• For analytical purposes a “Hexagon” cell is preferred to other shapes on due to the
following reasons.
• A hexagon layout requires fewer cells to cover a given area. Hence, it envisages fewer
base stations and minimum capital investment.
• Other geometrical shapes cannot effectively do this. For example, if circular shaped
cells are there, then there will be overlapping of cells.
• Also for a given area, among square, triangle and hexagon, radius of a hexagon will be
the maximum which is needed for weaker mobiles.

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 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
Block Diagram of GSM:
• Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services
and data delivery using digital modulation .

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Contd…
• The GSM network architecture consists of three major subsystems:
i) Mobile Station (MS)
ii) Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
iii) Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
1. Mobile Station (MS):
• The mobile station (MS) consists of mobile equipment (terminal) and a smart card called SIM
(Subscriber Identity Module).
• SIM provides personal mobility to have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific
equipment.•
• The mobile equipment (terminal) is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI).
• The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the
subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication and other information.

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Contd…
2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
• The base station subsystem consists of two parts-
1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS).
2. Base station controller (BSC),
• Abis interface allows the operation between BSC and BTS. The interface comprises traffic
and control channels.
• The base transceiver station (BTS) has radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the
radio-link protocols with mobile station (MS).
• The Base Station Controller (BSC) manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs.
• It handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping and handoffs.(Process of transferring a
mobile telephone call from one cell to another cell without dropping the call.)
• The BSC is the connection between the mobile station and the mobile service switching
Center (MSC).

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 Contd…
3. Network and switching subsystem (NSS):
The NSS is responsible for the network operation.
It acts as switching node of PSTN and provides the function needed to handle a mobile subscriber such
as- registration, authentication, location updating, handovers and call routing to roaming subscriber.
The Network subsystem also includes four different data bases-
1. Home Location Register (HLR)
2. Visitor Location Register (VIR)
3. Authentication Center (AuC)
4. Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) is used for call routing and
roaming capabilities of GSM.
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment
on the network, where each mobile station is identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI).
The Authentication Center (AuC) is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in
each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and encryption over the radio

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 List of Text Books & Reference books
Text Books
1) “Electronics Devices” by Thomas. L. Floyd,9th Edition, Pearson (Unit I, II)
2) “Modern Digital Electronics” by R.P. Jain, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (Unit III)
3) “Electronic Instrumentation” by H.S. Kalsi, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (Unit IV)
4) “Sensors and Transducers” by D. Patrnabis, 2nd Edition, PHI (Unit V)
5) “Electronic Communication Systems” by Kennedy & Davis, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (Unit VI)
6) “Mobile Wireless communication” by M. Schwartz, Cambridge University Press (Unit VI)

Reference Books
1) “Digital Fundamentals” by Thomas. L. Floyd, 11th Edition, Pearson
2) “Mobile Communication” by J. Schiller, 2nd Edition, Pearson
3) “Sensors Handbook”, by S. Soloman, 2nd Edition.
4) "Electronics Communication System" By William Schweber
5) "Electronics Communication System" By George Kennedy 5th Edition, McGraw Hill

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THANK YOU

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