EET 424 TRANSMISSION LINES AND

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

PRESENTED BY

DR. LINUS A. ALOO

EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
9/29/2024

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 TRANSMISSION LINES

REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS

1. MATTHEW N.O. SADIKU, “ELEMENTS OF

ELECTROMAGNETICS”, OXFORD UNIV.
PRESS, 3RD ED., 2001.
2. WILLIAM H. HAYT JR. AND JOHN A.
BUCK, “ENGINEERING
ELECTROMAGNETICS”, TMH, 7TH
EDITION, 2006.
3. DAVID K. CHENG, “FIELD AND WAVE
ELECTROMAGNETICS”, ADDISON-
WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1983.
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
9/29/2024

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
2.7. Transmission Line Performance
2.7.1. Input Impedance
 Consider a transmission line of length l, characterized by 𝜸
and 𝒁 𝟎 , connected to a load 𝒁 𝑳 as shown in figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
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 2. Transmission Line Performance
 Let the transmission line extend from z = 0 at the generator to
z = l at the load.
 We need the voltage and current waves in eqs. (2.27a) and
(2.27b)that is:
𝑉𝑠 𝑧 = 𝑉0 + 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 + 𝑉0 − 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 (2.27𝑎)
𝑉0 + −𝛾𝑧 𝑉0 − 𝛾𝑧
𝐼𝑠 𝑧 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 (2.27𝑏)
𝑍0 𝑍0
 𝑉0 + and 𝑉0 − can be evaluated provided that the terminal
conditions are specified.
 At the input: 𝑉0 = 𝑉 𝑧 = 0 , 𝐼0 = 𝐼 𝑧 = 0 (2.28)

substituting these into eqs. (2.27a) and (2.27b) results in

1
𝑉0 − = 𝑉 − 𝑍0 𝐼0 (2.29𝑎)
2 0
1
𝑉0 + = 𝑉0 + 𝑍0 𝐼0 (2.29𝑏)
2

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EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024 Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 2. Transmission Line Performance
 The input voltage 𝑉0 and the input current 𝐼0 are easily
obtained from figure 2.9(b) as
𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑔
𝑉0 = 𝑉 ,𝐼 = (2.30)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 + 𝑍𝑔 𝑔 0 𝑍𝑖𝑛 + 𝑍𝑔

 On the other hand, if the conditions at the load are supplied,

say: 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑙 , 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼 𝑧 = 𝑙 (2.31)

 Substituting these into eqs. (2.29a and 2.29b) gives

+ 1
𝑉0 = 𝑉𝐿 + 𝑍0 𝐼𝐿 𝑒 𝛾𝑙 (2.31𝑐)
2
− 1
𝑉0 = 𝑉𝐿 − 𝑍0 𝐼𝐿 𝑒 −𝛾𝑙 (2.31𝑑)
2

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9/29/2024 Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 2. Transmission Line Performance
 The input impedance 𝑉𝑠 (𝑧)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 =
𝐼𝑠 (𝑧)

at any point on the line is now determined.

For instance, at the generator, eqs. (2.27a) and (2.27b) yield
𝑉𝑠 (𝑧) 𝑍0 (𝑉0 + + 𝑉0 − )
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = = (2.32)
𝐼𝑠 (𝑧) 𝑉0 + − 𝑉0 −

 Substituting eq. (2.31c) and (2.31d) into eq. (2.32) and

applying the following trigonometric relations
𝑒 𝛾𝑙 + 𝑒 −𝛾𝑙 𝑒 𝛾𝑙 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑙
= cosh 𝛾𝑙 , = sinh 𝛾𝑙 , (2.33a)
2 2
sinh 𝛾𝑙 𝑒 𝛾𝑙 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑙
tanh 𝛾𝑙 = =, (2.33b)
cosh 𝛾𝑙 𝑒 𝛾𝑙 + 𝑒 −𝛾𝑙
𝑍𝐿+ 𝑍0 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑦 2.34
𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑙

