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Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Political Science)

01 POWER SHARING
BELGIUM AND SRI LANKA

BELGIUM AND SRI LANKA

Ethnic composition of Belgium

• 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language.
• Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French.
• Remaining one per cent of the Belgians speak German.
• In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch
speaking.

Reasons for Tension in Belgium

• The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich
and powerful.
• This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got
the benefit of economic development and education much later.
• The tension between the two communities was more acute in
Brussels.
• Brussels presented a special problem: the Dutch-speaking people
constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Political Science)

01 POWER SHARING
MAJORITARIANISM IN SRI LANKA

MAJORITARIANISM IN SRI LANKA

Steps taken to establish Sinhala supremacy
Sri Lanka got independence in 1948.

Majority Sinhala sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their

majority.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

Majoritarianism

A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way
it wants, by
disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.

Steps taken to establish Sinhala supremacy are :-

• In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language,
thus disregarding Tamil.
• The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university
positions and government jobs.
• A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

Impact of Steps taken to establish Sinhala supremacy

All these government measures increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.

• They felt that the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were not sensitive to their language and culture.
• They felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights.
• Discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities and ignored their
interests.

As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over time.

Reaction of Sri Lankan Tamils

Page 1
Class 10th Social Science Political Science

01 POWER SHARING
ACCOMMODATION IN BELGIUM

ACCOMMODATION IN BELGIUM
Belgium’s Diversity Conflicts
• The Belgian leaders took a different path.
• They recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities.

Elements of Belgian model of Accommodation

Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an
arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.
1. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking
ministers shall be equal in the central government. Thus, no single community
can make decisions unilaterally.
2. Many powers of the central government have been given to
state governments of the two regions of the country. The state
governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

Some of the elements of the Belgian model of Accommodation are:

• Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal
representation.
• The French Speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because
the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the
Central Government.
• Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government.

Community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community - Dutch,

French and German-speaking - no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding
cultural, educational and language-related issues.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Political Science)

01 POWER SHARING
WHY POWER SHARING IS DESIRABLE?

WHY POWER SHARING IS DESIRABLE?

Prudential reasons
Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

• Social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a
good way to ensure the stability of political order.
• Imposing the will of majority community over others may look like an
attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines
the unity of the nation.
• Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it often
brings ruin to the majority as well.
It is prudential to share power because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict
between social groups.

Moral reasons
• Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
• A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its
exercise, and who have to live with its effects.
• People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
• A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation,
acquire a stake in the system.

While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better
outcomes, moral reasons emphasise the very act of power sharing as
valuable.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Political Science)

01 POWER SHARING
FORMS OF POWER SHARING

FORMS OF POWER SHARING

All power of a government must reside in one person or group.
Emergence of democracy

• People are the source of all political power.

• Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies.

Political Power Should be distributed.

Power is shared among different organs of government

Horizontal distribution of power

• Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.
• Each organ checks the others.
• This results in a balance of power among various institutions.

System of checks and balances

Power can be shared among government at different levels.

 Power Sharing

DPP-01

[Topic: Belgium and Sri Lanka]

Objective Type Questions

1. Table Based Question

Complete the following table with correct information with regard to Belgium:

59 per cent lives in the In the capital city

Ethnic 40 percent people live in the
Flemish region and Brussels, 80 per cent
composition Wallonia region and speak
speaks. people speak

Dutch language A-? B-?

2. Correct and Rewrite Question

Belgium is a small country in Europe and share borders with France, Italy, Germany and
Luxembourg.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

3. Define ethnic.

4. How and when was Sinhala recognized as the official language of Sri Lanka?

Short Answer Type Questions

5. What is the ethnic composition of Belgium?
OR
How is the ethnic composition of Belgium very complex? Explain.
6. Explain any three consequences of the majoritarian policies adopted by the Sri Lankan government.
7. Compare the different ways in which the Belgians and the Sri Lankans have dealt with the problem
of cultural diversity.

Long Answer Type Questions

8. Give a comparative study of the ways in which the Belgian and Sri Lankan governments dealt with
the problem of cultural diversities. What lessons do we learn from the principles of majoritarianism
and accommodation followed in Sri Lanka and Belgium respectively?
 Power Sharing

DPP-02

[Topic: Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka]

Objective Type Questions

1. Choose the correct answers from the given options. (MCQs)
(i) Sri Lanka became independent in the year
(a) 1958
(b) 1960
(c) 1947
(d) 1948

(ii) What are similarities between Belgium and Sri Lanka?

