LM-add-maths-section-2-New-LVersion
Uploaded by
judedautey20LM-add-maths-section-2-New-LVersion
Uploaded by
judedautey20SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Additional Mathematics Year 1
SECTION
2 SURDS, INDICES AND
LOGARITHMS
1
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
MODELLING WITH ALGEBRA
Number and Algebraic Patterns
INTRODUCTION
Surds will provide a foundation for understanding more complex mathematical
concepts. Surds being a square root of Non-perfect Squares, introduce learners
to irrational numbers. These numbers cannot be expressed as simple fractions
and have decimal expansions that neither terminate nor repeat. Familiarity with
surds helps learners to grasp the concept of irrationality. The use of surds enables
the engineers to calculate the dimensions and angles for bridges and buildings,
ensuring structural stability and load–bearing capacity.
At the end of this section, you will be able to:
· Investigate the properties of surds and perform basic arithmetic operations
on surds
· Rationalise surds with binomial denominators
· Recollect the initial laws of indices and establish other laws for negative
powers and roots
· Recognise the relationship between surds and indices and apply laws of
indices to simplify expressions
· Pose and solve simple equations involving indices
· Establish the relationship between indices and logarithms and use the
properties of logarithms to solve related problems in one base
Key Ideas:
· Surds are values expressed in the square root, that cannot be __ further
__ __
simplified into whole numbers or integers. Examples include √ 2 , √ 3 , √ 5 .
· Surds have decimal
__ representations that go on forever without repeating.
For example, √2 is approximately 1.4142135………….,√ __ 3 is
approximately 1.7320508…………etc. These decimals are considered
irrational.
2
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
___ __ 3
_
· Values or numbers in the form √ 16 = 4, √ 4 = 2, √ 8 = 2 are not surds
as their respective answers are whole numbers or exact figures and not
repeating decimals.
· In general, expressions of the form am are called indices, where a is called
the base and m is called the index or exponent or power and it is read as
“a exponent m” or “a to the power of m”.
· On the other hand, if we have the equation we say that y = am , the
exponent m is the logarithm of y to base a. it is written log
ay = m.
DEFINITION, PROPERTIES AND
SIMPLIFICATION OF SURDS
Surds were discovered and defined by a European mathematician, Gherardo of
Cremona, in 1150 BC (Joseph, 2010). He used the Pythagoras’ theorem to find the
diagonal of a square and the value of the first surd. He termed this value ‘voiceless’
because the root value had no meaning at that time. Surds are numbers with roots
that cannot be simplified to whole numbers. They are square roots, or other roots,
that cannot be __ written as a simple fraction. Surds or radical__ expressions contain _
roots (like 2 ) that _
√ are not whole numbers. For example,
_ 2 = 1.4142135624
√
_ 3
√
= 1.7320508076, √ 35 = 5.9160797831etc. However, √ 25 = 5and √ 81 = 9, both
have whole number solutions and, thus, are not surds.
The behaviour of numbers can lead to some classifications or groupings.
Activity 2.1
Now, let’s go through the following activities either in small groups or
individually.
1. Use your calculator to compute the following numbers.
_ _ _
i. √ 2 , √ 3 , √ 5 ,
_ _ _
ii. 4 , √ 36 , √ 49 ,
√
2. What was your observation?
You will observe that the numbers in (1) did not have exact values and so were
approximated. However, the numbers in (2) had exact values.
3
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
_ _ _
Expressions of the form √ 2 , 3 √ 5 , 2 + √ 7 and so on that involve or contain square
roots of positive integers which are not perfect squares are called Surds. When
expressed in decimal form, surds are non-terminating and non-repeating.
Though a calculator with a square root key can give values of surds, it must be
noted that, these values they provide are only approximations.
__ __ __
A surd is of the form a ± √ b or √ a ± √ b where a and b are natural numbers,
_ _
not_ perfect
_ _ _ squares, is often referred to as a binomial surd. The numbers
√ 2 , √
3
, √ 5, √ 7, √ 8, √ 10 , etc, are all surds. On the other hand, the numbers where a
certain number multiplied itself to give the number is a perfect square. Examples
of perfect squares are, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25.
Have a go at writing more perfect squared numbers and verify them with the use
of calculator.
Types of Surds
1. Pure Surds: A surd having only a single irrational number is called a pure
surd.
_ _ _
Example, √ 7 , √ 3 , √ 5 , √2
2. Mixed Surds: A surd having a mix of a rational number, and an irrational
number is called a mixed surd.
_ _ _
Example, 5 √ 3 , 12 √ 5 , 7 √ 11 ,
3. Compound Surds: A surd composed of two surds, or a surd and a rational
number is called a compound surd.
_ _ _
Example, √ 3 + √ 10 , 3 + √ 7 ,
4. Binomial Surd: When two surds give rise to one single surd, the resultant
surd is known as a binomial surd.
_ _
Example, √ 30 = √ 15 × 2
Rules/Properties of surds
Surds have rules which influence the way they behave in algebra. Note the
following carefully.
4
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Activity 2.2
In a small group, or individually, use your calculator to verify the following
properties of surds using any numbers of your choice.
Multiplication Rules
_ _ _
1. √ a × √ a = ( √ a ) 2 = a, if a ≥ 0
Examples:
_ _ _
i. 3
√
_
×
_
3
=
√
_ ( √ 3
) 2 = 3
ii. √ 7 × √ 7 = ( √ 7 ) 2 = 7
· The square of a surd is equal to its radical.
_ _ _
2. a ×
√ b
√ = √ (ab)
Examples:
_ _ _ _
i. 2
√ × 3
√ ( )
= 2 × 3 = 6
√ √
_ _ _ _
ii. √ 5 × √ 11 = √ (5 × 11) = √ 55
· The product of two surds is equal to the square roots of their
products.
_ _ _
3. m √ a × √ a = m( √ a ) 2 = m × a = ma
Examples:
_ _ _
i. 5 √ 3 × √ 3 = 5( √ 3 ) 2= 5 × 3 = 15
_ _ _
ii. 3 √ 7 × √ 7 = 3( √ 7 ) 2= 3 × 7 = 21
_ _ _
4. m √ a × n √ a = m × n( √ a ) 2 = mn × a = mna
Examples:
_ _ _
i. 4 √ 5 × 3 √ 5 = 4 × 3( √ 5 ) 2= 12 × 5 = 60
_ _ _
ii. 2 √ 3 × 5 √ 3 = 2 × 5( √ 3 ) 2= 10 × 3 = 30
_ _ _ _
5. m √ a × √ b = m √ a × b= m √ ab
Examples:
_ _ _
i. 5 √ 2
× = 3
√ 5 √ 6
_ _ _ _
ii. 3 √ 7 × √ 5 = 3 √ 7 × 5 = 3 √ 35
_ _ _ _
6. m √ a × n √ b = (m × n) √ a × b = mn √ ab
Examples:
_ _ _ _
i. 5 √ 2 × 4 √ 3 = (5 × 4) √ 2 × 3 = 20 √ 6
5
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
_ _ _ _
ii. − 3 √ 5 × 2 √ 6 = (− 3 × 2) √ 5 × 6 = − 6 √ 30
Division Rules
_ _ _a _ _
1. √ a ÷ √ a = _
_a = √ a_a = √ 1 = 1, where a ≠ 0
√
√
Examples:
_ _ _ _ _
i. 5
√ ÷ 5 = _
√ 5 = √ 5_ = √ 1 =
_
√
√_5 5
_
1
_ _ _
ii. √ 3 ÷ √ 3 = _
√ 33 = √ 3_3 = √ 1 = 1
_
√
· The quotient of two identical surds is equal to 1.
