Scribd
Upload
6 views13 pages

2b Error Detection

Uploaded by

ronaldodutra777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views13 pages

2b Error Detection

Uploaded by

ronaldodutra777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

COMPSCI 311 – Computer Network Architecture

Error Detection
Errors will happen
• Hardware
• Interference, link cuts, card failures, device failures, power outages
• Software
• Forwarding errors, routing errors
How to handle errors
• Error detection
• Need to at least detect that something went wrong
• If probability of failure is low, then retransmission should be enough
• Error correction
• Recover from errors when they occur
• Only useful against transmission errors, no help against permanent failures
How to handle errors
• Error detection
• Need to at least detect that something went wrong
• If probability of failure is low, then retransmission should be enough
• Error correction
• Recover from errors when they occur
• Only useful against transmission errors, no help against permanent failures

• Need additional information in packets to detect errors


• Overhead
• Need even more information to correct errors
Parity bits
• Add a redundant bit to ensure parity Data P Σ
• If no parity, then error has occurred 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 4
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 4
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 4
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 6
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 5
Parity bits
• Add a redundant bit to ensure parity Data P Σ
• If no parity, then error has occurred 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 4
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 4
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 4
• Fast 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 6

• Used in server RAM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 5

• Misses many errors


• Any even number of bit flips is missed
• High overhead
• 11% in server memory
Checksum
• A checksum is any error-detection code based on addition
• Addition is easy in software, can be computed on CPUs
Checksum
• A checksum is any error-detection code based on addition
• Addition is easy in software, can be computed on CPUs
• Internet checksum
• Add up all 2-byte “words” in a message and transmit the result
• Receiver can recompute the sum and check for errors
Checksum
• A checksum is any error-detection code based on addition
• Addition is easy in software, can be computed on CPUs
• Internet checksum
• Add up all 2-byte “words” in a message and transmit the result
• Receiver can recompute the sum and check for errors
• Misses many errors
• For example, two errors may change two words by inverse amounts
• +x to one word and –x to another word = sum remains unchanged
• Not used in hardware
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
• A specific type of error detection code
• Convenient to implement in hardware using a shift register
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
• A specific type of error detection code
• Convenient to implement in hardware using a shift register
• CRC computation
• Sequence of bits considered a polynomial
• Divide the message by a generator polynomial
• Remainer is the CRC (subtracting it from the message ensures divisibility)

No need to learn how to compute a CRC by hand in this course.


CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
• A specific type of error detection code
• Convenient to implement in hardware using a shift register
• CRC computation
• Sequence of bits considered a polynomial
• Divide the message by a generator polynomial
• Remainer is the CRC (subtracting it from the message ensures divisibility)
• “Good” generator polynomial ensures many classes of errors are caught
• All single-bit errors
• Double bit errors
• Odd number of errors
• Any burst of errors shorter than k bits
CRC is the choice in many link layer protocols
• BISYNC

• DDCMP

• HDLC

• Ethernet

• WiFi

You might also like