(a) Both are poor countries
(b) Both are non-democratic countries
(c) Both are democratic countries
(d) None of these

(iii) Which one of the following is a major caste group of Sri Lanka?
(a) Christian and Tamil
(b) Buddhist and Hindu
(c) Sinhali and Tamil
(d) Sinhali and Christian

2. Arrange in Correct Sequence Question:

(i) An Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language.

(ii) A series of majoritarian measures adopted to establish Sinhala supremacy.

(iii) Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country.

(iv) Several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state)
in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.

3. Correct and Rewrite Question

In Sri Lanka, an Act was passed in 1956 to recognise Tamil as the official language,
disregarding Sinhala.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

4. What is a civil war?

5. What does 'majoritarianism' mean?

 Power Sharing

DPP-03

[Topic: Accommodation in Belgium]

Objective Type Questions

1. Choose the correct answers from the given option. (MCQs)
(i) There is a third kind of government apart from the central and the state government in Belgium.
What is this government known as?
(a) Regional government
(b) Provincial government
(c) Community government
(d) Local government

(ii) Which type of powers does the Community Government to Belgum enjoy?
(a) The government has the power regarding culture related issue.
(b) The government has the power regarding education related issue.
(c) The government has the power regarding language related issue.
(d) All of the above

2. Match the following

(i) Brussels has a separate government in which

(ii) Belgian leaders between 1970 and 1993

(iii) French-speaking people

(iv) Dutch-speaking people (a) accepted equal representation in the Central Government

(b) Dutch and French speaking people have equal representation

(c) amended their constitution four times

(d) accepted equal representation in Brussels

3. Assertion-Reason Based Question

In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reasons (R).
Read the statement and choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Power sharing is good.

Reason (R): Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between different social
groups.

Options:
 Power Sharing

DPP-04

[Topic: Forms of Power Sharing]

Objective Type Questions

1. Choose the correct answers from the given option. (MCQs)
(i) Which is not one of the forms of power sharing?
(a) Horizontal division of power
(b) Vertical division of power
(c) Division of power among social group
(d) Division of power between people

(ii) Modern democracies maintain check and balance system. Identify the correct option based on
the horizontal power sharing arrangement:
(a) Central government, state government, local bodies
(b) Legislature, executive, Judiciary
(c) Among different social groups
(d) Among different pressure groups

2. State whether the following statements are true or false.

(i) Power sharing does not allow different organs of the government placed at the same level to
exercise different power.
(ii) Power sharing gives the people right to be consulted or any other characteristics.

3. Picture/Figure Based Question

According to given picture, what is the relationship between democracy and concentration of
power?

Very Short Answer Type Questions

4. What is vertical division of power?

5. What does the system of checks and balances' ensure in power sharing ?

6. Why is horizontal power sharing also called a system of checks and balances?

7. Recognise the form of power sharing which is represented by the Community Government in
Belgium.

Short Answer Type Questions

8. What are the main principles of democracy?

9. Why is power shared among different political parties in a democracy?

10. What is power sharing ? Why is power sharing important in a democracy?

11. "Sharing of powers makes a country more powerful and united." Do you agree with this statement
and why?

OR

"Power-sharing is the very spirit of democracy." Justify this statement with three suitable points.

12. Evaluate the power sharing system in India.

[AI 2019]

Long Answer Type Questions

13. Describe the horizontal power sharing arrangements.

OR

Differentiate between horizontal and vertical power sharing in modern democracies.

14. What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each
of these.

15. How is the idea of power sharing emerged? Explain different forms that have common
arrangements of power sharing.

Source Based Question

16. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

Source: Horizontal Power Sharing

Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and
judiciary. Let us call this horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of
government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such a separation ensures that
none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This results in a
balance of power among various institutions. Last year, we studied that in a democracy, even
though ministers and government officials exercise power, they are responsible to the Parliament
or State Assemblies. Similarly, although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the
functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of
checks and balances.

(i) What is horizontal power sharing?

(ii) Why is it called as horizontal distribution of power?

(iii) What is system of checks and balances?

 PYQ

Power Sharing

Belgium and Sri Lanka; Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka; Accommodation in Belgium

MCQ
1. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose
the correct option :
Assertion (A): Sri Lanka adopted 'Tamil' as the official language of the State.

