MODULE3

LAW RELATI
NGTOI
NDUSTRI
ALDI
SPUTES
I
ndust r
ialDi
sputesAct,1947ist heActthatregulatesthel abourlawsasi tconcernsall
thewor kmenorallthepeopleempl oyedont heIndianmai nland.I
tcamei ntoforceon1
April1947.Thecapital
istsortheempl oyerandt hewor ker salwayshadadi ff
erenceof
opinionandthus,i
tleadst ol
otsofconf l
i
ctsamongandwi thinbot
hoft hesegr oups.So,
theseissueswer ebroughttot heatt
entionoft hegover nmentandsot heydeci dedto
passt hisAct.ThisActwasf ormedwi ththemai nobj ect i
veofbr i
ngingpeaceand
harmonyt oindustr
ialdisput
esbet weenpar ti
esandsol vingt hei
rissuesi napeacef ul
manner .
ScopeandObj
ect
ThisisanActmadef ortheexaminati
onandset t
lementofi ndustr
ialdi
sputes,andfor
di
fferentpurposestoo.ThisActcentersaroundanyindustrycarri
edonbyorundert he
authori
tyoftheCentralGovernment,orbyarail
wayorganizati
onorconcerninganysuch
control
ledindust
ryasmi ghtbeindi
catedforthi
sbenefi
tbyt heCentralGovernment.
Mai
nfeat
uresoft
heAct
Thi
sActf urni
shesuswi thspecifi
cguideli
nesandguidel
inesinregardst ot hewor ks
commi t
teef orboththebusinessesandallt
hewor kmentoadvancemeasur esforgood
worki
ngr elati
onsandcompr ehensionamongt heworkmenandthebusi nesseslateron,
andt oendt hat,i
taddit
ionall
yv owstor esolv
eanymat eri
aldif
ferencei nv i
ewsof
opi
nioninr egardtosuchissues.
Def
ini
ti
onofi
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
es(sec2(
k))
Industr
ialdi
sputemeansanydi sput
eordi f
fer
encebet
weenempl oy
ersandemployer
s,
orbet weenempl oyer
sandwor kmen,orbetweenwor kmenandwor kmen,whichis
connectedwi t
ht heemploymentornon- empl
oymentort het
ermsofempl oy
mentor
withthecondit
ionsoflabor
,ofanyperson.
I
ndust
ry
Sec.
2( j
)oftheIndustr
ialDisput
esAct ,1947def i
nes‘
indust
ry’asanybusi
ness,t
rade,
undert
aki
ng,manuf act
ure,orcalli
ngofempl oyersandincl
udesanycal l
i
ng,servi
ce,
employment
,handicraf
torindust
rialoccupat
ionoravocati
onofworkmen”.
Anindustr
yexi
stsonlywhent hereisrel
ati
onshi
pbet weenemployer
sandempl oyees,
the f
ormeris engaged i
n business,tr
ade,undert
aking,manufact
ure orcal
li
ng of
employer
sandt helat
teri
sengagedi nthecalli
ng,servi
ce,empl
oyment,handi
craf
tor
i
ndust
ri
aloccupat
ionandav
ocat
ion.
Sec.2(j
)givesthedefi
nit
ionofindust
ry,whi
chwasel aborat
eduponbyt heSupr eme
CourtintheBangalor
eWat erSupplyandSewerageBoar dv.R.Rajappa[
i]
.Thet erm
i
ndustryhasbeen given awidescopeand t hejudgmentov er
rul
ed severalearl
ier
deci
sions.Thecour
theld-
1.Anyact
ivi
tywi
l
lbei
ndust
ryi
fitf
ulf
il
lst
he‘
tr
ipl
etest
’,
asunder
:
Syst
emati
c and or
gani
zed act
ivi
ty wi
tht
he cooper
ati
on bet
ween Empl
oyer
s and
employ
ees
Fortheproducti
onanddistri
but
ionofgoodandser
viceswhet
herornotcapi
talhas
beeninv
estedforthi
sact
ivi
ty.
2.I
tisi
mmat
eri
alwhet
herornott
her
eispr
ofi
tmot
iveorwhet
herornott
her
eiscapi
tal
.
3.I
ftheorgani
zat
ionisatr
adeorbusinessi
tdoesnotceasetobeonebecauseof
phi
l
anthr
opyanimati
ngthet
ri
plet
est
,cannotbeexempt
edfrom scopeofdef
ini
ti
onof
i
ndust
ry.
4.Dominantnatur
etest– whetherthereiscomplexofacti
vi
ti
es,thet
estwouldbe
pr
edominantnatur
eofser
vicesandintegrat
ednat
ureofdepart
ments.Al
ldepar
tment
s
i
ntegr
atedwit
hindust
rywi
l
lalsobeindustry.
5.Theexcept
ionst
oindust
ryar
e-
Casualact ivi
ti
es( becauset heyar enotsy st
emat i
c).Smal lclubs,co – operat
ives,
researchl abs,gurukulswhi chhaveanessent i
all
ynonempl oyeechar act
er.Si
ngledoor
l
awy ertakinghelpfrom clerkSelfl
esschari
tabl
eactivi
ti
escarriedont hr
oughvolunt
eers
e.g.f ree legalormedi calser vi
ce.Soverei
gn functi
ons – st r
ict
lyunderst
ood,i .
e.,
mai ntenanceofl awandor der
,legi
slat
ivef
uncti
onsandj udi
cialfuncti
on.
Ty
pesofI
ndust
ri
alDi
sput
es
1.Thedi sputet hatar i
sesoutofadeadl ocki nt henegot iati
onsf oracol l
ectiv
e
agreement ,popul arl
yknownasi nter estdi sputes.I nmostoft hecases,t he
disputeoriginatef r
om tradeuni ons'demandsorpr oposal sf ori mpr ovementi n
wages,f r
ingebenef i
ts,j
obsecur it
yorot hert ermsorcondi ti
onsofempl oyment .
Thesedemandsorpr oposalsarenor mal lymadewi thav iewt otheconcl usionof
acol l
ecti
veagr eement .Adi sputear iseswhent hepar t
iesf ailint henegot i
ati
ons
toreachanagr eementont heoutstandi ngissues.Di sputet hatar isesfrom dayt o
daywor kers'gr i
evancesorcompl ai nts,popul ar
lyknownasgr iev ancedi sputes.
Thesedi sput esar ealsoknownasconf l
i
ctsofr i
ghtsorl egaldi sputes.They
generall
yar i
sef rom daytodaywor kingr el
ationsint heunder t
aki ng,usual l
yasa
protestbyt hewor kerorwor ker
sconcer nedagai nstanyactbyt hemanagement
 whi ch i
s consi
dered t
o be a v iol
ati
on ofwor kers'r
ight
.I n some count r
ies
grievancesari
seespeciall
yov ert heinterpretati
onandapplicati
onofcol lect
ive
agr eements.Gri
evance di
sput es aret herefore,al
so known as i nt
erpretat
ion
disputes.Suchgri
evances,i
fnotdeal twithinaccordancewithpr ocedurethatis
respectedbytheparti
es,oftenr esul
tinembi t
termentoftheworkingrelati
onship
andacl imateofi
ndustri
alstri
feordi ssension.
2.Ther eisadef init
est andardf
orset t
li
nggr iev
ancesdi sputesbykeepi ngt herelevant
provisionoft hecol lecti
veagreement ,empl oymentcont ract,wor ksr ulesandl aws,
customsandpr actices.Inmanycount r
ies, l
aborcour t,tri
bunal sadjudicateongriev ance
disputes.I
not hercasest hegovernmentadv ocatesvol untaryarbit
r at
ionf orset
tlement
Besides,inmanycount r
ies,t
woot hert
y pesofdi sputesr elatingtoor ganizati
onalrights
are:( a)unfairlaborpr acti
ce:thosear isi
ngf r
om t heactofi nt
er f
erence,restraints,
coercion,ofempl oyeeswhent heypr acticesexer ciset her i
ghtt oor ganizeoract s
commonl y.Theunf ai
rar eal
soknownast r
adeuni onv icti
mi zati
on.
(b)Recogni ti
ondisput
es:di
sputeovertheri
ghtofat r
adeuni
ont orepresentapart
icul
ar
classorcat egoryofworker
sforthepurposeofcoll
ecti
vebar
gaining.Thatisthedi
spute
arises when t he managementr efuses t
or ecogni
ze a t
rade Uni on forcoll
ecti
ve
bar gai
ning.Themanagementdi sli
ketradeuni
onism andbel
ievethatt heywil
lnothave
anyt hi
ngt odowi thatr
adeunion.