_ _ _ _
2. √ a ÷ √ b = _
√a_b = √ a_b, where b ≠ 0
√
Examples:
_ _ _ _
i. ÷ √ 3 = √_
2
√ _32 _
= √ 2_3 _
_ _ √
ii. 11 ÷ √ 7 = _
√ 11
√ _
√ _7 = √ 11
7
· The quotient of two surds is equal to the square root of the
quotient.
Addition Rule
_ _ _
1. m √ a + n √ a = (m + n) √ a
Examples:
_ _ _ _
i. 4 √ 3 + 5 √ 3 = (4 + 5) √ 3 = 9 √ 3
_ _ _ _
ii. − 3 √ 2 + 7 √ 2 = (− 3 + 7) √ 2 = 4 √ 2
_ _ _ _
2. m √ a + n √ b = m √ a + n √ b
Examples:
_ _ _ _
i. 6 √ 3 + 4 √ 5 = 6 √ 3 + 4 √ 5
_ _ _ _
ii. 3√ 2 + 5 √ 3 = 3 √ 2 + 5 √ 3
· Like surds can be added together.
· Unlike Surds cannot be added together.
Subtraction Rule
_ _ _
1. m √ a − n √ a = (m − n) √ a
Examples:
_ _ _ _
i. 7 √ 3 − 5 √ 3 = (7 − 5) √ 3 = 2 √ 3
_ _ _ _
ii. 3 √ 2 − 7 √ 2 = (3 − 7) √ 2 = − 4 √ 2
6
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
_ _ _ _
2. m √ a − n √ b = m √ a − n √ b
Examples:
_ _ _ _
i. 6 √ 3 − 4 √ 5 = 6 √ 3 − 4 √ 5
_ _ _ _
ii. 3 √ 2 − 5 √ 3 = 3 √ 2 − 5 √ 3
· Like surds can be subtracted.
· Unlike Surds cannot be subtracted.
Simplification of surds
In simplifying surds, you find two factors of the number such that one is a perfect
square. This can be done by dividing the number by the prime numbers 2, 3, 5,
7, etc in turn as exemplified in the table until you are left with a perfect square.
Or you can divide by a perfect square (4, 9, 16 etc) until you have no remainder.
Number Factors
8 4×2
12 4×3
32 16 × 2
45 9×5
68 4 × 17
567 81× 7
75 25 × 3
_
Let us look at √ 8 , the number is a product of a perfect square and a prime number.
Can you guess the two numbers?
_ _
The surd √ 8 = √ 4 × 2
_ _ _
4
√ × 2 = 4 × √ 2
√
_
2 × √ 2
_
2 √ 2
So, to simplify a surd into basic form, look for two products of which one must
be a perfect square.
Now let us simplify each of the following surds in small groups or individually.
7
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Example 1
Simplify the following
_
i. √ 12
____
ii. √ R18
____
iii. √ R45
____
iv. 108
√
Solution
i. Finding two numbers that we can multiply to get 12, of which one must be
a perfect square, the two numbers will be 4 and 3
_ _
12 = √ 4 × 3
√
_ _ _
4 × 3 = 4 × 3
√ √ √
_
= 2 × √ 3
_
= 2 √ 3
_ _
ii. 18
√ =√ 9 × 2
_ _ _
9 × 2 =√ 9 × √ 2
√
_
= 3 × √ 2
_
= 3 √ 2
_ _
iii. √ 45 = √ 9 × 5
_ _ _
9 × 5 = √ 9 × √ 5
√
_
= 3 × √ 5
_
= 3 5
√
_ _
iv. √ 108 = √ 36 × 3
_ _ _
36 × 3 = √ 36 × √ 3
√
_
= 6 × 3
√
_
= 6 √ 3
Example 2
A square has an area of 50cm2. What is the exact length in a simplified form of
one side of the square?
8
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Area of a square is (x 2)
_ _ _
For one side √ 50 = √ 25 × 2 = 5 √ 2 cm
Addition and Subtraction of Surds
Surds are added and subtracted in the same way as algebraic expressions. Just as
we add or subtract algebraic expressions by grouping like terms, we do the same
for surds_i.e. we_add and subtract surds by grouping like terms. For example, if we
have 2_√ 2 + _5 √ 2 , they are alike
_ because
_ they have _ the same _ root, we add to get (2
+ 5)√ 2 =7 √ 2 , likewise, 2√ 2 − 5 √ 2 , = (2 − 5) √ 2 = − 3 √ 2 . We can also simplify
surds by writing or breaking some surds down into basic form before adding or
subtracting.
Now simplify the following expressions
Example 1
_ _ _
√ 24 + √ 96 − √ 600
Solution
_ _ _
=√ 4 × 6 + √ 16 × 6 − √ 100 × 6 [write surd as product of perfect square and
another number]
_ _ _ _ _ _
= 4
√ ×√ 6 + √ 16 ×√ 6 − √ 100 ×√ 6
_ _ _
= 2√ 6 + 4√ 6 − 10 √ 6 [ simplify perfect squares]
_
= ( 2 + 4 − 10) √ 6 [ add surds]
_
= − 4 √ 6
Example 2
_ _ _
147
√ + 75
√ − 9
√
9
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Solution
_ _
√ 49 × 3 + √ 25 × 3 − 3
_ _ _ _
= √ 49 ×√ 3 + √ 25 ×√ 3 − 3
_ _
= 7 √ 3 + 5 √ 3 −3
_ _
= (7 + 5) √ 3 – 3 = 12 √ 3 − 3
Example 3
Simplify
_ _ _
4 √ 2 + 5 √ 2 − 7 √ 2
Solution
_
(4 + 5 − 7) √ 2
_
= 2 √ 2
Example 4
Simplify
_ _ _ _
10 √ 2 + 12 √ 3 − 7 √ 2 + 13 √ 3
Solution
_ _ _ _
10 √ 2 − 7 √ 2 + 12 √ 3 + 13 √ 3
_ _
= 3 √ 2 + 25 √ 3
Example 5
Simplify
_ _ _ _
10 √ 12 + 12 √ 32 − 7 √ 27 + 13 √ 50
Solution
_ _ _ _
10 √ 4 × 3 + 12 √ 16 × 2 − 7 √ 9 × 3 + 13 √ 25 × 2
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
= 10 √ 4× √ 3 + 12 √ 16 × √ 2 − 7 √ 9 × √ 3 + 13 √ 25 × √ 2
_ _ _ _
= 10 × 2 × √ 3 + 12 × 4 × √ 2 − 7 × 3 × √ 3 + 13 × 5 × √ 2
10
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
_ _ _ _
= 20 √ 3 + 48 √ 2 − 21 √ 3 + 65 √ 2
_ _ _ _
= 20 √ 3 − 21 √ 3 + 48 √ 2 + 65 √ 2
_ _
= − √ 3 + 113 √ 2
Multiplication of surds
We multiply surds in same way as algebra including the distributive property.
