Analysis of

Transmission Lines

Dr. H. Rahaman, Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication, BKBIET Pilani
 Objective

 Analysis of Transmission line model.

 Rectangular waveguide design.
 Find different modes – TE/ TM.
 Different parameters related to each mode.
 Recap

 We discussed on uniform plane waves and equations and

characteristics – impedance, phase velocity, phase constant,
wavenumber etc.
 Concept of modes and different kind of modes.
 Different types of losses in these modes.
 Electromagnetic Waves Transmission

Electromagnetic waves are carried from one point to other by

different means – Coaxial line, two wire line, strip line, micro strip
line, optical fiber, waveguides etc.
̶ Two wire lines are inexpensive but lacks shielding.
̶ Coaxial lines are shielded but are difficult to fabricate complex
microwave components in a medium.
̶ Waveguides have the advantage of high power handling capacity and
low loss but are bulky and expensive at low frequencies.
̶ Planar transmission lines provide an alternative in the form of
stripline, micro stripline, slot lines, co planar waveguides etc.
 Waveguide components
Waveguide – Basically a hollow metal pipe in rectangular or circular
form. Based on dimension, it allows rf frequencies in a certain range.

Straight sections waveguide Coupler waveguide

Isolator Terminator Power divider/ Tees

 Rectangular waveguide

 Rectangular waveguides are one of the earliest types of

transmission lines used to transport microwave signals and are
still in used today.
 High power microwave systems, satellite systems, some
precise applications for scientific and industrial requirement.
 Hollow rectangular waveguide supports TE and TM modes
but not TEM modes because it has only one conductor.
 TE and TM modes have cut off frequencies below which
propagation is not possible.
 TE Modes

The waveguide is filled with a material of permittivity 𝜖 and

permeability 𝜇 .
TE mode is characterized by Ez = 0, Hz  0. The wave equation is
𝜵𝟐 𝑯𝒛 + 𝒌𝟐 𝑯𝒛 = 0 where 𝑯𝒛 = 𝒉𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛

Reduces to two dimensional 𝜕2 𝜕2

2
+ 2 + 𝑘𝑐2 𝐻𝑧 = 0 𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
wave equation. 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

The partial differential equation can be solved by using Cutoff wave number
separation of variables. for TE waves .

𝒉𝒛 = 𝑿 𝒙 𝒀(𝒚)
 TE Modes
Wave equation 𝜕2 𝜕2 2
+ + 𝑘𝑐 𝐻𝑧 = 0 𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Substitute by separation of variables. ℎ𝑧 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)
1 𝑑2 𝑋 1 𝑑2 𝑌 2 =0
+ + 𝑘 𝑐
𝑋 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑌 𝑑𝑦 2
Each of the term will be equal to constant
𝑑2 𝑋 2 𝑑2 𝑌 2 𝑌(𝑦) 2 = 𝑘2 + 𝑘2
= −𝑘 𝑥 𝑋(𝑥) = −𝑘𝑦 ⟹ 𝑘𝑐 𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
The general equation is

Recall

Boundary condition tells that the tangential electric field on the waveguide wall
will be zero.
𝑒𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 0, 𝑏

𝑒𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎
 TE Modes
𝑒𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 0, 𝑏

𝑒𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎

𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋
𝐷 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑦 = 𝐵 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑯𝒛 = 𝒉𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑏 𝑎

From

The complete solution is 𝑯𝒛 = 𝒉𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛

𝒎𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒚 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑯𝒛 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝑯𝒐𝒛 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒆
𝒂 𝒃
Hoz is an amplitude constant composed of constants A and C.
m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3,,……but both cannot be zero.
 TE Modes
𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐻𝑜𝑧 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑒
𝑎 𝑏

The transverse components of the TEmn mode

Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy

Ez = 0, Hz ≠ 0

𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐

The propagation constant 𝛽= 𝑘 2 − 𝑘𝑐2

There are 3 conditions 𝒌𝟐 > 𝒌𝟐𝒄 𝒐𝒓 𝒌𝟐 < 𝒌𝟐𝒄 𝒐𝒓 𝒌𝟐 = 𝒌𝟐𝒄

Wave propagates Wave attenuates No propagation

 TE Modes
The propagation constant is real and 𝒌𝟐 > 𝒌𝟐𝒄 𝑘𝑐2 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2
corresponding to a propagating mode.
𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋
Boundary condition states 𝐷 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑦 = 𝐵 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑥 =
𝑏 𝑎
The cut off wave number is 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖

𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 ⇒ 𝑘𝑐 = 𝜔𝑐 𝜇𝜖
𝑘𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2 = +
𝑎 𝑏
Each mode (with a combination of m and n) has a cut off frequency given by

1 1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
𝑓𝑐𝑚𝑛 = 𝑘𝑐 = +
2𝜋 𝜇𝜖 2𝜋 𝜇𝜖 𝑎 𝑏

The lowest mode with m=1, n=0 is TE10 mode 𝟏

𝒇𝒄𝟏𝟎 =
𝟐𝒂 𝝁𝝐
The frequency with lowest mode is called the dominant mode.
If m=n=0, then all transverse fields are zero.
 TE Modes
𝑣𝑝 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
Cut off frequency is 𝑓𝑐𝑚𝑛 = +
2 𝑎 𝑏
Where 𝑣𝑝 = 1/ 𝜇𝜖 is the phase velocity in unbounded dielectric.
𝒗𝒑
Cut off frequency for the dominant TE10 mode 𝒇𝒄𝟏𝟎 =
𝟐𝒂
The propagation constant/ phase constant inside the waveguide is

𝛽 = 𝛽𝑔 = 𝑘 2 − 𝑘𝑐2 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 ⇒ 𝑘𝑐 = 𝜔𝑐 𝜇𝜖

2
𝑓𝑐
𝛽𝑔 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 1 −
𝑓

The phase velocity in the waveguide is

𝜔 1 𝜔 𝑣𝑝
𝑣𝑔 = = or 𝑣𝑔 = =
𝛽𝑔 2
𝛽𝑔 2
𝑓 𝑓
𝜇𝜖 1 − 𝑐 1− 𝑐
𝑓 𝑓
Recalling lecture 3-3
TE Modes
2
𝑓𝑐
𝛽𝑔 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 1 −
𝑓
(1) Ez =0

𝑗𝛽𝑔 𝐸𝑦 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑥

−𝑗𝛽𝑔 𝐸𝑥 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑦

The wave impedance of the waveguide is

𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦 𝜔𝜇 𝜔𝜇 𝜇 1
𝑍𝑔 = =− = = = 𝜂
𝐻𝑦 𝐻𝑥 𝛽𝑔 2 𝜖 2
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝑍𝑔 =
𝜔 𝜇𝜖 1 − 1− 2
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
1− 𝑐
The guided wavelength is 𝑓
2𝜋 𝜆 𝑣𝑝
2𝜋 𝜆𝑔 = = 𝜆= 𝜔𝜇 𝜇
𝛽𝑔 = 𝛽𝑔 2 𝑓 𝜂= =
𝜆𝑔 𝑓 𝑘 𝜖
1− 𝑐
𝑓
For unbounded medium
 TE10 Mode 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝐻𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐻𝑜𝑧 𝐶𝑜𝑠
𝑎
𝐶𝑜𝑠
𝑏
𝑒
𝐻𝑧 = 𝐻𝑜𝑧 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑒
𝑎
the transverse field components are
the dominant TE10 mode
frequency 𝒗𝒑
𝒇𝒄𝟏𝟎 =
𝟐𝒂
𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑜𝑦 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒
𝑎
𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑥 = 𝐻𝑜𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒
𝑎

Ex= Hy= Ez=0

 TE Modes 𝑣𝑝 2 2
𝑚 𝑛
We can calculate modes/ frequencies for given 𝑓𝑐𝑚𝑛 = +
2 𝑎 𝑏
dimensions

The mode with lowest cut off frequencies in a particular waveguide is called a
dominant mode. For a>b in a rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode is TE10.
Each mode has a specific field pattern.
 TE Mode- Problem
Given an air filled waveguide. Find cut off
frequency. Find other parameters at 3.5 GHz.
𝑣𝑝 𝐶 𝐶 3𝑥108
𝑓𝑐10 = = 𝑓𝑐10 = = = 2.14 𝐺𝐻𝑧
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑥7𝑥10−2
Phase velocity
𝑣𝑝
1
=
1
= 1.26 𝑣𝑔 = = 3𝑥108 𝑥1.26 = 3.78𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
2 2
2.14 2
𝑓𝑐10 1− 𝑓
1−
𝑓 3.5 1− 𝑐
𝑓
Guide wavelength
10
Phase constant
𝜆 1.26𝑥3𝑥10
𝜆𝑔 = = = 10.8𝑐𝑚 2𝜋
2 3.5𝑥109 𝛽𝑔 = = 0.58𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑐𝑚
𝑓 𝜆𝑔
1− 𝑐
𝑓