I
MPACTOFI
NDUSTRI
ALDI
SPUTES
Theimpactofdi sputesarev eryfarreachi
ngasi twil
ldist
urbsocio-
economicstat
eofa
country
.Theimpactofdi sput esisnotlessthanawar .Thoughindust
ri
aldi
sputesstar
ts
l
ocall
yandl i
ghtly,thepossibi l
it
yofengul f
ingtheentir
ehumani t
ycannotber ul
edout.
Natural
lyi
taff
ect sthewor ker s,t
heempl oyers,t
heconsumers,thecommuni t
yandt he
nati
onindif
ferentway .Soitsmagni t
udei sv er
yhigh.

I
mpactonpr
oduct
ion
Theindust
ri
alunrestbri
ngslowpr oducti
onduet ohugewast ageofwor kinghoursand
di
slocat
ionofallworksrelat
edtopr oducti
on.Pri
cehike,nonav ai
l
abili
tyofpr oductin
marketetcmaydest abil
i
zet hepubli
clifeandsocialsystem.Wor ker
smayl oset hei
r
wageswhichleadstodisrupt
ioni
nf amil
ylif
e,per
sonalhardshi
pandment alagony.
Theempl oyermayal so havet o suff
erhugel ossduet o stoppageofpr oduction,
reducti
oninsaleandl ossofmar ket.Simultaneouslyi ncur
shugesum f orcr
ushi ngthe
stri
ke,engagi
ngst r
ikebreakersandbl ackl egs,mai ntai
npoli
cef orceandguar dsand
othercounteracti
onagai nstdisputes/st
rikes.Indust ri
alunr
estcr ateslaw andor der
problemswhichnecessi tat
eincreasedv igilanceont hepartoft hest at
e.Ev enaf ter
settl
ementofdi sputes,str
if
eandbi tt
ernesscont i
nuest olinger,theunhealthypost
settl
ementperi
odmayal sobeendanger i
ngsoci alrelati
ons.I
ndustrialdi
sput
enat ur
ally
aff
ectt heeconomyofthecount
ry.Theidl
enessoflabourandmachi
neryduetostr
ike
and lockouti nj
ureseconomi
cwel f
are.Thel ossofoutputul
ti
matelyreducesthe
nati
onali ncome.Hencedevel
opmentactivi
ti
escannotbeundert akenforwantof
necessaryfunds.
CAUSESFORI
NDUSTI
RALDI
SPUTE
Industr
ialr
elati
onsmaybeharmoniousorst
rainedandacri
moniousorunf ri
endl
y .I
nthe
l
at t
ercasest heremaybemanycauseswhi char eroot
ed,i
nhi st
orical
,polit
icaland
socioeconomi cfact
ors,andi
ntheatt
it
udeofwor ker
sandthei
rempl oyers.Alt
hougha
mul t
it
udeofr easons
l
eadt oindust
ri
alconfl
icts,i
tisnoteasyt
of i
ndanysingl
er eason.I
nmostoft hecases
therearemanyinterrelatedcausesbehi
ndt hemainonesoi tisoftenver
ydiff
icultto
evaluat
e.Someoft hecommoncausesofI ndust
ri
aldi
sputesorUnresthavebeenlisted
below:-
1.Psy
chologi
calcauses:Di
ff
icul
tyi
nadj
ust
ingwi
theachot
herbyempl
oyerand
employ
ee.
•Cl
ashofper
sonal
i
ties
.Aut
hor
it
ari
anl
eader
shi
p
•Demandf
orsel
frespectandr
ecogni
ti
onbywor
ker
s
•St
ri
ctdi
sci
pli
ne
2.I
nst
it
uti
onal
causes:Nonr
ecogni
ti
onofl
abouruni
onbyt
hemanagement
•Mat
ter
sofcol
l
ect
ivebar
gai
ning
•Unf
aircondi
ti
onandpr
act
ices
•At
ti
tudeofmanagementagai
nstuni
oni
zat
ion
3.Economi
cCauses:
Ter
msandcondi
ti
onofempl
oymentaboutwor
kinghour
s,-
wor
kingi
nni
ghtshi
ft
s,pr
omot
ion,
layof
f,r
etr
enchment
,di
smi
ssal
etc.
•Inadequat
ewages,undesireddeducti
onoffrom wages,discontentonbonus,fr
inge
benefi
tsandincent
ives,
Thegall
opi
ngpr i
cesofessent
ialcommoditiesl
eadstodemand
formorewages,Changesi nneedofwor ker
sduet ot hei
rincr
easededucati
on,urban
cult
ureandconsequenceofsoci
alchanges.
.
Wor
kingCondi
ti
ons
•poorori
mpr
operl
ayoutofpl
antandmachi
ner
yuseoft
roubl
egi
vi
ngmachi
nes
•
frequentchangesi
nwor
kingpat
ter
n,pol
i
cyandcodeofconduct
s.
Deni
alofl
egal
right
s
.Vi
olat
ionofmut
ual
agr
eement
Fai
l
uret
ocompl
ywi
tht
hel
aborl
aws,
regul
ati
ons,
standi
ngor
der
s,et
c.

