wave an oscillation at a frequency

frequencyofoscillation is fundamental
T period z time for 1 full oscillation

f frequency how oscillations pertime

many
for l full oscillation
Iffy
Traveling wave oscillation with a velocity
moves
die of motion
a oscillation is transverse to
direction of motion

if oscillation is of a ball it will trace out a

sine when
wave
travelling

velocityofball's rest fame

I
v

rest frame of
the oscillating
ball
iii
 which oscillation
wavelength distance over
repeats
distal repetition
velocity
IIe II time fr I repetition

Luffy
if ball velocity slows down f stays the same

ex water waves are transverse waves

amplitude I velocity
EM waves are transverse 5 EFI
longitudinal waves oscillation is along
dir of motion
springs
centateevareewo
ex
teeto
wassest
ewareno

if lot ball a long axis of the spring

youdisplace
it will set up longitudinal wave that
a
will
propagate along at some velocity
sound is a longitudinal pressure wave
 Additions
of waves
2 EM waves oscillating É fields along I dir

IES É E I cos K Z W t

ÉI ET Eat cosC Raz w at

if theyoverlap s E fields add linearly

É et É t É
waves oscillations add linearly
any waves of any kind not just EM waves

this is the principle of superposition

in this chapter we are studying this for waves
that have same
freq wavelength I even amplitude
Bet they can have different phases
wave 1 A x Aowskx snapshot at some time t
same amp
2 B x Ao askx 0
phase diff between the 2 waves

i
in
 Ian
is theangular phase
diff
special cases
0 0 A tB ZAo us IRD constructive interference

of IT A B Aco Rx Ao cos Katt

expand us Katt
kxqt
cos sinkxs.in

cosk soAtB
AocesCkx AocosCkx o
this is destructive interference
we are interested in
1 interference in 21 3 dimensions
2 condition for con destructive interference
in 243 dimensions
Interference in Z dimensions

drop water
rock in
waves

propagate outward concentric

wave length X
I
peak
tough

light waves 3 D but 2 D is sufficient

are in

to understand interference n 3 D
2 waves mad same amplitude wave length

destructive interference

gives constructive
constructive interference
3 d wave resulting amplitude
each
length for black
is sum
of
2nd for blue
Condition for constructive interference
each wave
goes a distance r from
origin to a point
wave I wave 2

now overlap

to constructive interference at
anypoint
want each path length to be some
multiple X
wave
of length
n na ra na X u
integer
or ra r Drank where u
integer
so for constructive interference at a point
Dr n X constructive

for destructive interference one of the distances

has to be nd x but only one not both
Ar htt X destructive

Phasedifference

phase of is the distance in

angle space O 21T

so
4 2
II if r X D 21T

phase difference between 2 waves at ptof

interest Dp a O 2 Ar
2t4
can write K wave number
241
so DO Kar
condition for
constructive interference zt
D0 k.nt
destructive Douthat
Interference intensity
take 2 waves same amplitude wavelength
but with a constant phase difference of
S A cos Rx
K
Sz A cos Ckx to E

AM
ex Si

s i
I s

Ole
th
add together S Sits principle of
superposition
S A coskx Acolkxto
Eocoskx
eg for EM wave E
Ez Eo cool keto

E E t Es

intensity I EOE's for EM

in general intensity power always comes
from squaring wave function
for Ell

Ea Eat Ed
easiest method subtract lolz from each wave

El Eo as Ckx
E E Eous Kx 612
let 0 012 to make it easier to calculate
EEE as Kx Q Ez Eo us bet G
E te Eo ask a us bx 0

ilbx oteilkxtosteilkxt
Eyre eik te
Eqbleikceiote.io éikx e'Feit
To
Eouso Receikxtéike
ZE oles Kx Wso
ZE
YO where EE Eouslka
Z Egr cos
z

if 0 0 then E 2Eousky constructive

ad Io ECE Yo CE cos Ax
for 040 then intensity I 4 E cos 012 Eoc

11
10680122
where 0 a phase diff between the waves

and Io YÉ
 2 slit interference

take plane wave

f
direction propagation

can make source of 2 circular waves

each slit will let waves
or pass but will then
spread out as if the slit
i
jp
ÉÉ
É I of
were
apt some
waves
waves from slits will have
same X o
I coherent
make slit width a wavelength
of light and d
now add a screen that can record resting light

intensity point
in
in sheen where was
I tetragon they in

aunts
tppygeen interfere destructively than when waves
At the screen
d
Ara n X
man
intensity is where influence is destructive
Ara att x j

r
ft rz

at
ftp.I 3g

blow up of region near slits r

length r r
are f

f
O
d o
S r r

s it 8 is
slightly lessthan dsince
but as O small 87 dsino
are 8 d si no n t condition for constructive

interference
similarly s d since t z a condition for destructive
 now move screen so R2 d

slits o
ly measures position
on screen

screen

tano y p but O small so tano since

since
y R y Rs.no
and d s mo n X
t
so
y Rand n 0,11

this tells you where the maximum

intensities from interference
 ex single radio transmitter transmits uniformly
in all directions
Z transmitters separated by a distanced

by adding multiple transmitters close together

can beam most ofthe
energy along more
a
narrow path see
http://www.physics.umd.edu/hep/drew/optics/antenna.html