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9/29/2024 EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
 2. Transmission Line Performance
 For a lossless line, 𝛾 = 𝛽𝑙, tan 𝑗𝛽𝑙 = 𝑗𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽𝑙 and 𝑍 0 =
𝑅 0 , so eq. (2.34) becomes
𝑍𝐿+ 𝑗𝑍0 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝛽𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 2.35
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝛽𝑙

𝛽𝑙 is usually referred to as the electrical length of the line and

can be expressed in degrees or radians.
2.7.2. Reflection Coefficient andΓ SWR
 We can define two types of reflection coefficients
Γ
1. The voltage reflection coefficient (at the load),Γ𝐿 defined as
the ratio of the voltage reflection wave to the incident wave at
the load, that is, 𝑉0 − 𝑒 𝛾𝑙
Γ𝐿 = (2.36)
𝑉0 + 𝑒 −𝛾𝑙

 Substituting 𝑉0 + and 𝑉0 − in eq. (2.31c &2.31d) into eq, (2.36) and

incorporating 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 𝐼𝐿 gives 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑜
Γ𝐿 = (2.37)
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜
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Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 2. Transmission Line Performance
Reflection Coefficient Cont’
 The voltage reflection coefficient at any point on the line is the ratio
of the magnitude of the reflected voltage wave to that of the
incident wave.
𝑉0 − 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 𝑉0 − 2𝛾𝑧
Γ𝐿 𝑧 = + −𝛾𝑧 = + 𝑒
𝑉0 𝑒 𝑉0

 Setting 𝑧 = 𝑙 − 𝑙 ′ , substituting and combining with eq. (2.36), we get

𝑉0 − 2𝛾𝑙 −2𝛾𝑙′ ′
Γ𝐿 𝑧 = + 𝑒 𝑒 = Γ𝐿 𝑒 −2𝛾𝑙 (2.38)
𝑉0
2. The current reflection coefficient at any point on the line is
negative of the voltage reflection coefficient at that point.
Thus, the current reflection coefficient at the load is
𝐼0 − 𝑒 𝛾𝑙
= −Γ𝐿 .
𝐼0 + 𝑒 −𝛾𝑙

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
STANDING WAVE RATIO S (OR SWR)
 The standing wave ratio s (or SWR) is defined as
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 + Γ𝐿
𝑠= ≈ = (2.39)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 − Γ𝐿

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
 It can be shown that 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = and 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = .
𝑍0 𝑍0

 The input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 in eq. (2.35) has maxima and

minima that occur, respectively, at the maxima and minima
of the voltage and current standing wave
 Further, it can be shown that

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 𝑠𝑍0 (2.40a)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑍0
𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = (2.40b)
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠

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Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 2. Transmission Line Performance
2.7.3. Illustrations Of Standing Waves On Transmission
Lines
 Consider a lossless line with characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 50Ω.
 We assume that the line is terminated in a pure resistive load
𝑍0 = 100Ω and the voltage at the load is 100 𝑉 (𝑟𝑚𝑠).
 The conditions on the line are displayed in Figure 2.10.

Fig. 2.10 Voltage and current wave patterns on a lossless line terminated by a resistive load.

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
2.7.4. Power flow along a transmission line
 The average input power at a distance 𝒍 from the load is given
by:
1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒[𝑉𝑠 (𝑙)𝐼𝑠 ∗ (𝑙)] (2.41)
2
 Assuming a lossless line, we substitute eqs. (2.27a) and (2.27b) to
obtain
+ ∗
1 𝑉0
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒[𝑉0 + (𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑙 + Γ𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑙 ) (𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑙 − Γ ∗ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑙 ) ]
2 𝑍0
2
1 𝑉0 + 2
= 𝑅𝑒[ 1− Γ + Γ𝑒 −2𝑗𝛽𝑙 − Γ ∗ 𝑒 2𝑗𝛽𝑙 ) ]
2 𝑍0
 Since the last two terms are purely imaginary, we have
2
𝑉0 +
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 = [1 − Γ 2 ] (2.42)
2𝑍0

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
2.7.4. Power flow along a transmission line
 The first term is the incident power 𝑷𝒊 while the
second term is the reflected power 𝑷𝒓 .