 I
nef
fect
ivet
radeuni
ons

 i
nteruni
onr
ival
ry

 unst
abl
eandephemer
alorshor
tli
veduni
ons

 Gov
ernmentmachi
ner
y

 Pl
ethor
aofenact
mentf
orpr
omot
iont
oindust
ri
alr
elat
ions

 Fai
l
ureofgov
tconci
l
iat
ionmachi
ner
y

 Lackofef
fi
cientconci
l
iat
ors
Ot
hercauses

 Af
fi
li
ati
onoft
radeuni
onswi
thpol
i
tical
par
ti
es

 Pol
i
tical
inst
abi
l
ityandcent
erorst
ater
elat
ions
Cor
rupt
ionsi
nindust
ryandpubl
i
cli
feandgener
albr
eakdowni
nnat
ional
mor
ale
Al
lthesethi
ngshav
eper
pet
uat
edorar
eresponsi
blef
oral
lki
ndsofunr
est
,incl
udi
ng
i
ndustr
ial
unrest
.
I
nter
nat
ional
LaborOr
gani
zat
ion.
Role of I LO on l abor di sputes mat ters I t passes conv entions and makes
recommendat i
onsonl aborr elatedaspect sev eryy ear.Theser ecommendat i
onsar e
thenconsi deredbyt hegov ernment sofmember scount ri
esf orimpl ementationor
adopt i
on.The r ecommendat ionsar e onlygui delinesand maybe i mplemented by
countriesinst ages.Thi shasmadeupani nternat i
onall aborcodeconsi st
ing174
convent i
onsand184r ecommendat ionsinconnect i
onwi t
hwi der angeofi ssues.ILO
provi
desexper tsopi nionst omember scountri
est oi mprov ethei
rlaborcondi ti
ons.ILO
carri
es outr esearch and st udies and publishes i tsf indings ai
mi ng education for
l
eader shipinIRanddev el
opingi deasoflaborpol icies.ILOt r
ainspeopl einsolvi
ngl abor
problemsi ntheircount ri
es.I
LOor ganizesregi
onal conf er
encesev eryy ear.
I
ndi
aandt
heI
LO
TheI
LO superv
isestheimpl
ementat
ionofconv
ent
ionsandr
ecommendat
ionsbyt
he
memberstat
esthrought
hefol
lowi
ng
Commi
tt
ees:
-
Commi tteesofexper tsont heappl i
cat ionofconv ent i
onsandr ecommendat ions.They
exami ne t he annual r epor ts on r ati
fied and un r atified conv ent i
ons and
recommendat i
ons.Factf i
ndingandconci l
iationcommi ssiononf reedom ofassoci at i
on.
Theyexami necompl aintsconcer ningt hecont raventionoft radeuni onr ightsr efer redto
i
tbyt hegov er ni
ngbody .Commi tt
eei nf reedom ofassoci ation.Theyexami net he
compl aintsonf r
eedom ofassoci ations.Compl aintcanbemadebyt henat ionalor
i
nt ernationalor ganizationsofwor kersorempl oyers.Indi ahasgai nedal otf ormt heI LO
event houghourr ecor dsofr atifi
cationorappr ovaloft heconv ent ionar enoti mpr essi ve
sincet her at eofr atif
icationisonl y20%.Butt heseconv entionshav ev aluabl yinfluenced
thecour seofl aborl egislationdi rect l
yori ndirectly
.Manyi mpor t
antenact ment sar e
adapt edf rom t heconv entionsofI LO.Foranexampl eFact oriesAct ,ESIAct ,et c.The
ser vi
cesofI LOexper tswer eusedi nv ar i
ousar easofourI Rmat tersandr ef l
ect edi ts
resul tinDev elopmenti nI ndi anText ileI ndust ri
esofBombayandAhmadabadand
engi neer i
ngi ndust r
yi nCal cuttaTr ainingwi t
hini ndust ryprogr amme.Assi stancet o
Nat i
onalAppr enticeship Counci lasr egar dst ov ocat i
onalt raini ng.Dev elopmentof
handi craf t
sandcot t
agei ndust r
ies.I mpactofI nternationalst andar dsonI ndianl abor
l
egi slati
onI LOhel psallthemember s’ nat i
onsi ncludingI ndiator ewr i
tet heirconcepton
i
ndust ri
alr elationst hrought heirconv ent i
onsandr ecommendat ions.Accor dingl yI ndia
alsogotbenef i
ttedbyI LOon
Fol
l
owi
ngaspect
s:-
Condi
ti
onsofwor
ks
(i
)ILOgi
vespeci
alatt
entiononworki
ngcondit
ionsofworkeri
ncl
uding(
a)hoursofwork
(b)weeklyrest(e)holidays wi
th pay (
e)met hod ofwage regul
ati
ons (
1)labor
admini
str
ati
onandinspecti
on
(i
i)Employmentofchi l
drenandy oungperson-
Theconv enti
onsandr ecommendat ion
mademanyr ef
erencesdi rect
lyori ndi
rect
lyaboutthewor kingcondi t
ionsofy out h.
Aboutmi nimum age,pr ohi
biti
ons,abouthazardousoccupations,edicalexaminat
ions,
ni
ghtwor ket c.Alltheseconv enti
onsandr ecommendationhav ebeenincorporat
edi n
ourFact
or yActandEmpl oymentofChi ldr
enAct.Theconv entionsandEmpl oymentof
womenr ecommendat ionsofI LO aboutconditi
onsforempl oymentwomenwor ker s
havebeeni ncorporatedi nourFact oryActMat er
nit
yBenef itActandot herActsi n
connect
ionwi thwomenwor kers.
(i
v)Heal
th,
saf
etyandwelf
are-Convent
ionsandrecommendat
ionsrel
atedtosuchar
ea
hasal
sobeenincl
udedi
nourvari
ousActsincl
udi
ngFactor
yAct,MinesAct,
etc.
(v)Soci
alSecur
it
y-TheILOhasgi
venser
iousattent
iont
omat ter
srel
atedwit
hsocial