For example, in algebra, 2 x × 4y = 2 × 4 × x × y = 8xy. If we _exchange _ x
and y for_surds, _ this expression
_ can be written in surd form as 2 √ 2 × 4 √ 3 =
2 × 4 × √ 2 × √ 3 = 8 √ 6
Example 1
Simplify the following
_ _
i. 5 3 × 13 3
√ √
_ _ _
ii. 10 √ 11 ( 3 √ 2 − 2 √ 11 )
_ _
iii. ( 2 + 3 √ 3 ) ( 4 − 5 √ 2 )
_ _
iv. ( − 6 + 2 √ 5 ) ( 7 − 5 √ 5 )
_
v. (3 − 4 √ 3 ) 2
_ _ _
vi. 4 √ x ( 5 √ x − 10 √ y )
_ _
vii. ( 4 + 2 √ 3 ) 2 − ( 4 − 2 √ 3 ) 2
Solution
_
i. 5 × 13 √ 3 × 3
= 5 × 13 × 3
= 195
_ _ _
ii. 10 √ 11 (3 √ 2 − 2 √ 11 )
_ _ _ _
= 10 √ 11 × 3 √ 2 − 10 √ 11 × 2 √ 11 )
_ _
= 10 × 3 × √ 11 × 2 − 10 × 2 √ 11 × 11
_ _
= 30 22 − 10 × 2 × 11 = 30 22 − 10 × 2 × 11
√ √
_
= 30 √ 22 − 220
_ _
iii. ( 2 + 3 √ 3 ) ( 4 − 5 √ 2 )
_ _ _
= 2(4 − 5 √ 2 ) + 3 √ 3 (4 − 5 √ 2 )
_ _ _
= 8 − 10 √ 2 + 12 √ 3 − 15 √ 6
11
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
_ _
iv. ( − 6 + 2 √ 5 )(7 − 5 √ 5 )
_ _ _
= − 6(7 − 5 √ 5 )+ 2 √ 5 (7 − 5 √ 5 )
_ _
= − 42 + 30 5 + 14 5 − 50
√ √
_ _
= − 42 − 50 + 30 √ 5 + 14 √ 5
_
= − 92 + 44 √ 5
_
v. (3 − 4 √ 3 ) 2
_ _
= (3 − 4 3 )(3 − 4 3 )
√ √
_ _ _
= 3 3 − 4 3 − 4 3 (3 − 4 3 )
( √ ) √ √
_ _
= 9 − 12 √ 3 − 12 √ 3 + 16 × 3
_ _
= 9 + 48 − 12 √ 3 − 12 √ 3
_
= 57 − 24 √ 3
_ _ _
vi. 4 √ x (5 √ x − 10 √ y )
_ _
= 4 × 5 × x − 4 × 10 × √ x ×√ y
_ _
= 20 √ x − 40 √ xy
_ _
vii. ( 4 + 2 √ 3 ) 2 − ( 4 − 2 √ 3 ) 2
We can apply the difference between two squares a 2− b 2 = ( a + b)(a − b)
to solve this question.
_ _ _ _
= (4 + 2 √ 3 + 4 − 2 √ 3 ) [(4 + 2 √ 3 − ( 4 − 2 √ 3 ) ]
_ _
= (4 + 4)( 4 − 4 + 2 3 + 2 3 )
√ √
_
= (8)( 4 √ 3 )
_
= 32 √ 3
Alternatively, we can expand the brackets and simplify.
_ _ _ _
= (4 + 2 √ 3 ) ( 4 + 2 √ 3 ) − [( 4 − 2 √ 3 ) ( 4 − 2 √ 3 ) ]
_ _ _ _
= (16 + 8 √ 3 + 8 √ 3 + 12)− [ (16 − 8 √ 3 − 8 √ 3 + 12)]
_ _
28 + 16 3 − [ 28 − 16 3 ) ]
= ( √ ) ( √
_ _
= 28 + 16 √ 3 − 28 + 16 √ 3
_
= 32 √ 3
Conjugate of surds
Conjugate surds are like mirror images in the world of surds. They are formed by
simply changing _ the sign of _ the radical part in a surd expression. For example, the
conjugate of √ 2 + 3is √ 2 − 3. When you multiply a surd by its conjugate, the
12
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
result is a rational expression due to the difference of squares property, making
them helpful for simplifying expressions containing surds.
The table below lists various surds and their conjugates.
Surd Conjugate Example
Surd Conjugate
_ _ _ _
a
√ a
√ 2
√ 2
√
_ _ _ _
a √ b √ b 2 √ 3 √ 3
_ _ _ _
a + √ b a − √ b 2 + √ 3 2 − √ 3
_ _ _ _
a − √ b a + √ b 2 − √ 3 2 + √ 3
_ _ _ _
a + b √ c a − b √ c 2 + 3 √ 5 2 − 3 √ 5
_ _ _ _
a − b √ c a + b √ c 2 − 3 √ 5 2 + 3 √ 5
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
√ a + √ b √ a − √ b √ 2 + √ 3 √ 2 − √ 3
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
a − √ b
√ a + √ b
√ 2 − √ 3
√ 2
√ + √ 3
Example 1
Write down the conjugate surd of the following
_
i. √ 11
_
ii. 2 + 3 √ 3
_ _
iii. 3 + 4 2
√ √
_ _
iv. √ 6 − √ 5
Solution
_
i. 11
√
_
ii. 2 − 3 √ 3
_ _
iii. √ 3 − 4 √ 2
_ _
iv. 6 + 5
√ √
It must be noted that the product of a surd (irrational) and its conjugate is a rational
number or expression, i.e. the expression is now ‘rationalised’ as it no longer
contains a surd.
13
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
RATIONALISATION OF SURDS
Rationalising the denominator of surds means making the denominator of a fraction
a rational number by multiplying it by its conjugate surd. If the denominator is
a single surd, the conjugate is the same surd. If the denominator is a binomial
expression with a surd, the conjugate is the same expression with the opposite
sign in the middle. The numerator of the fraction is also multiplied by the same
conjugate. The answer is then simplified.
2_ , simplifying this expression would make it easier to
Given the expression ___
5
√
work with if the denominator was a rational number. Using the idea of equivalent
fractions, we can multiply both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate
denominator to obtain a ‘rationalised denominator’ fraction.
_ _
_5 ____
2_ × ___ = 2 55 ,
___ √ √
5 √ 5
√
_ _
We observe from our discussion on conjugate surds that the conjugate of √ 5 is √ 5
To rationalise the denominator of an expression, we multiply both the numerator
and the denominator by the conjugate of the surd.
Example 1
_
√ b
a_ = ___
_ a__
× _ _
b √ b _ √ b
√
a √ b
= _ b
Also,
_
3 + √ _
5
1 _ = _____
_____ 1 __ × _____
3 − √ 5 3− √ 5 3 + √ 5
___
3 + √ R5 ___
_______________
=
___
(3 − √ R5 )(3 + √ R5)
___ ___
3 9+− R5 3 + √ R5
√
= ______ 5
= ______
4
Example 2
Rationalise each of the following surds. _ _
_
3 √5
1_
a. ___ b. ___
√___ c. ___ d. _
3 √_2
√ 3
5
√ 11 13
√
Solution
_ __ _
5
1_ = ___
1__ × _
___ √
a. 55 = ___
√_
5
= 1_5 √ 5
5 √ 5
√ √
14
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
___ ___
√___
___ 3 3 √ 11 3 √ 11
b. √___ = ___ √_ × ____ = ____ 11
11
_ 11 11
_ _ _
_
___√5
c. = √_
√_ 5
×
13 √ 13
_
√_
13
= _
√ 65
13
13__
√
__ __ __
____3 2 3 2
√ 3 3
√ 6
__ = ____
√ √
d. __ × ___ __ = ____
3
√ 3
√ 3
√ 3
__
= √ 6
Example 3
_
A carpenter was to cut 90m of wood into 2√ 3 m, how many pieces will she have? [leave your
answer in surd form]
Solution
90_
_
2 √ 3
_
90_× √ 3_
= _
2 √ 3 × _√ 3
90 × √ 3
= _ 2 × 3_
90 × √ 3
= _ 6
_
= 15 √ 3
Example 4
Rationalise the following
__ _ _ _
1 + __3 4 + 2_ 3 − _5 2 − 3 √_3
_____ √ ______ √ _____ √
a. b. c. d. ______
2 + √ 3 3 + 2 √ 3 6 − √ 3 5 − 5 √ 6
Solution
_
1 + _3
_____ √
a.