 Thus eq. (2.42) may be written as 𝑷𝒕 = 𝑷𝒊 − 𝑷𝒓

where 𝑷𝒕 is the input or transmitted power and the
negative sign is due to the negative going wave.

 It should be noticed from eq. (2.42) that the power is

constant and does not depend on 𝒍 since it is a
lossless line.
 Also, note that maximum power is delivered to the
load when 𝚪 = 𝟎.

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
2.7.5. Some Special cases of Transmission Lines
A. Shorted Line ( 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎)
 For this case, eq. (2.34) is transformed into

𝑍𝑆𝐶 = 𝑍𝑖𝑛 |𝑍𝐿 =0 = 𝑗𝑍0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽𝑙 2.43𝑎

 The reflection coefficient and SWR at the load becomes

Γ𝐿 = −1, 𝑠 = ∞ 2.43𝑏

 The 𝑍𝑖𝑛 in eq. (2.43a) is a pure reactance, which could be

capacitive or inductive depending on the value of 𝑙.

 Fig. 2.11a shows the variation of 𝑍𝑖𝑛 with 𝑙.

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
2.7.5. Some Special cases of Transmission Lines
B. Open-Circuited Line (𝒁𝑳 = ∞)
 Here, eq. (2.34) becomes

𝑍0
𝑍𝑂𝐶 = lim 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = = −𝑗𝑍0 cot 𝛽𝑙 2.44𝑎
𝑍𝐿 →∞ 𝑗𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽𝑙

 Also,
Γ𝐿 = 1, 𝑠 = ∞ 2.44𝑏

 Fig. 2.11a depicts the variation of 𝑍𝑖𝑛 with 𝑙.

 Notice from eqs. (2.43𝑎) and (2.44𝑎) that

𝑍𝑆𝐶 𝑍𝑂𝐶 = 𝑍0 2 2.45

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
2.7.5. Some Special cases of Transmission Lines
C. Matched Line (𝒁𝑳 = 𝑍0 )
 This is the most desirable case from the practical point of
view in which case, eq. (2.34) reduces to

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 2.46𝑎
and
Γ𝐿 = 0, 𝑠 = 1 2.46𝑏

that is, 𝑉0 = 0, the wave is transmitted 100% with zero

reflection.
 The incident power is fully absorbed by the load.
 Thus maximum power transfer is possible when a
transmission line is matched to the load.

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
2.7.5. Some Special cases of Transmission Lines

Fig.2.11 Input impedance of a lossless line: (a) when shorted, (b) when open

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
Example 2.3
A certain transmission line operating at 𝜔 = 106 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 has 𝛼 = 8
dB/m,𝛽 = 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚, and 𝑍0 = 60 + 𝑗40Ω, and is 2𝑚 long. If the line is
connected to a source of 10 < 00 𝑉, 𝑍𝑔 = 40Ω and terminated by a load
of 20 + 𝑗50Ω, determine:
i. The input impedance
ii. The sending-end current
iii. The current at the middle of the line
Solution
Since
8 0.921𝑁𝑝
1𝑁𝑝 = 8.686 𝑑𝐵, 𝛼 = =
8.686 𝑚

𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = 0.921 + 𝑗1 /𝑚

𝛾𝑙 = 2 0.921 + 𝑗1 = 1.84 + 𝑗2

Using the formula for tanh 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 , we obtain,

tanh 𝛾𝑙 = 1.033 − 𝑗0.03929

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
Example 2.3
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 tanh 𝛾𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 tanh 𝛾𝑙
(20 + 𝑗50 + (60 + 𝑗40)(1.033 − 𝑗0.03929)
= 60 + 𝑗40
(60 + 𝑗40 + (20 + 𝑗50)(1.033 − 𝑗0.03929)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 60.25 + 𝑗38.79 Ω
The sending-end current is 𝐼 𝑧 = 0 = 𝐼0
𝑉𝑔 10
𝐼 𝑧=0 = = = 93.03∠ − 21.150 𝑚𝐴
𝑍𝑖𝑛 + 𝑍𝑔 60.25 + 𝑗38.79 + 40
To find the current at any point, we need 𝑉0 + and𝑉0 − . But
𝐼0 = 𝐼 𝑧 = 0 = 93.03∠ − 21.150 𝑚𝐴
𝑉0 = 𝑍0 𝐼0 = 71.66∠32.770 0.09303∠ − 21.150 = 6.667∠11.620
+ 1 1
𝑉0 = 𝑉0 + 𝑍0 𝐼0 = 6.667∠11.620 + 60 + 𝑗40 0.09303∠ − 21.150
2 2
0
= 6.687∠12.08

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
Example 2.3
1−
𝑉0 = 𝑉0 − 𝑍0 𝐼0 = 0.0518∠2600
2
At the middle of the line,
𝑙
𝑧 = 2 , 𝛾𝑧 = 0.921 + 𝑗1. Hence, the current at this point is
𝑙 𝑉0 + −𝛾𝑧 𝑉0 − 𝛾𝑧
𝐼𝑠 𝑧= = 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 𝑍0 𝑍0
0
𝑗12.08 0
(6.687𝑒 𝑒 )𝑒 −0.921−𝑗1 (0.0518𝑒 𝑗260 )𝑒 0.921+𝑗1 )
= −
(60 + 𝑗40) (60 + 𝑗40)
Note that 𝑗1 is in radians and is equivalent to 𝑗57.30 .Thus,
𝑗12.08 0 0 0 0
𝑙 (6.687𝑒 𝑒 )𝑒 −0.921 𝑒 −𝑗57.3 (0.0518𝑒 𝑗260 )𝑒 0.921 𝑒 𝑗57.3
𝐼𝑠 𝑧= = 0 − 0
2 72.1𝑒 𝑗33.69 72.1𝑒 𝑗33.69
0
= 0.0369𝑒 −𝑗78.91 − 0.001805𝑒 𝑗283.61
= 6.673 − 𝑗34.456 𝑚𝐴
35.10∠2810 𝑚𝐴

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
Exercises
1. A 100Ω transmission line is connected to a load consisting of a
50Ω resistor in series with a 10𝑝𝐹 capacitor.
a) Find the reflection coefficient Γ𝐿 at the load for a 100𝑀𝐻𝑧
signal.
b) Find the impedance Z𝑖𝑛 at the input end of the transmission
line if its length is 0.125𝜆 .
2. A lossless transmission line with 𝑍0 = 50Ω and 𝑑 = 1.5𝑚
connects a voltage 𝑉𝑔 source to a terminal load of 𝑍𝐿 =
50 + 𝑗50 Ω . If 𝑉𝑔 = 60 𝑉, operating frequency 𝑓 =
100𝑀𝐻𝑧, and 𝑍𝑔 = 50Ω and assuming that the speed of the wave
along the transmission line equal to the speed of light 𝑐,
a) Find the distance of the first voltage maximum 𝑙𝑀 , from the
load.
b) What is the power delivered to the load 𝑃𝐿 ?

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
2.8. Transmission Line Impedance Matching
 Whenever the characteristic impedance of a TL
and its load are not matched (equal), standing
waves are present on the line and maximum
power is not transferred to the load.
 Standing waves cause power loss, dielectric
breakdown, noise, radiation, and ghost signals.
 Two common techniques of matching the
transmission-line to a load having impedance that
is not equal to ZO:
1. Quarter-wavelength transformer matching and
2. Stub matching.