securi
tyagai
nstvar
iousri
skwhi
chthewor ker
sar eexposed.Theconvent
ionsand
recommendati
ons r el
ated wit
h pr
ov i
sion of compensati
on,sickness,i
nsurance,
i
nv al
i
dit
y,old age sett
lement
,maternit
ypr ot
ecti
on and gener
alaspects ofsocial
securi
ti
es.Al
ltheseareinv
ari
abl
yadoptedinourvari
ousstat
utor
yacts.
(vi)I ndust r
ialRel at i
ons- ILO hasgi venspeci alat tentionont hemat teroff reedom of
associ ationandhar moni ousr elationsbet weenwor kerandt heempl oy er.Int hisr egar d
sev eralst udieshav ebeenconduct edandconv ent i
onandr ecommendat i
onshasal so
beenmade.Themembercount r
iesi ncl udingI ndiaar ef oll
owi ngt heI LO'sdi rect ionsf or
av oidingi ndust rialdi sput eorunr estandmai nt ai
ningi ndust ri
alpeacei nt heirrespect ive
count ies.Thebasi ct hingt obedonei st oel i
mi nat et her ootcausesofi ndust rial
disput es.Thati s,pr ev ent i
vemeasur esshoul dbet akensot hatsuchdi sput edoesnot
occur .Whensuchpr ev enti
vemachi neryf ail
st hent hedi sputeset t
lementmachi neryby
the st ate shoul d be act i
vated si nce t he illef f
ectofi ndust ri
aldi sput er esul tst o
i
r r
epar abl elosst oal lt heconcer ned.LaborPol i
cies:Enact ment sofSt ateLabourl aws
andPol iciesI ndia' slaborpol i
cyi spr imar i
lybasedonv ar iousl aborlaws.Theai msof f
ice
Indiader i
v ethei ror igin, i
nspirationandst r
engt hpar tl
yonv iewsexpr essedbyi mpor tant
nat i
onall eader sdur ingt heday snat i
onalf reedom st ruggl e,par t
lyf r
om t hedebat esof
the const i
tutionalassembl y and par t
lyf rom t he pr ov i
sion of const i
tut ion and
Internat ionalconv entionsandr ecommendat ions.Ther elevanceoft hedi gnityofhuman
l
aborashumanandt heneedf orsaf eguar dingt heirint erestashumanbei nghasbeen
enshr inedi nChapt erI II(Arti
cles16, 19,24824)andChapt erIV(Ar t
icle39,41, 42, 43,43A
&54)oft heconst ituti
onofI ndi akeepi ngt hel inewi t
hFundament alRight sandDi rective
princi plesofSt atepol icy.Thel aborl awal soi nf l
uencedbyi mpor tantHumanRi ghtsand
theconv entionsandst andar dst hathav eemer gedf rom t heUN.Ourl aborl awshav e
alsobeensi gni ficant l
yi nfluencedbyt hedel iberationoft hev ari
oussessi onsoft he
Indianl aborconf er enceandI LC.Laborl egislat i
onhasal sobeenshapedandi nf luenced
byt her ecommendat ionofv ariousNat ionalCommi tteesandCommi ssionsst ar t
ing
from Fi rstNat ionalcommi ssiononl abor( 1969)t ojudi cialpr onouncement sonl abor
relatedmat tersspeci ficallyper tainingt omi nimum wages,bondedl abor ,chi ldl abor ,
cont ractl abor ,
I
NDUSTRI
ALDI
SPUTESOLVI
NGTECHNI
QUES
Therearetwot ypesoftechniquesinthisconnecti
ontobeappl i
edt oavoi
dindustri
al
unrest (
a) Preventi
ve Machinery( volunt
ary st
atut
ory)(b) sett
lement machinery
(St
atutor
y)Preventi
veMachinery(v
oluntaryornonstat
utor
y)
(
a)Wor
ker
sPar
ti
ci
pat
ioni
nManagement
I
tisamet hodwher
ebywor
ker
sar
eal
l
owedt
obeconsul
tedandhav
etosayi
nthe
managementoft
heuni
t.
(
b)Col
l
ect
iveBar
gai
ning
I
tisasituat
ioninwhichessent
ialcondi
tionsofempl
oymentar
edet
ermi
nedt
hrougha
bar
gai
ningpr ocessbytherepr
esentat
ivesofworker
sontheonehandandofoneor
moreemployersontheother
.
(
e)Gr
iev
ancepr
ocedur
e
Sincethegr
ievancesareindi
cator
sofconfl
i
ctsi
ntheorgani
zati
on,itshoul
dbehandled
caref
ull
ybytheempl oy
er.Iti
sthedut
yofthemangert
of i
ndidealsolut
iont
ogri
evances
athisownlevel
.
(
d)Tr
ipar
ti
teBodi
es
Theprinci
pleandpolici
esoftri
part
itebodyhav ebeenamachi
neryofconsul
tancyatthe
i
ndustryandnat ionallevel
.Ther epresentat
ivesoftheworker
sandempl oyersare
nominatedtot hesebodiesbyt hecent ralgov er
nmenti
nconsult
ati
onwithAl lIndi
a
organi
zati
onofwor kersandemployers.
(
e)Codeofdi
sci
pli
ne
CodeofDisci
pli
neisasetofselfi
mposedandmut
ual
l
yagr
eedpr
inci
plest
omai
ntai
n
goodr
elat
ionbetweenempl
oyerandemploy
ees.
(
1)St
andi
ngOr
der
s
Standi
ngordercont
ainst
hecondit
ionstobeobli
gedfr
om appoi
ntmentt
oreti
rement
.It
regul
atest
heconditi
onsofemploymentconduct
,di
sci
pli
naryact
,di
schar
ge,etcoft
he
workmenempl oy
edinanorgani
zat
ion.
Set
tl
ementmachi
ner
y(St
atut
ory
)
PowerofAppr
opr
iat
eGov
ernment
I
nt hefoll
owi
ngcircumst
ancest
hedi
sput
escanber
efer
redf
oradj
udi
cat
ionbyt
he
appropr
iat
egover
nment:
-