2 + √ 3 _ _
( 1 + √ 3 )(2 − √ 3 )
_____________
= _ _
(2 + √ 3 )(2 − √ 3 )
[multiplying both numerator and denominator by conjugate surd]
_ _
(2 − √ 3 + 2 √ 3 − 3)
= _______________
_ [Open the bracket ]
( 2) 2_− ( √ 3 ) 2
= −______
1 + √ 3
4−3
[simplify]
_
= − 1 + √ 3
15
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
_
4 + 2_
______√
b.
3 + 2 √ 3
_ _
(4 + √ 2 )(3 − 2 √ 3 )
= _____________
_ _
( 3 + 2 √ 3_) ( 3 −_2 √ 3 ) _
12 + 3 √ 2 − 8 √ 3 − 2 √ 6 )
_______________
=
_
2 ( 3) − ( 2 √ 3 )
2
_ _ _
12 + 3 √ 2 − 8 √ 3 − 2 √ 6
_______________
=
9 − 12_
_ _
12 + 3 √ 2 − 8 √ 3 − 2 √ 6
_______________
= −3
___ ___ ___
3√ R2 ____ 8√ R3 ____ 2√ R6
−123 + ____
= ___ −3
− −3
− −3
_ √ _ ___
8 3 ____
+ 2 3R6
√
= − 4 − 2 _
√
3
_
3 − _5
_____ √
c.
6 − √ 3
_ _
(3 − √ 5 )(6 + √ 3 )
= ___________
_ _
( 6 − √ 3 ) _( 6 + √ _ 3 ) _
18 + 3 √ 3 − 6 √_ 5 − √ 15
= _______________
( 6) − ( 3 ) 2
2 √
_ _ _
18 + 3 √ 3 − 6 √ 5 − √ 15
= _______________
36 − 3
_ _ _
18 + 3 √ 3 − 6 √ 5 − √ 15
_______________
= 33
__ _
18 ____ 3√ 3 √_ 15
=_
33
+ 33
− 33
_ _
6 3
√_ 15
√_
=_
11
+ 11
− 33
_
2 − 3 _3
______ √
d.
5 − 5 √ 6
___ ___
(2 – 3√ R3 )(5 + 5√ R6 )
= ________________
___ ___
(5 – 5√ R6 )(5 + 5√ R6 )
_ _ _
10 + 10 √ 6 − 15 √ 3 − 15 √ 18 )
= ___________________
_
( 5) − ( 5 √ 6 )
2 2
_ _ _
10 + 10 6
√ − 15 √ 3 − 15 √ 9 × 2
= ____________________
25 − 150
_ _ _
10 + 10 √ 6 − 15 √ 3 − 45 √ 2
__________________
=
− 125
__ __ __
10 10 √ 6 15 √ 3 45 √ 2
=_
− 125
+ _____
125
+ _____
125
+ _____
125
__ __ __
2 + ____ 2 √ 6 3 √ 3 ____ 9 √ 2
= − __
25
25
+ ____
25
+ 25
16
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Extended Activities
Please have a look at finding the square root of a surd if you have time to spare
this week. It is more fun maths!
Finding the square root of a surd
When two or more expressions involving surds_are separated _ by an _ equal sign, _
they are said to be equal. Given two surds a + √ b and c + √ d , if a + √ b = c + √ d
then a
= c , b = d.
_ _ _ _ _ _
Note: ( √ a + √ b ) 2 = a + b + 2 √ ab and ( √ a − √ b ) 2 = a + b − 2 √ ab
We use this concept of equality of two surds to help us determine the square root
of surds expressions. Let us with the support of our small group members or
teacher go through some examples.
Example 1
_ ___
Simplify √ (16 + 2√ 55 )
Solution
_______________________
___ __
__
Let √ 16 + 2√ 55 = ± (√ a + √ b )
Squaring both sides
_ ___ 2 __ 2
( 16 + 2 55 ) = a + b )
_
√ ( √ ) ( √ √
___ _
16 + 2 55 = a + 2 ( ab) + b
√ √
___ ____
16 + 2√ 55 = a + b + 2√ ( ab)
Comparing corresponding coefficients
16 = a + b (1)
_ ____
2√ 55 = 2√ ( ab)
55= ab (2)
From equation (1)
a = 16 − b (3)
Substitute equation (3) into equation (2)
(16 – b) b = 55
16b-b2 = 55
b 2− 16b + 55 = 0
17
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
(b − 5)(b − 11) = 0
b = 5 or b = 11
when b = 5, a = 16-5 = 11
when b = 11, a = 16-11= 5
____ ___ _ ___
∴ √ (16 + (
2√ 55 )= √ 5 + )
√ 11
It will be necessary to square the results to see if we will get the initial surd.
_ ___ 2 __ 2 _ _ ___
(√ 5 + √ 11 ) = ( √5 ) + 2 √ 5 . √ 11 + ( √11 ) 2
_
=5+ 2 √ 55 + 11
___
= 16 + 2√ 55
It is now verified.
Example 2
__
Calculate the square root of 18 − 12√ 2
Solution
___________
__ __
__
Let √ (18 − 12√ 2 ) = ±( √ a − √ b )
Squaring both sides
___________
__ 2 __ 2
(√(18 − 12√ 2 )) = (√ a − √ b )
_
_ ___
18 − 12 √ 2 = a − 2(√ab ) + b
_ ____
18 − 12 √ 2 = a + b − 2√ (ab)
Comparing corresponding coefficients
18 = a + b(1)
_ ____
√ (ab)
− 12 √ 2 = − 2
__ ____
6√ 2 = √ (ab)
72 = ab(2)
From equation (1)
a = 18 − b (3)
18
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Substitute equation (3) into equation (2)
( 18 − b)b = 72
18b − b 2 = 72
b 2− 18b + 72 = 0
b 2− 12b − 6b + 72 = 0
b(b − 12)− 6(b − 12) = 0
(b − 6)(b − 12) = 0
∴ b = 6 or b = 12
When b = 6, a = 18 – 6 = 12
When b = 12, a = 18 –12 = 6
___________
_ _ _
∴ √ (18 − 12 √ 2 ) = √ 12 − √ 6
_ __
= 2 √ 3 − √ 6
Example 3
1. Find the positive square root of
_
11 − 4 √ 6
Solution
_ _ _
The square root of 1 1 − 4 √ 6 , must be of the form √ a − √ b , where a
≥ b, as the
root must be non-negative.
__ _
_
√
11 − 4 √ 6 = √ a − √ b
_ _ _
11 − 4 √ 6 = ( √ a − √ b ) 2
_ _
11 − 4 √ 6 = (a + b)− 2 √ ab
_ _
11 − 2 √ 4 × 6 = (a + b)− 2 √ ab
By comparing the left-hand side and the right-hand side
11 = (a + b)………………. 1
24 = ab……………………2
From equation 1 b = 11 − a, substituting b = 11 − ainto equation 2, we have
19
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
a(11 − a) = 24
2 = 24
11a − a
a 2− 11a + 24 = 0
(a − 8)(a − 3) = 0
a = 8 or a = 3
_ _ _ _ _
Hence, the square root of 11 − 4 √ 6 , is √ 8 − √ 3 = 2 √ 2 − √ 3 .
