Chapter 7: Single-Dimensional

Arrays

CS1: Java Programming

Colorado State University

Original slides by Daniel Liang

Modified slides by Kris Brown

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 Introducing Arrays
Array is a data structure that represents a collection of the
same types of data.

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 Declaring Array Variables
● datatype[] arrayRefVar;
Example:
double[] myList;

// This style is allowed, but not preferred:

● datatype arrayRefVar[];
Example:
double myList[];

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 Creating Arrays
arrayRefVar = new datatype[arraySize];

Example:
myList = new double[10];

myList[0] references the first element in the array.

myList[9] references the last element in the array.

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 Declaring and Creating
in One Step
● datatype[] arrayRefVar = new
datatype[arraySize];
double[] myList = new double[10];

● datatype arrayRefVar[] = new

datatype[arraySize];
double myList[] = new double[10];

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 The Length of an Array
Once an array is created, its size is fixed. It cannot be
changed. You can find its size using

arrayRefVar.length

For example,

myList.length returns 10

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 Default Values
When an array is created, its elements are
assigned the default value of:

0 for the numeric primitive data types,

'\u0000' for char types, and
false for boolean types.

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 Indexed Variables
The array elements are accessed through the index. The
array indices are 0-based, i.e., it starts from 0 to
arrayRefVar.length-1.

myList holds ten double values and the indices are

from 0 to 9.

Each element in the array is represented using the

following syntax, known as an indexed variable:
arrayRefVar[index];

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 Using Indexed Variables
After an array is created, an indexed variable can
be used in the same way as a regular variable.

For example, the following code adds the value

in myList[0] and myList[1] and assigns it to
myList[2].

myList[2] = myList[0] + myList[1];

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 Array Initializers
● Declaring, creating, initializing in one step:
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4,
3.5};

This shorthand syntax must be in one

statement.

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 Declaring, creating, initializing
Using the Shorthand Notation
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

This shorthand notation is equivalent to the

following statements:
double[] myList = new double[4];
myList[0] = 1.9;
myList[1] = 2.9;
myList[2] = 3.4;
myList[3] = 3.5;

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 CAUTION
● Using the shorthand notation, you have to
declare, create, and initialize the array all in
one statement.
● Splitting it would cause a syntax error.
● For example, the following is wrong:
double[] myList;
myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
Declare array variable values, create an
array, and assign its reference to values

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i becomes 1

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (=1) is less than 5

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line is executed, value[1] is 1

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation

Trace Program with Arrays

After i++, i becomes 2

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (= 2) is less than 5
public class Test {
public static void main(String[]
args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] +
values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line is executed,
values[2] is 3 (2 + 1)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this, i becomes 3.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (=3) is still less than 5.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line, values[3] becomes 6 (3 + 3)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this, i becomes 4

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (=4) is still less than 5

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this, values[4] becomes 10 (4 + 6)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After i++, i becomes 5

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation

Trace Program with Arrays

i ( =5) < 5 is false. Exit the loop

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line, values[0] is 11 (1 + 10)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}
}

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 Processing Arrays
See the examples in the text.
1. (Initializing arrays with input values)
2. (Initializing arrays with random values)
3. (Printing arrays)
4. (Summing all elements)
5. (Finding the largest element)
6. (Finding the smallest index of the largest element)
7. (Random shuffling)
8. (Shifting elements)

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 Initializing arrays with input values
java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter " + myList.length + " values: ");

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++)

myList[i] = input.nextDouble();

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 Initializing arrays with random values

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {

myList[i] = Math.random() * 100;
}

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 Finding the largest element
double max = myList[0];
for (int i = 1; i < myList.length; i++) {
if (myList[i] > max) max = myList[i];
}

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 Random shuffling

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 Shifting Elements

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 Enhanced for Loop (for-each loop)
JDK 1.5 introduced a new for loop that enables you to traverse the complete array
sequentially without using an index variable. For example, the following code
displays all elements in the array myList:

for (double value: myList)

System.out.println(value);

In general, the syntax is

for (elementType value: arrayRefVar) {

// Process the value
}

You still have to use an index variable if you wish to traverse the array in a
different order or change the elements in the array.

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 Your Turn!

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 iClicker Quiz

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 Lecture 2

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 Problem: Deck of Cards
The problem is to write a program that picks four cards
randomly from a deck of 52 cards. All the cards can be
represented using an array named deck, filled with initial
values 0 to 51, as follows:

int[] deck = new int[52];

// Initialize cards
for (int i = 0; i < deck.length; i++)
deck[i] = i;

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Problem: Deck of Cards, cont.

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Problem: Deck of Cards, cont.