 Whent
hesi
tuat
ionbecomesi
ntense

 Whent
her
eiscont
inuedst
oppageofpr
oduct
ionduet
olongst
ri
ke

 Wheni
tisi
npubl
i
cint
erestdur
ingper
iodofemer
gency

 Whenpr
oduct
ionneedt
obecar
ri
edonwi
thouti
nter
rupt
ion
Adj
udi
cat
ion
Adjudicat
ionmeansamandat orysettl
ementofdisputebyal aborcourtorat r
ibunal
.
The gov ernmentref
ersthe disput
ef oradj
udicati
on depending on the f
ail
ure of
concil
iati
onproceedi
ngsSecti
on10ofI ndi
anDisputeActproviderefer
enceofdispute
tol abor court or t
ri
bunal
.The di sput
es arer efer
red to adjudi
cati
on on t he
recommendat ionofconci
liat
ionofficerwhohaddeal twi
ththecaseear l
ier
.Butitisup
tothegov er
nmentt oacceptorr ej
ectt heproposalofconcil
iat
ionoffi
cer.Butoncethe
caseisreferredforadj
udicati
on,thev erdi
ctoft hecourtortri
bunalisbindi
ngonbot h
parti
es.Themai nobject
iveofadj udicati
onist omaintai
nindustr
ialpeacebyst oppi
ng
theparti
esfrom causi
ngwor kstoppageandpr ovi
dinga
Met
hodf
orset
tl
ementofdi
sput
es
Thesy st
em ofadjudicationisthemostsi
gni
ficanti
nst
rumentofresol
vingthedi
sputes,
butiti
sbei ngcri
ti
cizedduet othedel
ayinv
ol v
edinsett
lement
.Fur t
hertheconti
nued
dependenceofadj udicationdepri
vesthetr
adeuni onofthei
rri
ghtt orecogni
zeand
consol
idatethei
rstr
engt h.
Adjudicati
onconsi st
sofset tl
ingdisputest hroughint
ervent
ionofthi
rdpartyappoint
ed
byt hegov er
nment .Thel aw provi
desadj udicati
ontobeconductedbyt helaborcourt,
I
ndust ryNationalTribunalAdjudicat
ionbyLaborCour tAlaborcourtconsistsofone
person,whonor mall
yasi t
ti
ngoranj udgeofhi ghcourt
.Itmaybeconst i
tutedbythe
appr opr
iat
egov ernmentf oradjudi
cati
on.
Adj
udi
cat
ionbyI
ndust
ri
alTr
ibunal
I
ndust ri
alTribunalis also a one man body.The i ndustr
ialtr
ibunalhas a wider
j
urisdicti
onthant hel
aborcourt.Herethepresi
dingof f
icercanhavet woassessorsor
assistantstoadvisei
nt heproceedi
ngs.Theappr opr
iat
egov ernmentisempower edto
providetheseassessor
s.
Adj
udi
cat
ionbyNat
ional
Tri
bunal
Thecentralgover
nmentconst it
utesanat i
onaltr
ibunalforadjudi
cati
onasperthe
secondandt hi
rdschedul eoft heActoranymat t
eri nv
olvesquest
ionofnat
ional
i
mpor t
anceorthedisputeisofsuchki
ndthatunder
takingestabl
i
shedinmoret
hanone
stat
eareli
kel
ytobeaf fect
edbysuchadisputes
Vol
unt
aryAr
bit
rat
ion
TheIndianDi sputeAct1947r ecognizesv ol
untaryarbitr
ationasamet hodf orset t
li
ng
i
ndustri
aldi sputes.I
nt hi
smet hodofset tl
i
ngdi sputes,at hirdneut ralpar tyaj udge
hearsandcol lectst
hefactsfrom thet wopar ti
esandpr oceedt omakeadeci sionwhich
i
susual l
ybi ndingupont heuni on(pr i
mar ypar t
y)andt heempl oyer( secondpr i
mary
part
y).
Bipartit
eCommi t
teesIfeithertheunionormanagementr esistsheest abl i
shment
ofvoluntarycol l
ect
ivebargai
ning,butt hest atefeel
st hatcollectivebar gainingwi l
lbe
eff
ecti
ve, i
tmayadv i
seorencour ageorev eni mposecol l
ect i
vebar gaini
ngcompul sor
il
y
onthetwopar ti
estosettl
etheirdisputesthroughnegot i
ationanddi scussions.
Abipar
tit
ecommi t
teeconsi
stsofr
epresent
ati
vesofwor
kersandempl
oyeratfact
ory
l
evelwi
llbeconst
it
utedorassembl
ed.Suchcommitt
eewi
llworkont
hepri
nci
pleofnip
theevi
linthebudandsettl
ethedi
sput
esassoonast heyappearanddonotper
mit
them t
ogr ow l
argeandt
akeanunmanageabl
eshape.Themai nreasonf
orbi
par
ti
te
committeeist
o:-
•Pr
omotemeasuresforsecur
ingandpr
eser
vingami
tyandgoodr
elat
ionbet
weent
he
wor
kerandempl
oyer
•Commentuponmat ter
softhecommoni nt
erestEncour
agebot
hthepar
ti
est
oset
tl
e
t
heirdi
ff
erencesi
fanywit
houtt
hear
bit
rat
or
Conci
l
iat
ion
Concil
iation i
sa pr ocessbywhi ch representati
vesofwor ker
sand empl oyer
sar e
broughtt ogetherbeforeat hi
rdpar tyforf indingsolut
iontothei
rdi sputest hrough
di
scussi on.Thatist heconcili
ationisapr ocessbywhi chthediscussionbet ween
workersandempl oyeriskeptgoi ngont hrought heacti
vi
ti
esofaconci l
iator
.The
concil
iatorhelpst or esol
vi
ngt heirdi
f f
erencesandkeepst hem to under standand
appreciatethesit
uati
onbet t
er.
TheI ndust r
ial DisputeAct1947pr ov i
desf ortheappoi ntmentofconci l
iat
or.Section4of
theActst atest hatt hegov ernmentshal lappoi ntsuchnumberofper sonsasi tthinkf i
t
asaconci l
iat orsof fi
cerTheconci l
iationof f
icershal lsubmi tar epor twithin14day s
from thedat eofcommencementoft heconci l
i
at ionpr oceedi ngs.TheActpr ohibitsa
stri
keoral ockoutwhent heconci li
ationpr oceedi ngi sinpr ogress.Theconci l
iatoract
as communi cation cat al
ystormet hod and t hei ref fectiveness depends on t heir
i
mpar t
iali
tyandont heircapaci tytowi nt het r
ustofbot ht hepar tiesIncompul sory
concili
at i
onandmedi ati
on,t hegov ti mposesanont hewor kersandmanagementt o
refertheirdi sput est oobligat i
ont heconci l
iationandmedi at i
onser v i
ce.Thegov tal so
preventsbot ht hepar t
iesfrom wor kst oppaget illconci l
iationormedi at
ionisgoi ngon
Theot hert hingst onot eistheconci l
iationof fi
cerhasnopowert of orceset t
lementbut
canwor kwi t
ht hepar ti
essepar atel
yt odet ermi net heirr espectiveposi ti
ons,expl aina
positi
onmor ef ullytot heopposi tion,poi ntoutbasesf oragr eementt hatmaynothav e
beenev i
dentpr ev i
ously,helpsi nthesear chofsol ut i
onandgener all
yf acil
it
atether each
ofanagr eement .Theconci l
iatorsandmedi ator sar easkedt ofurnisht hei
rreportwi thin
theper iodoft ime.I ftheef fortstor econci l
ear ef ail
ed,thent hewor kersaref r
eet ogo
onst ri
keandempl oyersar ef r
eet odecl arelockout .Thedut i
esofconci l
iati
onof fi
cer
are:-
•Medi
ateandpr
omot
etheset
tl
ement
•Tohol
dtheconci
l
iat
orypr
oceedi
ngs
•Toi
nvest
igat
ethedi
sput
e
•Tosendar
epor
tandmemor
andum ofset
tl
ementt
otheappr
opr
iat
egov
ernment
Tosendaful
lrepor
ttot
heappropr
iat
egovernmentaboutt
hest
epst
akeni
nthecase
wher
enosett
lementi
sar
ri
vedatTri
par
tit
ebody.
I
ndust ri
alrel
ati
onsi nI ndiahav ebeenemer gedl argelybyt heatindust r
yandnat ional
l
ev el
s.Thepr i
ncipl
eandpol i
ciesoftri
parti
teprinciplesandpol iciesev ol
v edthr
ough
tri
parti
teconsultati
vemachi nerybodyhav ebeenamachi neryofconsul tancyatt he
i
ndust ryandnat i
onall evel.Itwasest abl
ishedt omakepaceandi mprovet herel
at i
on
betweenmanagementandt heunionsandf orest abl i
shi
ngasmoot hrel
ationbetween
managementandwor kers.Itbeganasast at
utoryor ganizati
onbyt hecommendat i
onof
theWhi teyCommi ssiont ot heI LOin1931.( Thet ripart
it
ebodyhast obesuf fi
cientl
y
l
arget oensur esuf f
icientr epresent
ati
onoft hev ariousi nt
erest
si nvol
ved,encour age
representat
ivesofempl oyer ,employeeandgov ernmentt omeetr egul
arly
.Thepr i
me
objectsofthebodyar e: -

