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Descriptive Statistics Using SPSS_ Step-by-Step Guide

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Descriptive Statistics Using SPSS_ Step-by-Step Guide

Uploaded by

Awosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Descriptive Dr.

Naureen Aleem

Statistics Using
SPSS: Step-by-Step
Guide with
Example
Median Dr.Naureen Aleem

The median is the middle value of a dataset when the values are
arranged in ascending order. If the dataset has an even number
of observations, the median is the average of the two middle
values.
Example:
Data (Odd Number): 5, 7, 8, 10, 12
Median = 8 (middle value)
Data (Even Number): 5, 7, 8, 10
Median: 7+8 = 7.5
2
3. Mode Dr.Naureen Aleem

The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a


dataset. There can be one mode (unimodal), more than one
mode (multimodal), or no mode if all values are unique.

Example:
Data: 5, 8, 10, 7, 5

Mode: 5 (appears twice, more frequently than


other values)
Standard Deviation (SD)
The standard deviation measures the dispersion or spread of data Dr.Naureen Aleem

points around the mean. It indicates how much variability there is


in the dataset.

Formula:

Where:
XXX: Each data point
MMM: Mean of the dataset
NNN: Total number of data points
Example:
Data: 5, 8, 10, 7, 5
Mean (MMM): 7
Coefficient of Variation (CV) Dr.Naureen Aleem

The coefficient of variation is a relative measure of variability that expresses the


standard deviation as a percentage of the mean.
Formula:
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS IN SPSS:
Dr.Naureen Aleem
Step 1: Open Your Data in SPSS
1.Open SPSS software. Dr.Naureen Aleem

2.Load your dataset by:


⚬ Clicking on File > Open > Data, then select your .sav file
(SPSS format).
3.If you do not have data yet, manually input values in the Data
View tab and define variables in the Variable View tab.
Example Dataset:
• A dataset measuring the age, GPA, and hours spent studying
weekly for 30 students.
Step 2: Access Descriptive Statistics
Dr.Naureen Aleem

1.Go to the menu bar and click on Analyze > Descriptive


Statistics > Descriptives... or Analyze > Descriptive
Statistics > Frequencies... (depending on what you
need).
2.Select the variables you want to analyze:
⚬ Move them from the left panel to the right panel
using the arrow button.
Step 3: Customize Your Output
Dr.Naureen Aleem
1.For Descriptives: Select "Options" to include
measures like mean, standard deviation,
variance, range, minimum, and maximum.
2.For Frequencies:
⚬ Click on the "Statistics" button.
⚬ Choose additional metrics like mode, median,
skewness, and kurtosis.
⚬ Optionally, check "Charts" for visualizations
(e.g., histograms).
Step 4: Run the Analysis

Dr.Naureen Aleem

• Click OK to run the analysis.


• The output window will display tables containing
your results.
Step 5: Interpret the Results
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Example Results (Hypothetical):


• Age: Mean = 21.67, SD = 2.35, Range = 18-25
• GPA: Mean = 3.5, SD = 0.5, Range = 2.8-4.0
• Study Hours per Week: Mean = 10.2, SD = 3.8,
Range = 4-18
Step 5: Interpret the Results
Dr.Naureen Aleem

Example Results (Hypothetical):


• Age: Mean = 21.67, SD = 2.35, Range = 18-25
• GPA: Mean = 3.5, SD = 0.5, Range = 2.8-4.0
• Study Hours per Week: Mean = 10.2, SD = 3.8,
Range = 4-18
tep 6: Report Results in APA Style
When reporting descriptive statistics in APA style: Dr.Naureen Aleem

1.Include measures such as mean (M) and standard


deviation (SD) in parentheses.
2.Report significant figures as appropriate.
Example APA-Style Reporting:
• Participants (N = 30) had a mean age of 21.67 years (SD
= 2.35). The average GPA was 3.5 (SD = 0.5), and
students reported studying an average of 10.2 hours
per week (SD = 3.8).
Step 7: Save Your Output
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1.To save the output file, click File > Save As in the
output window and choose a location.
2.To export tables or charts, right-click them and
select Export or copy them directly into your
document.
Example in Context
Research Question: Dr.Naureen Aleem

What are the descriptive statistics for age, GPA, and study hours among
university students?
Steps Taken:
• Loaded the dataset into SPSS.
• Analyzed the data using the Descriptive Statistics menu.
• Obtained and interpreted results.
APA-Style Results Section:
The sample consisted of 30 university students aged 18 to 25 years (M =
21.67, SD = 2.35). Participants reported a mean GPA of 3.5 (SD = 0.5),
and they studied for an average of 10.2 hours per week (SD = 3.8).
Dr.Naureen Aleem
Reseul
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Dr.Naureen Aleem

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