Example 4
_
Find the square root of 23 + 4 √ 15
Solution
_ _ _ _
23 + 4 √ 15 , the square root of 23 + 4 √ 15 must be of the form √ a + √ b
__ _
_
√ 23 + 4 √ 15 = √ a + √ b
_ _ _
23 + 4 √ 15 = ( √ a + √ b ) 2
_ _
23 + 2 √ 4 × 15 = a + b + 2 √ ab
_ _
23 + 2 √ 60 = (a + b)− 2 √ ab
Comparing the left-hand side and the right-hand side of the equation
23 = (a + b)………………. 1
60 = ab……………………2
From equation 1 b = 23 − a, substituting b = 23 − ainto equation 2
a(23 − a) = 60
23a − a
2 = 60
a 2− 23a + 60 = 0
(a − 3)(a − 20) = 0
a = 3 or a = 20
a = 3 and b = 20or a
= 2− and b = 3
_ _ _ _ _
Hence, the square root of 23 + 4 √ 15 , is √ 3 + √ 20 = √ 3 + 2 √ 5 .
20
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
DEFINITION AND LAWS OF INDICES
We have reached a stage where we must know the difference between the
expressions 4a and a 4.
4a = a + a + a + a
a 4 = a × a × a × a
For a 4which is read as a exponent 4 or a to the power of 4, a is the base and 4 is
the power, or exponent.
Index is the power or exponent of a number or a variable. The plural for index is
indices. For instance, in the expression, 34, 3 is called the base and 4 is called the
index, power or exponent and it is read as “three exponent four” or “three to the
power of 4”. The concept of indices is widely applied in simplifying mathematical
expressions, algebraic manipulation, writing scientific notation, differentiation
and integration, geometry and trigonometry, compound interest calculation, etc.
From our previous lessons, we learnt that 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 26. Likewise a
× a × a × a = a 4. In the example2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 26, the 2 is called
the base, (the number multiplying itself) and the 6 is the index or exponents (the
number of times the base is multiplying).
Example 1
Write the following single numbers as exponents in their simplest forms.
i. 16
ii. 27
iii. 100
Solution
i. Least prime factor of 16 = { 2}
16 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 2 4
ii. Least prime factor of 27 = {3}
27 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 33
iii. Prime factors of 100 = {2, 5}
100 = 10 × 10 = 2 × 5 × 2 × 5 = 22 × 5 2
21
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Example 2
1. Identify the base and the exponent in following
a. 5 8
−3
b. (__23 )
c. x m
_
1
d. 16 2
Solution
Base Exponent
a. 5 8
b. 23
_ -3
c. x m
d. 16 12
_
Example 3
1. Write the following base and exponent form.
a. 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4
b. __ 35 × __
35 × __
35 × __
35 × __
35
c. y 2× y 2× y 2× y 2× y 2× y 2× y 2
Solution
a. 4 8
b. (3_5) 5
c. (y 2) 7
Verification of rules of indices
Consider 3 4 × 3 5, if we expand each of them and simplify, we will have 3 × 3 ×
3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3. If we write this in index form, the result will be 3 9. Is
there any other way to get the result without the expansion? Yes, we can add the
exponent since they are of the same base, thus, 34 × 3 5 = 3 4 + 5 = 3 9.
22
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
This helps us to establish a rule that, when multiplying the powers of the same
base, we simply add the indices (power or exponent)
a m× a n = a m + nand by extension once the base ( a) is equal
a m× a n× a p× …=a m + n + p + …
We can apply our knowledge on this rule to verify the other rules that follow.
ii) a m÷ a n = a m−n
Example:
3 8 ÷ 3 6 = 3 8−6 = 3 2
iii) ( a m) n = a mn, and by extension, ( a m× b m× …) n = a mn× b mn× …
( 5 2) 7 = 5 2×7 = 5 14
vi) (__
ab ) m = __
m
abm
4
(_
34 ) = 3_4
4
4
m
v) (c × d × … ) =
a×b×…
________ a m× b m× …
__________
c m× d m× …
3
(_ 6 × 7)
3 3 3
52 ×
×3×4
= 2_
× 3 × 4
3 3 3
5 × 6 × 7
vi) (ab) m = a m b m
( 3 × 4) 5 = 3 5 × 4 5
n
vii) ( ab m) =
a
m mn
___ ___
b mn
(_
2 3) = 2_
3 4 3×4 12
= 2_
3 3×4 3 12
3
n
viii) ( ac m×× db m ×× … …
) = a mn× b mn× …
m m
__________ ___________
c mn× d mn× …
1_ _
ix) a n = n√ a
_
1 2
_
3 2 = √ 3
1_ _
y 2 = √ y
Other rules are:
a m by extension ( b) = (a)
−m = _
1. Negative exponent Rule, that is a 1 _ −n
a _b n
2. Zero power rule, that is
a 0 = 1, where a
≠ 0
23
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
3×2_3
Example 4 3 3×2_
= _
4 3
2
3 2
_
2x
Simplify 8 3
= _
4
_ 9
= 16
Solution:
x _
(0.0625) 4
1
_ 2x b.
8 = (√ 8 ) =
_
2x
3 3
2 2x = 4
= (625 × 10 −4) 4
_
1
Or = (5 4 × 10 −4) 4
_
1
2 3( 3 ) = 2 2x = (2 2) x = 4 x
_
2x _
1 _
1
= 5 4 × 4 × 10 −4 ×4
5
= 5 × 10−1 =_ 10
= _12
_ _
Example 5 y × 3√ y
______
√
c. 3
1 y
Simplify 27 × __
_1
81 3 _
1 _
1
y 2× y 3
_
= 3
y
_
1 _
1
Solution = y 2× y 3× y −3
( 3 3) 1_3 × 81 −1
_
1
= y 2 + 3
_
1 + (−3)
= (3 3) 3 × ( 3 4) −1
_1 _
13
= y −6
= 3 × 3 −4 _
1
3 _
1
d. 12 ×_1 6
______ 3
81 6
= 3 −3 _ _
( ) 3 (
1
) 3 1
3 × 4 ×4 1_2 × 3
____________
=
_
1 _(
1 3 ) 61_ _
1
Example 6 3 3 × 4 3 × 2 3 × 3 3
___________
=
( 32 4)_1 6 1_ 1_
_1
_
1
( ) 3 2 3 × 3 3
Simplify the following 3 × 2 4 ×1_
= _____________
3
−2_3 ( 3 ) 6
(__
64
)
_ _ _ _ _
a. 27
1 1 4 2 1
= 3 3 × 3 3 ×3 −6 × 2 3 × 2 3
_
1 1_ 4
_ _
2 1_
b. ( 0.0125) 1_4 = 3 3+ 3−6 × 2 3 + 3
_1 _1 _4 _2 1_
_
√ y × 3√ y
_
_ = 3 3 + 3 −6 × 2 3 + 3
c. y 3
30 × 2 1
_ 1_ _
1
d. 2 3 ×
1
1_ 6 3
81 6 =1×2 = 2
_1 _3
(_
e. t + (1t)+ ×1()t −+1_2 1)
3 4
_
_
1
(t + 1) 3 × ( t + 1) 4
_
3
e. (t +
_
1
1) −2
( t + 1) 3 4 1_+ 3_
Solution = _ _
( t + 1) −12
−2_ _ 3_
1 _1
a. (__ )
64 3
27 = (t + 1) 3+ 4 × (t + 1) 2
_ 3_ 1_
1
_
2 = (t + 1) 3 + 4+ 2
= (_
27 )
3
64
_ 3_ 1_
1
_2 = (t + 1) 3+ 4+ 2
= (_
3 3)
3 3
_
19
4 = (t + 1) 12
24
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
SIMPLIFICATION OF EXPRESSIONS (SURDS
AND INDICES)
As already explained, surds are the root values that cannot be written as whole
numbers. More so, indices are the exponents of a value. Thus, given 2 5, 5 is the
index while 2 is the base. Taking a square root is the inverse process of squaring.