 To bri
ngaggr
avat
edpar t
iestoget
herf
ormutualset
tl
ementofdi
sput
esand
encour
aget
hespir
itofcooper
ati
onandgoodwi
l
l.

 Topr
omot
euni
for
mit
yinl
aborl
awsandl
egi
slat
ion

 Todi
scussal
lmat
ter
sofnat
ional
impor
tancebet
weenempl
oyerandempl
oyees

 Todet
ermi
nepl
anf
orset
tl
ementf
oral
ldi
sput
es.
Medi
ati
on
Medi at
ionisalsoaconfl
ictsol
vingdevi
ceinindustri
aldispute.Mediat
ionisani nf
ormal
processf orhelpi
ngpeopl etosettl
etheirdisputewi ththehelpofanout siderwho
attemptst ost
imulat
elaborandmanagementt oreachatsomet y
peofanagr eement.
Themedi atorunli
keanar bi
tr
atorcannotdeci
det hei ssue.Hesimplylist
ens,suggest
s
communi catesandpersuadesbutdoesnotgiv eanyawar d.
I
nvest
igat
ion
Thegov er
nmentmaysetupmachi ner
ytoinvest
igateintoanyThemachi neryforthat
maybeaCour tofInquir
ytoexploredi
sput
e.Mayt hetruef
actsandissuesi nvolvedin
thedi sput
e.Awi deAwi depubl
ici
tybegiventoitbecause,quitepossible,thepublic
opinionmaycompelt het woparti
estoleavethei rri
gidandobstinateoradamant
atti
tudesandt r
yt oarr
iveatasettl
ement.Moreov ertheperi
odofcourtofi nquirymay
becomeacool ingoffper i
odforthetwopr i
marypar ti
estorethi
nkandt or econsider
theirstandspeaceful
ly.ThecourtofInqui
ryisgi
v enalmostsamest atutorypoweras
remai nwithacivi
lcourt
.
Negot
iat
ion.
Negot
iat
ioni
sapr ocessunderwhi
chattemptsar
emadetoarri
veatanagr
eementon
wagesandothereconomicbenefi
tsandothert
ermsandcondi
ti
onsofser
viceoft
he
worker
s.Iti
nvol
vespr
oposal
sandsuggesti
onmadebyboththepar
ti
esfol
l
owedby
di
scussi
on,count
erpr
oposal
s,ar
gument,et
ctoarr
iveatset
tl
ementfor
mulat
othe
i
ssueconcer
ned
Negot i
ationbet weent heempl oyerandwor keri sani mpor tantaspectofcol l
ective
bargaini
ng.Opendi scussion,mut ualr espectandat temptt oappr eciatet heot herpar t
y
areessent ialf actorsforf ruit
fulnegot iat
ion.Ther ei snol egalcompul siont onegot iate
onanymat t erunderdi sput eWheni nanor ganization, thewor keruni onr aisesany ,
issue,
theIndust r
ialRel ati
onof fManageort heor ganizationmaypr imar i
lywor koni tandhav e
discussi
onwi tht her epresent ati
vesoft heuni onandi ni
tiateneedf ulact ionandt he
outcomeoft hesamewi llbecommuni cat edtot het opmanagement .Ift hei ssuei s
foundt obeunsol vedi mmedi atel
y,adat emaybef i
xedf orf urthernegot i
ati
onsoast o
comepr epar edandi snotonl yint hehandsofI Rof ficerbutat eam ofseni ormanager
canputf ortht heirsayt omakeadi gnifi
edsol ut i
on.Thepowerf ornegot i
ational sosit
fornegot i
ationwhenmor et hanoneuni onr epresent ativearet herefordi scussi on.
Forbet
ternegot
iat
iont
hef
oll
owi
ngst
epsar
etobet
aken:
-
•For
mat
ionofgoodnegot
iat
ingTeam
•Makeagoodst
art
Mai
ntai
ncont
inui
tyofTal
ks
•Dev
eloppr
obl
em sol
vi
ngabi
l
ity
Encour
agel
eader
shi
p
•Cont
ractadmi
nist
rat
ion
Feat
uresofNegot
iat
ion
Thepr ocessofnegotiat
ioni sendingonar r
ivalatapointofcompr omise.Normal l
y
negoti
ationstar
tswi
thput t
ingforwardcl
aimsbybot hthepar
ti
esandast henegotiat
ion
proceedsaheadonesidewi ll
agreetoreducei
tsdemandononei t
em i
nreturnforsome
concessionbytheotherside.Itact
uall
ynecessit
atesconsi
derabl
eroom foragil
it
yand
forgiveandtake.
Av
oidanceofunf
airl
aborpr
act
ices
Unfairpracti
cesmayembitt
erthenegoti
ati
ons.Negoti
ati
oncanbemadeef fect
iveand
resultorient
ed onlyi
fther
eisan at mosphereofmut ualrecognit
ion and respect
.
Collect
ivebargai
ningi
stoat
tai
nagoalandi ti
stheref
oreimportantt
omakesur ethati
t
i
sr all
yacommongoal .Ther
emustbecommonobj ecti
veforpeaceanddiscipli
ne,
I
mpr
ovementi
nwor
kingcondi
ti
ons.
Theemploy
erhastheri
ghttomangeandunionhastheri
ghtt
oorgani
zeandf
ightf
or
j
usti
ce,
somutualr
especti
sessent
ial
toar
ri
veataunani
mousdeci
sion.
FORMSOFDI
SPUTES(
MGUEXAM,
FEB2021,
OCT2019,
JAN2022)
Str
ikes,Undersecti
on2(q)ofi
ndustri
aldisputeact1947,st
ri
kemeansacessat i
onof
workbyabodyofper sonsemployed inanyi ndust
ryacti
ng i
ncombi nat
ion,ora
concertedr
efusalunderacommonunder standi
ngofanynumberofpersonswhoar eor
havebeensoempl oyedtocont
inuetowor kortoacceptempl
oyment"
Whenev erthe wor
kersfeelanyt ype ofgr i
evances due t
o non removaloft heir
gri
evancesbymanagement,theworker
sunitetogethertofi
ghtitoutandthi
sresul
tsto
i
ndustri
alunrest
,conf
li
ctanddisputeThisf urt
herleadstost r
ikelockout,pi
cketi
ng
gherao.St
ri
keisanult
imat
etooltouseagainstthemanagement .
Causesofst
ri
ke
i
)Wagedi
sput
es
I
I)Wor
kingar
rangementandcondi
ti
ons
I
II
)di
sput
eonwor
kinghour
s
I
V)t
radeuni
onr
ecogni
ti
on
v
)int
ernal
disput
eoft
radeuni
on
v
i)v
ict
imi
zat
ionfmember
shi
p
Vi
i
)undeser
vedpuni
shment
,abuseandmi
sbehav
ebysuper
ior
s
I
mpact
sofst
ri
ke
i
)Itcausesemot
ional
tensi
on
i
i
)Itcr
eat
esunempl
oyment
i
i
i)I
tresul
tsl
ossofout
putt
her
ebyl
oss
i
v)I
tcausesl
ossourmanhour
s
v)I
fthestr
ikefai
l
s(a)i
