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Selfstudys Com File (3)

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14 views

Selfstudys Com File (3)

Uploaded by

gourk525
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lines and Angles

 Corresponding angles

When a transversal intersects two lines l and m, the corresponding angles so formed at the
intersection points are named as follows:

∠1 and ∠5, ∠2 and ∠6


∠3 and ∠7, ∠4 and ∠8

 Corresponding angles axiom


If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of corresponding angles is
equal.
In the above figure, if lines l and m become parallel then we will have following pair of
equal angles:
∠1 =∠5, ∠2 =∠6, ∠3 =∠7 and ∠4 = ∠8

 Converse of corresponding angles axiom


If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding angles is equal, then
the two lines are parallel to each other.

In the figure, the corresponding angles are equal. Therefore, the lines l and m are parallel to
each other.

 Alternate angles
When a transversal intersects two lines l and m, the alternate angles so formed at the
intersection points are named as follows:

Alternate interior angles


∠3 and ∠5, ∠4 and ∠6

Alternate exterior angles


∠1 and ∠7, ∠2 and ∠8

 Alternate angles axiom


If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then the angles in each pair of alternate angles
are equal.

In the above figure, lines l and m are parallel. So, by using the alternate angles axiom, we
can say that:
∠1 = ∠7, ∠2 = ∠8, ∠3 = ∠5 and ∠4 = ∠6

 Converse of alternate angles axiom


If a transversal intersects two lines such that the angles in a pair of alternate angles are
equal, then the two lines are parallel.
In the above figure, alternate interior angles are equal (100°) and thus, lines l and m are
parallel.

 Property of interior angles on the same side of a transversal:

If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then the angles in a pair of interior angles on
the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
For example,

In the given figure, if lines l and m are parallel to each other then ∠1 + ∠4 = 180° and ∠2 +
∠3 = 180°.

 Converse of the property of interior angles on the same side of a transversal:

If a transversal intersects two lines such that the interior angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary, then the lines intersected by the transversal are parallel.

Example: In the given figure, decide whether l is parallel to m or not.


Solution:

∠x = 96° (Vertically opposite angles)


∠x + 84 = 96° + 84° = 180°
i.e., Sum of the interior angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary.
Therefore, l||m.

 Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
In the given figure, AB ॥ CD and CD ॥ EF, therefore AB ॥ EF.

Example: In the given figure, line AB is parallel to CD and CD is parallel to EF. Find the
value of x
Solution: It is given that AB || CD and CD || EF.
We know that the lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
Therefore, AB || EF.
⇒ x = 75° (Alternate interior angles)

 Angle sum property of triangles:


The sum of all the three interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
∴ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°

Example: If the measures of the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2: 4: 6, then find all the
angles of the triangle.

Solution: Ratio of the measures of angles = 2: 4: 6


Therefore, let the angles of the triangle measure 2x, 4x, and 6x.
Now, 2x + 4x + 6x = 180° {By angle sum property of triangles}
⇒ 12x = 180°
⇒ x = 15°
Thus, the angles of the triangle are
2x =2 × 15° = 30°,
4x = 3 × 15° = 60°
6x = 6 × 15° = 90°.

The measure of one of angle is 90°.

 Facts deduced from angle sum property of triangles:


There can be no triangle with two right angles or two obtuse angles.
There can be no triangle with all angles less than or greater than 60°.

 Relation between the vertex angle and the angles made by the bisectors of the
remaining angles:

In ΔABC, BX and CY are bisectors of ∠B and ∠C respectively. Also, O is the point of


intersection of BX and CY.
Therefore, .

 The angle formed by a side of a triangle with an extended adjacent side is called
an exterior angle of the triangle.

It can be seen that in ΔABC, side CB is extended up to point D. This extended side forms an
angle with side AB, i.e., ∠ABD. This angle lies exterior to the triangle. Hence, ∠ABD is an
exterior angle of ΔABC.

 If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of
the two interior opposite angles.

∠ACX = ∠BAC + ∠ABC


This property is known as exterior angle property of a triangle.
Example: Find the value of x in the following figure.

Solution: ∠QRS is an exterior angle of ΔPQR. It is thus equal to the sum of its interior
opposite angles.
∴∠QRS = ∠QPR + ∠PQR
⇒ x = 65° + 70° = 135°
Thus, the value of x is 135°.

 Two exterior angles can be drawn at each vertex of triangle. The two angles thus drawn
have an equal measure and are equal to the sum of the two opposite interior angles.

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