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 Problem: Deck of Cards
This problem builds a foundation for future more interesting and
realistic applications:
http://www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/anim
See Exercise 20.15. ation/web/24Point.html

Run 24 Point Game

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 Problem: Deck of Cards
The problem is to write a program that picks four cards
randomly from a deck of 52 cards. All the cards can be
represented using an array named deck, filled with initial
values 0 to 51, as follows:

int[] deck = new int[52];

// Initialize cards
for (int i = 0; i < deck.length; i++)
deck[i] = i;

Solution:
http://www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/intro11e/html/Dec
kOfCards.html

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 Copying Arrays
Often, in a program, you need to duplicate an array or a part of an array.
In such cases you could attempt to use the assignment statement (=), as
follows:

list2 = list1;

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 Copying Arrays
Using a loop:
int[] sourceArray = {2, 3, 1, 5, 10};
int[] targetArray = new
int[sourceArray.length];

for (int i = 0; i < sourceArrays.length; i++)

targetArray[i] = sourceArray[i];

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 The arraycopy Utility
arraycopy(sourceArray, src_pos,
targetArray, tar_pos, length);

Example:
System.arraycopy(sourceArray, 0,
targetArray, 0, sourceArray.length);

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 Passing Arrays to Methods
public static void printArray(int[] array) {
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
System.out.print(array[i] + " ");
}
}

Invoke the method

int[] list = {3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2};

printArray(list);

Invoke the method

printArray(new int[]{3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2});

Anonymous array

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 Anonymous Array
The statement
printArray(new int[]{3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2});
creates an array using the following syntax:
new dataType[]{literal0, literal1, ..., literalk};
There is no explicit reference variable for the array.
Such array is called an anonymous array.

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 Pass By Value
Java uses pass by value to pass arguments to a method. There
are important differences between passing a value of variables
of primitive data types and passing arrays.

● For a parameter of a primitive type value, the actual value is

passed. Changing the value of the local parameter inside the
method does not affect the value of the variable outside the
method.

● For a parameter of an array type, the value of the parameter

contains a reference to an array; this reference is passed to the
method. Any changes to the array that occur inside the method
body will affect the original array that was passed as the
argument.
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 Simple Example
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 1; // x represents an int value
int[] y = new int[10]; // y represents an array of int values

m(x, y); // Invoke m with arguments x and y

System.out.println("x is " + x);

System.out.println("y[0] is " + y[0]);
}

public static void m(int number, int[] numbers) {

number = 1001; // Assign a new value to number
numbers[0] = 5555; // Assign a new value to numbers[0]
}
}
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 Call Stack

When invoking m(x, y), the values of x and y are passed

to number and numbers. Since y contains the reference
value to the array, numbers now contains the same
reference value to the same array.
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 Call Stack

When invoking m(x, y), the values of x and y are

passed to number and numbers. Since y contains the
reference value to the array, numbers now contains the
same reference value to the same array.
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 Heap

The JVM stores the array in an area of memory,

called heap, which is used for dynamic memory
allocation where blocks of memory are allocated and
freed in an arbitrary order.
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 Passing Arrays as Arguments

● Objective: Demonstrate differences of

passing primitive data type variables
and array variables.

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 Example, cont.

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 Returning an Array from a Method
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}
list
return result;
} result

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};

int[] list2 = reverse(list1);

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animation

Trace the reverse Method

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
Declare result and create array
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 0

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 0 and j = 5
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 0

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (= 0) is less than 6
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 0

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 0 and j = 5
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[0] to result[5]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);

After this, i becomes 1 and j

public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { becomes 4
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);

i (=1) is less than 6

public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 1 and j = 4
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[1] to result[4]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
After this, i becomes 2 and j
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { becomes 3
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (=2) is still less than 6
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 2 and j = 3
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[i] to result[j]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 3 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
After this, i becomes 3 and j
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { becomes 2
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 3 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (=3) is still less than 6
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 3 and j = 2
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[i] to result[j]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 69
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
After this, i becomes 4 and j
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { becomes 1
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 70
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (=4) is still less than 6
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 71
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 4 and j = 1
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[i] to result[j]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 72
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
After this, i becomes 5 and j
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { becomes 0
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 73
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (=5) is still less than 6
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 74
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 5 and j = 0
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[i] to result[j]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 6 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 75
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
After this, i becomes 6 and j
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { becomes -1
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 6 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 76
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (=6) < 6 is false. So exit
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { the loop.
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 6 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 77
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
Return result
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

list2
result 6 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 78
Main Method Is Just a Regular Method

You can call a regular method by passing actual

parameters. Can you pass arguments to main? Of
course, yes. For example, the main method in class
B is invoked by a method in A, as shown below:

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 79
 The Arrays.toString(list) Method
The Arrays.toString(list) method can be used to return a string
representation for the list.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 80
 Your Turn!

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 iClicker Quiz

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