Solving indicial problems involving surds
Example 7
_
36
If a 2 + __
= 3 − √ 3 ,show that a 2
= 24
a
Solution
_
36
= 3 − √ 3 into a 2 + __
Substituting a 2
_
a
36 36
⇒ 2
a + 2 = (3 − √ 3 ) +
___ 2 _______ __
a _
(
3 − √ 3 ) 2
= 9 − 6 √ 3 + 3 + _________ 36__
_ 9 − 6 √ 3 + 3
36
=12 − 6 √ 3 + _______ __
_ 12 − 6 √3 __
_____ 6 2 +
______ √ 3
=12 − 6 √ 3 + __ × __
_ 2 − √ 3 _ 2 + √ 3
=12 − 6 √ 3 + 1 12 _ + 6 √ 3
4−3
= 24
Example 8
_ _
If m= 2 + √ 2 and n = 2 − √ 2 , find the value of _1 + n 2
m 2
Solution
_
( )
_
1 _ + 2 − √ 2 2
( 2 + √ 2 ) 2 _ _
(2 + √ 2 )(2 + √ 2 ) ( )(
= _____________
_1 _ + 2 − √ 2 2 − √ 2 )
(4 + 4 √ 2 + 2) ( )
_
= ___________ 1_ + 4 − 4 √ 2 + 2
( )
_
= _ 1 _ + 2 − 4 √ 2
(6 + 4 √ 2 ) _
( 6 + 4 √ 2 ) ( 6 − 4 √ 2 ) ( )
1(6 − 4 √ 2 )
_____________
_
= + 2 − 4 2
_ _ √
25
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
(6 + 4 √ 2 )(6 − 4 √ 2 ) ( )
1(6 − 4 √ 2 ) _
= _____________
_ _ + 2 − 4 √ 2
( )
1(6 − 4 √ 2 ) _
= _(36 − 32)
+ 2
− 4 √ 2
_ _
1(6 − 4 √ 2 ) _ (2 − 4 √ 2 )
=_
4
+ (
1
_ _
6 − 4 √ 2 + 4(2 − 4 √ 2 )
______________
=
4
_ _
6 − 4 √ 2 + 8 − 16 √ 2 )
______________
=
4
_
14 −420 2
=_
√
_
7 − 10
√2
=_ 2
INDICIAL EQUATIONS
Areas under indicial equations to be explored include;
1. Solving simple indicial or exponential equations
2. Solving simultaneous equations involving exponents or indices
3. Application of exponential indicial equations (such as growths and/or
decays)
Example 9
Solve the equation 2 x = 16
Solution
We know 2 4 = 16[write both sides with the same base]
2 x = 2 4[equate their exponents]
x = 4
Example 10
Find the value of 25x−1 = 5 x+2
Solution
(5 2) x−1 = 5 x+2
26
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
5 2(x−1) = 5 x+2
2x − 2 = x + 2
2x − x = 2 + 2
x = 4
Example 11
If ( 5x + 4) 3 = 8, find the value of x.
Solution
(5x + 4) 3 = 2 3(as exponents are equal we can equate the bases)
5x + 4 = 2
5x = 2 – 4
5x = –2
–2
x = __
5
Example 12
_x
If 5 3 = 0.04, find the value of x
4
5 3 = ____
_x
100
5 3 = ___
_x 1
25
1
5 3 = __
_x
52
_x
5 3 = 5 −2
3x = − 2
_
x = − 6
Example 13
Given that y = 2x and 3 x+y = 27, Find x
27
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Solution
Substitute y = 2x into 3 x+y = 27
Giving us 3 x+2x = 3 3,
equating exponents, x + 2x = 3
3x = 3
∴ x = 1
Example 14
Find the values of x and y in the equations 2x−y = 8 and 2 3x−y = 128
Solution
2 x−y = 2 3
2 3x−y = 2 7
x − y = 3 equation 1
3x − y = 7. equation 2
2x = 4. equation 2 − equation 1
x = 2
2 − y = 3. substitute x = 2 into equation 1 to find y
y = − 1
Example 15
Solve for x and y given that 3 (x+1) = 27 and 4 (y−2) = 16
Solution
3 (x+1) = 3 3
x + 1 = 3
x = 3 − 1
x = 2
4 (y−2) = 16
2 2(y−2) = 2 4
2( y − 2) = 4
2y − 4 = 4
2y = 8
y = 4
28
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Therefore x = 2, y = 4
Example 16
Solve the simultaneous equations
9 2a+b= ___ 1
729
3 a(9 b) = 27
Solution
9 2a+b = 1/729
16
3 2(2a+b) = __
3
3 4a+2b = 3 −6
4a + 2b= − 6 ……………..(eqn1)
3 a( 9 b) = 27
3 a(3 2(b)) = 3 3
3 a × 3 2b = 3 3
3 a+2b = 3 3
a + 2b = 3 ………………….(eqn2)
From eqn2, a = 3 − 2b
= 3 − 2b into (eqn1)
Substituting a
⇒ 4(3 − 2b) + 2b= − 6
12 − 8b + 2b= − 6
− 6b= − 18dividing both sides by − 6
b = 3
From a = 3 − 2b
From a = 3 − 2(3) = 3 − 6 = − 3
Thus, a
= − 3, b = 3
Example 17
A bacteria culture doubles every hour. If there are initially 100 bacteria, how
many bacteria will be present after 5 hours?
29
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Solution
Since the culture doubles, the growth factor is 2 (each bacteria becomes 2 after
an hour).
We know the initial quantity (100) and want to find the final quantity (let it be Q)
after 5 hours (represented by exponent t). The general formula for exponential
growth is:
Q = A (growth factor) t
Q = 100 × (2)5
Q = 100 * 32 = 3200
Therefore, there will be 3200bacteria after 5hours.
Example 18
Suppose that a culture initially contains 1000 bacteria and that this number
doubles each hour. Write a general formula for the number of bacteria N present
after t hours
Solution
After one hour, there are 1000 × 2bacteria
After two hours, there are 1000 × 2 × 2 = 1000 ×22 bacteria
After three hours, there are 1000 × 22 × 2 = 1000 × 2 3bacteria and so on.
Following the pattern, if there are bacteria after t hours, then
N = 1000 × 2 t bacteria
30
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
DEFINITION AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
INDICES AND LOGARITHMS AND LOGARITHMIC
EQUATIONS
Definition: If N = a x, in indices, we observed that a is the base, x is the index or
power, and N is the result. For example, 100 = 102
The logarithmic function is defined as log
a(N) = x, (log aNis read “logarithm of
N to the base a) where N is the number such that N = a xwith N>0 and a being
positive constant other than 1
Relationship Between Indices and Logarithms to
Solve Problems
To find the logarithm of a number ato the base b, that is, logb(a), we ask the
question, ‘What power do I raise b, to obtain a
?