Waveguide impedance
𝜂
𝑍𝑔 = = 120𝜋𝑥1.26 = 475Ω
2
𝑓
1− 𝑐
𝑓
TE Mode- Field Pattern
 TM Modes

The waveguide is filled with a material of permittivity 𝜖 and

permeability 𝜇 .
TE mode is characterized by Ez  0, Hz = 0. The wave equation is
𝜵𝟐 𝑬𝒛 + 𝒌𝟐 𝑬𝒛 = 0 where 𝑬𝒛 = 𝒆𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛

Reduces to two dimensional 𝜕2 𝜕2

2
+ 2 + 𝑘𝑐2 𝐸𝑧 = 0 𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
wave equation. 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

The partial differential equation can be solved by using Cutoff wave number
separation of variables. for TE waves .

𝒆𝒛 = 𝑿 𝒙 𝒀(𝒚)
 TM Modes
Wave equation 𝜕2 𝜕2 2
+ + 𝑘𝑐 𝐸𝑧 = 0 𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Substitute by separation of variables. 𝐸𝑧 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)
1 𝑑2 𝑋 1 𝑑2 𝑌 2 =0
+ + 𝑘 𝑐
𝑋 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑌 𝑑𝑦 2
Each of the term will be equal to constant
𝑑2 𝑋 𝑑2 𝑌
= −𝑘𝑥
2 𝑋(𝑥)
= −𝑘𝑦
2 𝑌(𝑦) ⟹ 𝑘𝑐2 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
The general equation is

Boundary condition tells that the tangential electric field on the waveguide wall
will be zero.
𝑒𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎

𝑒𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 0, 𝑏
Using boundary conditions TM Modes
𝑒𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎
𝑒𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 0, 𝑏
𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐴 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑥 = 𝐶 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑦 =
𝑎 𝑏
The complete solution is 𝑬𝒛 = 𝒆𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝒎𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒚 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑬𝒛 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝑬𝒐𝒛 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒆
𝒂 𝒃
Eoz is amplitude constant due to constants A and C. m, n = 1, 2, 3,,…….
The transverse components of the TMmn mode
The propagation constant
𝛽 = 𝑘 2 − 𝑘𝑐2

Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy

Ez = 0, Hz ≠ 0

𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
 TM Modes
The propagation constant is real and 𝒌𝟐 > 𝒌𝟐𝒄
𝛽= 𝑘 2 − 𝑘𝑐2
corresponding to a propagating mode.
The frequency of different modes is given by 𝑘𝑐2 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2

1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑣𝑝 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
𝑓𝑐𝑚𝑛 = + = +
2𝜋 𝜇𝜖 𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑏

The propagation constant/ phase The phase velocity in the waveguide is

constant inside the waveguide is
𝜔 𝑣𝑝
2 𝑣𝑔 = =
𝑓𝑐 𝛽𝑔 2
𝛽𝑔 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 1 − 𝑓
𝑓 1− 𝑐
𝑓

The guided wavelength is The wave impedance of the waveguide is

2𝜋 𝜆
𝜆𝑔 = = 2
𝛽𝑔 2 𝛽𝑔 𝑓𝑐
𝑓 𝑍𝑔 = =𝜂 1−
1− 𝑐 𝜔𝜖 𝑓
𝑓
 TM Modes
We can calculate modes/ frequencies for given 2 2
𝑣𝑝 𝑚 𝑛
dimensions 𝑓𝑐𝑚𝑛 = +
2 𝑎 𝑏

TM mode field pattern

TE mode TM mode
 Summary

 Design of rectangular waveguides.

 Different modes: TE and TM modes of propagation.
 Dominant mode, higher order modes.
 Different parameters calculation like phase constant, phase
velocity, impedance & wavelength correspond to each
mode.
 TE & TM modes pattern in rectangular waveguides.
Thank you !