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
a) Quarter-wavelength transformer matching.
 This is used to match transmission lines to purely resistive loads
whose resistance is not equal to the characteristic impedance of the
line.
 A transmission line one-quarter wavelength long acts as a step-up
or step-down transformer, depending on whether ZL is greater
than or less than ZO.
 The impedance transformations for a quarter-wavelength
transmission line are as follows:

RL = ZO: The quarter-wavelength line acts as transformer with a

1:1 turns ratio.
RL > ZO: The quarter-wavelength line acts as step-down
transformer.
RL < ZO: The quarter-wavelength line acts as step-up
transformer.

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
a) Quarter-wavelength transformer matching.
 As with a transformer, a quarter-wavelength transformer is
placed between a transmission line and its load.
 Fig.2.13. shows how a quarter-wavelength transformer is used to
match a transmission line to a purely resistive load.
 The characteristic impedance of the quarter-wavelength
section is determined mathematically from the formula

Z’O = √ ZOZL

Where
Z’O = characteristic impedance of a quarter-wavelength transformer
ZO = characteristic impedance of the transmission line that is being
matched
ZL = load impedance

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
a) Quarter-wavelength transformer matching.

Fig.2.13. Quarter-wavelength transformer

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 2. Transmission Line Performance
Example 2.4
A signal generator is to feed equal power through a lossless air
transmission line of characteristic impedance 50Ω to two separate
resistive loads, 64Ω and 25Ω. Quarter-wave transformers are used to
match the loads to the 50Ω line.
(a) Determine the required characteristic impedances of the quarter-
wave lines.
(b) Find the standing-wave ratios on the matching line sections.

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 . 2. Transmission Line Performance
,
Example 2.4
(Sol.) (a) Ri1  Ri 2  2 R0  100() .
,
R01'  Ri1 RL1  100  64  80() , R02'  Ri 2 RL 2  100  25  50()

(b) Matching section No. 1:

RL1  R01' 64  80 1  1 1  0.11

, 1    0.11 , S1    1.25
RL1  R01 64  80
'
1  1 1  0.11

Matching section No. 2:

RL 2  R02' 25  50 1  2 1  0.33
2    0.33 , S 2    1.99
RL 2  R02 25  50
'
1  2 1  0.33

26
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 2. Transmission Line Performance
,
b) Stub matching.
 Purely inductive or purely capacitive loads do not absorb any
energy. The reflection coefficient is 1 and the SWR is infinity.
,
 When the load is a complex impedance (which is usually the
case), it is necessary to remove the reactive component to match
the transmission line to the load.
 Transmission-line stubs are commonly used for this purpose.
,

Fig.2.14. Shorted stub impedance matching

27
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 2. Transmission Line Performance
,
b) Stub matching.

 A transmission-line stub is simply a piece of

, additional transmission line that is placed across
the primary line as close to the load as possible.
 The susceptance of the stub is used to tune out
the susceptance of the load.
,
 With stub matching, either a shorted or an open
stub can be used.
 However, shorted stubs are preferred because
open stubs have a tendency to radiate, especially
at the higher frequency.

28
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 2. Transmission Line Performance
,
b)Stub matching.

 Fig.2.14 shows how a shorted stub is used to cancel the

,
susceptance of the load and match the load resistance to
the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
 A transmission line that is one-half wavelength or shorter
can be used to tune out the reactive component of a load.
, The process of matching a load to a transmission line
with a shorted stub is as follows:
1. Locate a point as close to the load as possible where the
conductive component of the input admittance is equal to
the characteristic admittance of the transmission line.
Yin = G – jB, where G = 1/ZO

29
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 2. Transmission Line Performance
,
b)Stub matching.
2. Attach the shorted stub to the point on the transmission line
identified in step 1.
, 3. Depending on whether the reactive component at the point
identified in step 1 is inductive or capacitive, the stub length is
adjusted accordingly.
Conclusion
,  Two resistive impedances can be matched by a section of a TL
which is quarter-wavelength long and has characteristic
impedance equal to the geometric mean of the two resistances.
 The quarter wavelength transfer is commonly used at the junction
of two transmission lines of unequal characteristic impedances.
Drawback
 This technique needs special line of characteristic impedance for
every pair of resistances to be matched.