Taking a logarithm is the inverse process of taking a power. Generally, if a > 0
and x > 0, then
a log ax = x
log aa x = x
Extended Activities
Let’s go through the following activities to use the relationship between
indices and logarithms applying the laws of logarithm
Example 19
Solve the equation: log381
Solution
The logarithm ( log) to base 3 of 81 ((log 381)means what is the exponent to
which we have to raise 3to get 81.
81 = 3 x
3 4 = 3 x
x = 4
31
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Example 20
Evaluate log 12525
Solution
By writing, log 12525 = x;we have
125 x = 25
which gives 5 3x = 5 2;
Equating indices, 3x = 2,so x = 2_3
Example 21
Solve for y if log
232 = y + 1
Solution
32 = 2 y+1
2 5 = 2 y+1
5 = y + 1
y = 5 − 1
y = 4
Example 22
Evaluate
a) l og 264 b) log 101000
c) l og 5125 d) log 0.110
Solution
a) Let log 264=x
64 = 2 x
2 6 = 2 x
∴ x = 6
b) Let log 101000 = x
1000 = 10 x
10 3 = 10 x
32
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
x = 3
c) Let log 5125 = x
125 = 5 x
5 3 = 5 x
x = 3
d) Let log 0.110 = x
10 = 0.1 x
10 1 = 10 −x
x = −1
The Laws of Logarithm
1. 1 stLaw of Logarithm
log axy = logax + logay
2. 2 ndLaw of Logarithm
log a(x_y ) = log ax − logay
3. 3 rdLaw of Logarithm
log ax n = nlog ax
NB: the laws are numbered for convenience, and it is not that they should
necessarily be in a certain order. Also, log with no given base can be assumed
to be log to the base 10.
Example 23
Let us use the laws of logarithm to express in terms of loga, logb and logc each
of the following;
i. l og__ac ii. l og__1b
iv. log_
_
3
iii. l oga 2 b 2 1
100 b 2
Solution
i. log__ac = loga − logc
ii. log1_b = log1 − logb
= − logb
33
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
_
3 _
3
iii. loga 2 b 2 = loga 2 + logb 2
= 2loga + 3_2 logb
iv. log_ 1 = log1 − log100 b 2
100 b 2
= 0 − log100 − logb 2
= − log10 2 − 2logb
= − 2log10 − 2logb Note, log with no given base can be taken
to be log to the base 10, ie log 10 = log
= − 2 − 2logb
Extended Activities
1. In our small groups, or individually, let us also use the laws of logarithm
to express each of the following as a single logarithm;
i. log2 + log3
ii. log18 − log9
iii. 3log2 + 2log3 − 2log6
iv. 2 + 3loga
Solution
i. log2 + log3 = log2 × 3
= log6
ii. log18 − log9 = log_
18
9
= log2
iii. 3log2 + 2log3 − 2log6 = log23 + log3 2 − log6 2
= log8 + log9 − log36
8×9
= log____
36
= log2
iv. 2 + 3loga = 2log10 + 3loga
= log10 2 + loga 3
= log100 + loga 3
= log100 a 3
34
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
We are now going to consider exponential equations where the bases are
different.
2. Solve the following equations;
i. 2 x = 5
ii. 3 x = 2
iii. 3 4x = 4
iv. 2 x × 2 x+1 = 10
Solution
i. 2 x = 5
Taking logarithm to base 10 on both sides
log 102 x = log 105
x log 102 = log 105
_ log 5
x =
log 2
10
10
0.69897
x = ______
0.30103
using calculator
x= 2.3219
ii. 3 x = 2
Taking logarithm to base 10 on both sides
log 103 x = log 102
xlog 103 = log 102
_ log 2
x =
log 3
10
10
0.30103
x = ______
0.47712
using calculator
x = 0.6309
iii. 3 4x = 4
Taking logarithm to base 10 on both sides
log 103 4x = log 104
4xlog103 = log 104
log 4
x = _
4log 3
10
10
0.60206
x = ______
1.90849
using calculator
x = 0.3157
35
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
iv. 2 x × 2 x+1= 10
2 x+x+1= 10
2 2x+1= 10
Taking logarithm to base 10 on both sides
log 102 2x+1 = log 1010
( 2x + 1)log 102 = 1
2xlog 102 + log 102 = 1
2xlog 102 = 1 − log102
_ 1 − log 2
x = 2log 2
10
10
0.69870
x = ______
0.60206
using full calculator display
x= 1.1610
Change of base of logarithm
We can change the base of any logarithm to any base. We cannot directly calculate
log2(7) or log2(10) without a calculator.
In practice, you would use a calculator with a log function and approximate the
answer. To help us calculate loga(b)without using calculator, go through the
activity that follow immediately.
Extended Activities
1. With the assistance of your teacher or fellow learner, go through the
following work which illustrates how to change base.
Let us consider y = logab
⇒ b = a y[ converting logarithm to indices]
Taking logarithm to base c on both sides
log cb = logca y
log cb = ylog ca
log b
∴ y = _
log a
c
c
log b
Hence log a = _
log a
c
c
36
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
2. Let us use this relationship to change the base of the following to log10;
i. log 415
ii. log 2.58
iii. log 225 × log 58
Solution
log 15
i. log 415 = _
log 4
10
10
1.17609
= ______
0.60206
using calculator
=1.9534
log 8
ii. log 2.58 = _
log 2.5
10
10
0.90309
= _______
0.39794
using calculator
= 2.2694
log 25 log 8
iii. log 225 × log 58 = _ _
log 2 × log 5
10 10
10 10
2
log 105 _ 3
log 2
= _ × 10
log 102 log 105
2log 5 3log 2
= _
log 102 × _
log 5
10
10 10
= 2 × 3
= 6
37
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Review Questions 2.1
1. Put the following surds in their simplest form where possible. For those
that cannot be further simplified, state the reasons why.
_ _
i. √ 5 + √ 7
_ _
ii. 3 √ 2 + 5 √ 2
_ _
iii. √ 7 − √ 5
_ _
iv. 3 √ 2 − 5 √ 2
_ _
v. 3 √ 2 × 5 √ 2
_ _
vi. √ 15 ÷ √ 5
2. Simplify the following surd expression:
_ _
√ 12 + √ 27
3. Solve for x :
_ _
2 √ 3x + 5 = 4 √ x + 1
_ _ _ _
4. Given that √ a + √ b = 7and √ a − √ b = 1, find the value of a
and b .
5. 1_
Rationalise the denominator of the fraction: ___
√ 5
_
2 + _ 6
√
6. Simplify and rationalise the expression: _____
√ 2
_ _
(√ 3 + √ 7 )
7. Rationalise the denominator of the expression: ________
√_
( 7 + 3)
_
8. Calculate √ 0.9
9. Which of the following statements is/are true?
_ _
i. 2√ 3 >3 √ 2 ,
_ _
ii. 4√ 2 >2 √ 8
10. What is the conjugate of
_
i. 1 + √ 3
_
ii. 8 √ 5 + 6
38
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
_ _
11. What is the square root of (10 + √ 25 )(12 − √ 49 )?
_ 2 _
12. If ( 3 + 2 √ 5 ) = 29 + k √ 5 ,find the value of k
_ _ _
13. Find the value of y , if 64
√ − 3 √ 64 = − 4 √ y , where y > 0,
_ _
48 √+_2 27 , given your answer as an integer
√ √
14. Simplify _________
12
_ _
1 − 5 _5 in the form m – n√ 5 ; m, n∈Z
√
15. Express ______
3+ √ 5
_ _
75 +_ 27 is an integer and find its value
√ √
16. Show that ________
3
√
_
17. √x_x−+255 = √ x − 5
Show that _____
18. 8 _
Rationalise the denominator of ______
1 + 2 √ 3
19. 8 _ × _______
Simplify ______ 8 __
1 + 2 √ 3 1− 2 √ 3
Review Questions 2.2
( 3) 4
1. x5 2
Simplify and write the answer with positive indices: ____
( x )
( 2 4)
2. a5b3
Simplify and write the answer with positive indices: _____
( a b )
3. Simplify 22× 4−4÷ 16−3
4. Find the value of x in the equation 23× 34× 72= 6x
5. If 2n = 32find the value of n
6. Solve 33−x= 27x– 1.
7. Show that
32−5 = 1_4
_2
i.