tmayleadtodi
smissalandevenwi
thdr
awalofgi
venpr
ivi
l
eges
and(b)t
err
ori
zeworkmenanddegr
adethei
rmorals.
FORMSOFSTRI
KE
(
a)Of
fi
cial
andunof
fi
cial
str
ike
Anoff
ici
alst
ri
kesisonewhichi
sacall
edbyt
heuni
onbutt
heunof
fi
cialst
ri
kedoesnot
hav
etheapproval
ofthet
radeuni
on.
(
b)Gener
alandpar
ti
cul
arst
ri
ke
Ageneralstr
ikecover
sawi derangeofindustr
iesandi
sov
eral argepar
tofthecountr
y
butpar
ti
cularstr
ikehavesmall
ercover
agei .
estri
keinf
ewfact
oriesofapar
ti
cularpl
ace.
(
c)Go-sl
owst
ri
kes
Theworkersmaycomet ot hef act
orybutt heyslowdownt hepaceofwor kwhichleads
tol
owerdownt heproduct ionsandl osstot heempl oyer.Go-slowi sl
ikelytobemuch
more har
mf ulthan totalcessat ion ofwor k by str
ike.Act ually
,whi l
ei n a stri
ke
machi
neri
esar ekeptf ull
yt urnedof f,butingosl ow st r
ikethemachi neri
esarekept
goi
ngonl owspeedwhi chof tenposedamaget osuchmachi nes.Sogo- slowmodehas
al
waysbeenconsideredaser i
oust ypeofmi sconductbutt heridicul
ousthingisgosl ow
i
snotastrikesi
nceatnot imet her
eisast oppageofwor k.
(
d)Qui
cki
est
ri
ke
Wor
kersmaycometothewor
kpl
acebutst
opwor
kforf
ewmi
nut
esorf
ewhour
sand
t
henrest
artt
hei
rwor
k.
(
e)Si
tdownst
ri
ke
Wor
ker
smayr
epor
ttodut
yint
hef
act
orybutdonotwor
k.
(
f)Sy
mpat
het
icSt
ri
kes
Thisisaspeci
alone,astr
ikeforadayorsoisconduct
edinsy
mpathywi
thanot
her
groupofwor
kerswhoareal
readyinst
ri
ke,
soastoboostt
hei
rmoral
e.
(
g)Hungerst
ri
ke
I
nhungerstri
kethestr
iker
sleav
eallf
oodsandliqui
dsandkeepfasti
ngtil
laccept
ance
ofthei
rdemand.I
tisastri
kebysomeoral
lworkersorev
enoutsi
dersforaccept
anceof
thedemands.
(
h)Li
ght
ningorwi
l
dcatst
ri
ke
A wildcatstr
ikeisanunof fi
cialstr
ikewithouttheappr ovaloft radeunion.Iti
sa
viol
ati
onofthenonstri
kepledgei ncoll
ect
ivebargai
ningagreement s.Insuchsit
uat
ion
theunionisobligat
ed to usei t
spowert o end thest hest r
ike.Suchst ri
kesare
prohi
bit
edinpubl
icuti
li
tyservi
cesundersecti
on22ofi ndustr
ialdi
sput eact1947.
(
i)Wor
ktoRul
e
I
nt hi
scasetheworker
smayensuretheirpresenceonthejobanddot heworkli
ter
all
yin
accordancewit
htherul
esandprocedureslaiddownf orthepurpose.Usual
l
ytheyuse
therulesi
nsuchamannert
hattheyresulti
ndi sl
ocat
ionofworks.
LOCK-
OUT(
MGUEXAM OCT2019)
Justasstri
keisaweaponi nt hehandsofwor kerstogetaccept edt heirdemandl ock
outistheweaponi nt hehandsofempl oyertoputpressureonwor kers.Empl oyer
thr
oughdeclar
ati
onofLockoutwar nswor kerstokeepawayf r
om t hewor k.Lockouti s
theoutcomeofani ndust
rialdispute,Lockouti sthecorrespondi ngweaponi nt he
handsofanempl oy
ert oresistthecollecti
vedemandofwor kmenort oenforcehi s
ter
msandcondi t
ionaboutwor k.Thecour thel
dont hematt
ert hatwor ks'suspensioni s
adisci
pli
nar
ymeasur ewhichdoesnotamountt ol
ockoutandal solayof fortempor ary
suspensi
onofwor kwil
lnotbeal ockout.
GHERAO
Itmeans( encir
cl ementoft hemanagerorof fi
cialtocriminall
yintimi datehimt oaccept
the demand ofwor ker
s.The wor kersf orce t he employert or emai n conf i
ned or
restr
ictedint heirof f
icesforhour sorev enday s.Theempl oyersomet imesi sf orcedt o
remai nwi thoutf oodandwat erandev ennotal l
owedt ogooutf ornat uralcall.
)I n
contrastt ost r
ikewhi chputf inancialpressuresont heempl oyer,agher aoi nvol
v es
physicalcoer ci
oni .
e.ittendstoi nf
li
ctori mposephy sicalduressorconst raintsont he
empl oyer.Ingher aothewor kersencircletheof fi
ceofempl oyer,closeal ltheexi tsand
sitaroundi nbat ches.Sot hegher aoendanger st heindustri
alharmony ,createspr oblem
oflawandor der)Act uall
yitispr i
mitivemet hodusedi nEnglandi near lyday soft r
ade
unions.
LAYOFF(
MGUFEB2021,
JAN2022)
Accor
dingt
oSee2(kkk)l
ayof
fmeansthefai
lur
e,r
efusalori
nabi
l
ityofanempl
oyert
o
gi
veemploy
mentt
oawor kmanonaccountof
(
a)Shor
tageofr
esour
cesi
ncl
udi
ngpower
,mat
eri
als
(
b)Theaccumul
ati
onofst
ocks
(
c)Br
eakdownofpl
antandmachi
ner
y
(
d)Anynat
ural
cal
ami
ty
(
e)Anyot
herconnect
edr
easons
Wor kment hosewhohav ebeenmust eredont hemust errollandhasr eportedhis
presencedur i
ngnormalwor ki
nghoursonanydayandhasnotbeengi venempl oyment
byt heemployerwithintwohour sfr
om hisrepor
tingisdeemedt ohav ebeenl ai
dof ff
or
thatdaywi thi
nthemeani ngoft hisclause:pr
ov i
dedthatifthewor kmani nsteadof
beinggivenempl oymentatt hecommencementofanyshi ftforanydayi saskedt o
presenthimselfforthepur pose,duri
ngthesecondhal foftheshiftforthedayandi s
givenemploy ment,then,hei sdeemedt ohavebeenl ai
dof fonlyforthehalfday .Sec
25Cprovi
desenti
tl
ementofst atutor
ycompensationtothelaidof
fworker
s.Butf ora
workmanwhoislai
doffformor ethan45day sduri
ngaperiodof12monthswi l
lnotbe
gi
vencompensat
ionfortheper i
odofl ayoffaf
terexpi
ryoffir
st45day
s,ifthereisan
agr
eementinthi
sr egardbetweenbot htheparti
es.Forclai
mingcompensationthe
workmanmustsati
sfythef
oll
owi ng:

 Hemustnotbebadl
ywor
kmanoracasual
wor
kman.

 Hi
snamemustbebor
nei
nthemust
err
oll

 Hemusthav
ecompl
etednotl
esst
hanoney
earcont
inuousser
vice
Thewor
kmant hosesati
sfyt
heabov
econdi
ti
onsshallbepaidcompensat
ionoral
lday
s
ofl
ayof
f,exceptf
orsuchweekl
yhol
iday
sasmayintervenes.
RETRENCHMENT
Accordi
ngtosect
ion2(OO) ,
ret
renchmentmeanst erminat
ionofbyt
heempl
oyerofthe
ser
viceofawor kmanf oranyr easonwhatsoever,other
wisethanasapunishment
i
nfl
ictedbywayofdi
sci
plinar
yactionbutdoesnotincl
ude:-
(
a)Vol
unt
aryr
eti
rementofwor
kman
(
b)Ret
ir
ementonsuper
annuat
ion
(
c)Ter
minat
ionofser
viceduet
oil
lheal
thoronmedi
cal
ground.
(
d)Ter
minat
ionofser
viceduet
onon-
renewal
ofcont
ractofempl
oyment
.
Ret
renchmentdi
ff
ersf
rom l
ayof
fint
woway
s:-
Fi
rst
:Retrenchmentisapermanentremovalfrom must
erroll
.Butlayof
fisat empor
ary
measure,Second:whereasther
eissubsi
stingemployer,employeerel
ati
onshipdur
ing
l
ayoffbutthatrel
ati
onshi
pister
minatedi
nt hecaseofretr
enchment.