30
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
,
3.1. Understanding the Smith Chart
 A Smith Chart is essentially a graphical indication of the
impedance of a transmission line as one move along the line.
,

Fig.2.15. r-circle and x-circle

31
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
,
3.1. Understanding the Smith Chart

Salient properties of the r-circles:

1. The centers of all r-circles lie on the Γr-
axis.
2.The r=0 circle, having a unity radius and
,
centered at the origin, is the largest.
3. The r-circles become progressively
smaller as r increases from 0 toward ∞,
ending at the (Γr=1, Γi=0) point for open-
circuit.
4. All r-circles pass through the (Γr=1,
Γi=0) point.

32
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
,
3.1. Understanding the Smith Chart

Salient properties of the x-circles:

1. The centers of all x-circles lie on the Γr=1
line, those for x>0 (inductive reactance) lie
above the Γr–axis, and those for x<0 (capacitive
,
reactance) lie below the Γr–axis.
2. The x=0 circle becomes the Γr–axis.
3. The x-circle becomes progressively smaller
as |x| increases from 0 toward ∞, ending at the
(Γr=1, Γi=0) point for open-circuit.
4. All x-circles pass through the (Γr=1, Γi=0)
point.

33
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
,
3.1. Understanding the Smith Chart

Summary
1. All |Γ|–circles are centered at the origin, and their
radii vary uniformly from 0 to 1.
2. The angle, measured from the positive real axis,
,

of the line drawn from the origin through the point

representing zL equals θΓ.
3. The value of the r-circle passing through the
intersection of the |Γ|–circle and the positive-real
axis equals the standing-wave radio S.

34
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
,
3.2. Application of Smith Chart in lossless transmission line:
j
1  e  j 2 z ' Z ( z ) 1   e  j 2 z '
1   e
Z i ( z' ) 
V ( z' )
 z0 [  j 2 z '
] zi ( z' )  i 
Z 0 1  e  j 2 z '

1   e j
when      2z '
I ( z' ) 1  e
keep |Γ| constant and subtract (rotate in the clockwise direction)
an angle
4z '
 2z ' 
,

from θΓ. This will locate the point for |Γ|ejφ, which determine Zi.
Increasing z’ wavelength toward generator in the clockwise
direction

A change of half a wavelength in the line length z '  A change of
2
2  (z ' )  2 in φ.

35
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
, ,
3.2. Application of Smith Chart in lossless transmission line:
Example 3.1
Use the Smith chart to find the input impedance of a section of a
50Ω lossless transmission line that is 0.1 wavelength long and is
terminated in a short-circuit.
Solution
Given z L  0 , R0  50() , z' 0.1
, 1. Enter the Smith chart at the intersection of r=0 and x=0
(Point Psc on the extreme left of chart; see Fig.)
2. Move along the perimeter of the chart (   1) by
0.1 “wavelengths toward generator’’ in a clockwise direction to P1.
3. At P1, read r=0 and x  0.725, or z i  j 0.725 ,
Z i  50( j 0.725)  j 36.3() .

36
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
, ,
3.2. Application of Smith Chart in lossless transmission line:
Example 3.2
A lossless transmission line of length 0.434λ and characteristic impedance 100Ω
is terminated in an impedance 260+j180 (Ω). Find (a) the voltage reflection
coefficient, (b) the standing-wave ratio, (c) the input impedance, and (d) the
location of a voltage maximum on the line.
Solution (a) Given l=0.434λ, R0=100Ω, ZL=260+j180
1. Enter the Smith chart at zL=ZL/R0=2.6+j1.8 (point P2 in Fig.)
2. With the center at the origin, draw a circle of radius
,
OP 2    0.60 . ( OP sc =1)

3. Draw the straight line OP2 and extend it to P2’ on the periphery.
Read 0.22 on “wavelengths toward generator” scale.

  = 21 ,    e j  0.6021 .