_ 5
(2x−5) = __
322
2
ii.
x
_
3
8. Find the value of x given 6 250.17× 6250.08= 25x× 25−2
x
9. If ( 53 ) = (___
__ 81
625 ),then what is the value of xx
4x 3x−1 8
10. Given that (__
75 ) ×
(__
75 ) = (__
75 ) ,find the value of xthat satisfies this
equation.
11. Find the value of a
if 53a−1×125 = 2 52a−1
39
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
12. Given that y = 5xand 3x+y = 81, Find x
13. Solve the simultaneous equations 92a+b = 2187and 3a× 9b= 3
_
2
14. Simplify 83
15. Simplify logbx2+ logbx3− logbx4
16. Calculate log78 to four decimal places
_
17. If 5x=
√ 25, find the value of x
_ _
18. It is given that x = 3
√ and y = 12 .
√
Find in the simplest form, the value of
i. xy
_ y
ii. x
iii. (x + y)2
19. Given log72= α, log73 = βand log75 = γ, express in terms of α, β, and
γ;
i. log76
ii. 15
log7__
2
40
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
EXTENDED READING
Cambridge Additional Mathematics by Michael Haese, Sandra Haese, Mark
Humphries, Chris Sangwin. Haese Mathematics (2014). Page(s) 101 – 128.
REFERENCES
1. Baffour, A. (2018). Elective Mathematics for Schools and Colleges.
Baffour Ba Series. ISBN: P0002417952. Page(s) 34 - 50, 473 – 154.
2. Mathematical Association of Ghana (2009). Effective Elective
Mathematics: Seddco Publishing Limited. ISBN 978 9964 72 4740.
Page(s) 17 – 20, 92 – 99.
3. Tuttuh-Adegun, M.R & Adegoke, D. G. New (2011) Further Mathematics
Project: Bounty Press Limited, Ibadan. Page(s) 22 - 60, 32 – 47.
41
SECTION2 SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
List of Contributors
Name Institution
Yaw Efa Ghana National College
Stella Awinipure Walewale SHTS
Joseph Fancis Kittah Bompeh SHTS, Takoradi
Mpeniasah Kwasi Christopher Three-Town SHTS
42
You might also like
- 1005098166-Operation and Maintenance Manual PowerKit 4M06 Series Diesel Engine-1005098166-ENo ratings yet1005098166-Operation and Maintenance Manual PowerKit 4M06 Series Diesel Engine-1005098166-E153 pages
- MTH101 Surds Lesson 2 FOR 100LEVEL ENGINEERING STUDENTSNo ratings yetMTH101 Surds Lesson 2 FOR 100LEVEL ENGINEERING STUDENTS37 pages
- Indlces, - Four - Figure Tables, - : CalculatorsNo ratings yetIndlces, - Four - Figure Tables, - : Calculators2 pages
- Httpswww.mathcentre.ac.Ukresourcesuploadedmc Ty Surds 2009 1.PDFNo ratings yetHttpswww.mathcentre.ac.Ukresourcesuploadedmc Ty Surds 2009 1.PDF9 pages
- Logarithms, Surds, Indices, Partial FractionsNo ratings yetLogarithms, Surds, Indices, Partial Fractions5 pages
- SSC Laws of Exponents and Surds (WWW - Freeupscmaterials.wordpress - Com)No ratings yetSSC Laws of Exponents and Surds (WWW - Freeupscmaterials.wordpress - Com)21 pages
- Surds: Multiplying Surds Combining and Simplifying Division Rule Rationalising Exam QuestionsNo ratings yetSurds: Multiplying Surds Combining and Simplifying Division Rule Rationalising Exam Questions18 pages
- Surds Notes: Adding and Subtracting SurdsNo ratings yetSurds Notes: Adding and Subtracting Surds1 page
- Surds Are Categorized Into 2 Types: 1. Similar Surds: ND RDNo ratings yetSurds Are Categorized Into 2 Types: 1. Similar Surds: ND RD8 pages
- 21 CHEV Spark OM en US U 84732004C 2021FEB01 3P-201-270No ratings yet21 CHEV Spark OM en US U 84732004C 2021FEB01 3P-201-27070 pages
- Lesson Plan Science Primary 5 Diana (08B0529) & Nurul Khairunnisa (08B0534)No ratings yetLesson Plan Science Primary 5 Diana (08B0529) & Nurul Khairunnisa (08B0534)11 pages
- Textile Talent Hunt 2013 Best 50 Based On Written TestNo ratings yetTextile Talent Hunt 2013 Best 50 Based On Written Test2 pages
- Instant Access to Taking the LEAP The Methods and Tools of the Linked Engineering and Manufacturing Platform LEAP 1st Edition Dimitris Kiritsis ebook Full Chapters100% (3)Instant Access to Taking the LEAP The Methods and Tools of the Linked Engineering and Manufacturing Platform LEAP 1st Edition Dimitris Kiritsis ebook Full Chapters62 pages
- AI 'Driven Robotics for Autonomous VehicleNo ratings yetAI 'Driven Robotics for Autonomous Vehicle29 pages
- The Pedagogical Implications of Using MATLAB in Integrated Chemistry and Mathematics CoursesNo ratings yetThe Pedagogical Implications of Using MATLAB in Integrated Chemistry and Mathematics Courses12 pages
- Module 1 Key Concepts of Human Rights CLJ 1No ratings yetModule 1 Key Concepts of Human Rights CLJ 134 pages
- Juridical Transfer of Seats in International Arbitration - A StudyNo ratings yetJuridical Transfer of Seats in International Arbitration - A Study16 pages
- Unit 1 - Compiler Design - WWW - Rgpvnotes.inNo ratings yetUnit 1 - Compiler Design - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in17 pages
- Building the Digital Enterprise A Guide to Constructing Monetization Models Using Digital Technologies Business in the Digital Economy Skilton - Download the ebook now and read anytime, anywhereNo ratings yetBuilding the Digital Enterprise A Guide to Constructing Monetization Models Using Digital Technologies Business in the Digital Economy Skilton - Download the ebook now and read anytime, anywhere59 pages
- English Unit 4 Lesson 1-2 Silent Movies December 17TH. To Dec. 21ST.No ratings yetEnglish Unit 4 Lesson 1-2 Silent Movies December 17TH. To Dec. 21ST.9 pages
- Countries, Nationalities and Languages in French: Free Resource LLL French Academy100% (1)Countries, Nationalities and Languages in French: Free Resource LLL French Academy5 pages
- Download Full Deep Thinkers Inside the Minds of Whales Dolphins and Porpoises 1st Edition Janet Mann PDF All Chapters100% (2)Download Full Deep Thinkers Inside the Minds of Whales Dolphins and Porpoises 1st Edition Janet Mann PDF All Chapters82 pages