(b) The   0.60 circle intersects with the positive-real axis OPoc

at r=S=4.

37
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
, ,
3.2. Application of Smith Chart in lossless transmission line:
Example 3.2 Cont’

c) To find the input impedance:

1. Move P2’ at 0.220 by a total of 0.434 “wavelengths toward generator,”
first to 0.500 and then further to 0.154 to P3’.

2. Join O and P3’ by a straight line which intersects the   0.60 circle at P3.
,

3. Read r=0.69 and x=1.2 at P3. Z i  R0 z i  100(0.69  j1.2)  69  j120() .

d) In going from P2 to P3, the   0.60 circle intersects the positive-real

axis OPoc at PM, where the voltage is a maximum. Thus a voltage

maximum appears at (0.250-0.220)  or 0.030  from the load.

38
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
, ,
3.2. Application of Smith Chart in lossless transmission line
Smith Chart for Example 3.1 and 3.2

Fig.3.1. Smith Chart Solution for example 3.1 and 3.2

39
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
, ,
3.2. Application of Smith Chart in lossy transmission line
2z ' j
1  e 2z '  e 2 jz ' 1   e  e
zi  
1  e 2z '  e 2 jz ' 1   e 2z '  e j
 This implies that we cannot simply move close to the |Γ|-circle; unless the
auxiliary calculations are made for the e-2αz’ factor.
Example 3.3
The input impedance of a short-circuited lossy transmission line of length 2m
and characteristic impedance 75Ω (approximately real) is 45+j225(Ω). (a) Find α
and β of the line. (b) Determine the input impedance if the short-circuit is
replaced by a load impedance ZL= 67.5-j45(Ω).
(Sol.) (a) Enter z i1  (45  j 225) / 75  0.60  j3.0 in the chart as P1 in Fig.
Draw a straight line from the origin O through P1 to P1’.
1 1 1
Measure OP1 / OP1 '  0.89  e 2 ,  
ln( )  ln(1.124)  0.029( Np / m)
2 0.89 4
Record that the arc Psc P1 ' is 0.20 “wavelengths toward generator”.  /   0.20 , 2  4 /   0.8 .

40
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
, ,
3.2. Application of Smith Chart in lossy transmission line

0.8 0.8
   0.2 (rad / m) .
2 4
(b) To find the input impedance for:
1. Enter z L  Z L / Z 0  (67.5  j 45) / 75  0.9  j 0.6 on the Smith chart as P2.
2. Draw a straight line from O through P2 to P2’ where the “wavelengths toward generator” reading is 0.364.

3. Draw a  –circle centered at O with radius OP2 .

4. Move P2’ along the perimeter by 0.2 “wavelengths toward generator” to P3’ at 0.364+0.20=0.564 or 0.064.

5. Joint P3’ and O by a straight line, intersecting the  –circle at P3.

6. Mark on line OP3 a point Pi such that OPi / OP3  e 2  0.89 .

7. At Pi, read z i  0.64  j 0.27 . Z i  75(0.64  j 0.27)  48.0  j 20.3()

41
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
. 3. THE SMITH CHART
, 3.3. Application of Smith Chart in lossy, transmission line

Fig. Smith Chart Solution for example 3.3

42
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
. 3. THE SMITH CHART
, 3.2. Application of Smith Chart
, in obtaining admittance

ZL 1 1
YL  1 / Z L , z L    , where y L  YL / Y0  Y0 / G0  R0YL  y  jb
R0 R0YL y L

43
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
3.2.
, Application of Smith Chart in
, obtaining admittance
Example 3.4
Find the input admittance of
an open-circuited line of
characteristic impedance 300Ω
and length 0.04λ.

(Sol.) 1. For an open -circuited line we start from the point Poc on the extreme right of the
impedance Smith chart, at 0.25 in Fig.
2. Move along the perimeter of the chart by 0.04 “wavelengths toward generator ” to P3 (at
0.29).
3. Draw a straight line from P3 through O, intersecting at P3’ on the opposite side.
1
4. Read at P3’: y i  0  j 0.26 , Yi  (0  j 0.26)  j 0.87mS .
300

44
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
3.3.
, Application of Smith Chart in
, Single-Stub Matching

1 , where yB=R0YB, ys=R0Ys

Yi  YB  YS  Y0  ∵ 1+jbs= yB, ∴ ys=-jbs and lB is
R0 required to cancel the imaginary
 1  yB  yS part.

45
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
3.3.
, Application of Smith Chart in
, Single-Stub Matching

Procedure for Single-Stub Matching with Smith Chart

Using the Smith chart as an admittance chart and with yL
determined, we proceed as follows for single-stub matching:
1. Enter the point representing the normalized load
admittance.
2. Draw the |Γ|-circle for yL, which will intersect the g=1
circle at two points. At these points, yB1=1+jbB1 and
yB2=1+jbB2. Both are possible solutions.
3. Determine load-section lengths d1 and d2 from the angles
between the point representing yL and the points
representing yB1 and yB2.
4. Determine stub length lB1 and lB2 from the angles between
the short-circuit point on the extreme right of the chart to
the points representing –jbB1 and –jbB2, respectively.

46
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
3.3. Application of Smith Chart in, Single-Stub Matching
Example 3.5
A 50Ω transmission line is connected to a load impedance ZL= 35-
j47.5(Ω). Find the position and length of a short-circuited stub
required to match the line.
(Sol.) Given R0  50() , Z L  35  j 47.5() , z L  Z L / R0  0.70  j 0.95

1. Enter z L on the Smith chart as P1 . Draw a  –circle centered at O with radius OP1 .

2. Draw a straight li ne from P1 through O to P' 2 on the perimeter, intersecting the  –circle at P2 , which

represents y L . Note 0.109 at P' 2 on the “wavelengths toward generator” scale.

3. Two points of intersection of the  –circle with the g=1 circle.

At P3 : y B1  1  j1.2  1  jbB1 . At P4 : y B 2  1  j1.2  1  jbB 2 ;

47
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
3.3.
, Application of Smith Chart
, in Single-Stub Matching

4. Solutions for the position of the stubs:

For P3 (from P' 2 to P'3 ): d1  (0.168  0.109)  0.059
For P4 (from P' 2 to P' 4 ): d 2  (0.332  0.109)  0.223
For P3 (from Psc to P ' '3 , which represents  jbB1   j1.2 ):
 B1  (0.361  0.250)  0.111
For P4 (from Psc to P"4 , which represents  jbB 2  j1.2 ):
 B 2  (0.139  0.250)  0.389

48
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
3.3.
, Application of Smith Chart
, in Single-Stub Matching

49
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo
 . 3. THE SMITH CHART
3.3.
, Application of Smith Chart
, in Single-Stub Matching

Exercise
A 30m long lossless transmission line with 𝑍0 =
50Ω operating at 2𝑀𝐻𝑧 is terminated with a
load 𝑍𝐿 = 60 + 𝑗40 Ω. If 𝑢 = 0.6𝑐 on the line,
find the following parameters first without using
the Smith Chart and then by using the Smith
Chart:
i) The reflection coefficient Γ
ii)The standing wave ratio 𝑠
iii)The input Impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛
iv)Comment on the results obtained

50
EET 424 Transmission Lines & EM Waves Lecture
9/29/2024
Notes by Dr. L.A. Aloo