Reason (R) : The Govt. of Sri Lanka adopted a series of majoritarian measures.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.

(d) (A) is false but ( 𝑅 ) is true.

(2023)

2. Which one of the following elements is NOT included in the Belgium model?
(a) Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the government.

(b) Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments.

(c) Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.

(d) There is a community government which has special powers of administration.

(Term-I, 2021-22)

3. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose
the most appropriate option.
Assertion (A): Majority community is dominant in a few democratic states.

Reason (R) : Dominance can undermine the unity of the country.

(a) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of the 𝐴.

(b) Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of the 𝐴.

(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.

 (d) A is incorrect, but R is correct.

(Term-I, 2021-22)

4. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose
the most appropriate option.
Assertion (A) : The distrust between Sinhalese and Tamil communities turned into widespread
conflict in Sri Lanka

Reason (R) : 1956 Act recognised Sinhala as the only official language.

(a) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of the 𝐴.

(b) Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of the 𝐴.

(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.

(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct.

(Term-I, 2021-22)

5. Which one of the following is a major caste group of Sri Lanka?

(a) Christian and Tamil
(b) Buddhist and Hindu
(c) Sinhali and Tamil
(d) Sinhali and Christian
(2020)

6. Under which of the following is power shared in the 'Community Government' of Belgium?
(a) Different social groups

(b) Different organs of government

(c) Central and State government

(d) State government and Community government

(2020)

VSA (1 mark)
7. Fill in the blank:
59 percent of the total population of Belgium live in the _______region.

(2021 C)
8. State any one step taken in Belgium to rule out the problem of regional differences and cultural
diversities.
(2020)

9. The Belgium model of 'Community government' worked well because _______

(2020 C)

10. Why was there an acute problem in Brussels during 1950 s and 1960 s between the two communities?
(2019 C)

11. Explain the major repercussion of passing Sinhala as the only official language in Sri Lanka in 1956.
(2019 C)

12. How and when was Sinhala recognised as the official language of Sri Lanka?
(2016)

13. Which factor is responsible for increasing the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamil?
(2015)

14. Which type of powers does community government of Belgium enjoy?

(2015)

15. State any two measures adopted by Sri Lanka in 1956 as part of their majoritarian policy.
(2015)

OR
What measure was adopted by the democratically elected government of Sri Lanka to establish
Sinhala supremacy?

(2014)

16. Who formed the majority in terms of population in Sri Lanka?

17. What is the state religion of Sri Lanka?

18. In which city is the headquarters of the European Union located?

SA I (3 marks)
19. How did the Belgium government accommodate the social differences?
(2021 C)
 OR
Describe the elements of Belgian model for accommodating diversities.

(2020)

20. Explain the three measures taken by Sri Lanka, as per the Act passed in 1956.
(2017)

21. How is the ethnic composition of Belgium very complex? Explain.

(2016)

22. How did Sri Lanka and the Belgium government try to solve the ethnic problem?
(2016)

23. "Attempts at forced integration often sow the seeds of disintegration". Support the statement with
suitable arguments.
(2016)

24. Describe the power-sharing arrangement made in Belgium.

(2015, 2014)

LA (5 marks)
25. Compare the situation of Belgium and Sri Lanka considering their location, size and cultural aspects.
(2019)

Why Power-sharing is Desirable?

MCQ
26. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose
the correct option.
Assertion (A): Elections are the spirit of democracy. Reason (R) : Elections expand Political
participation.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (𝐴).

(b) Both (𝐴) and (𝑅) are true, but (𝑅) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(c) (A) is true but (𝑅) is false.

(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true

 (2023)

27. Consider the following statements on Power Sharing and choose the correct option.
I. It deepens democracy.
II. It helps to reduce conflicts among social groups.
III. It is a way to ensure political stability.
IV. It brings socio-economic struggles.
(a) I, II and III
(b) II, III and IV
(c) I, III and IV
(d) I, II and IV

(2023)

28. Consider the following statements on Power Sharing and choose the correct option :
(I) Majoritarianism is the real spirit of democracy.

(II) It creates balance and harmony in different groups.

(III) It reduces the possibility of conflict among social groups.

(IV) Power sharing is the essence of democracy.

(a) I, II and III

(b) II, III and IV
(c) I, III and IV
(d) I, II and IV

(2023)

29. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose
the most appropriate option.
Assertion (A): Power-sharing is good.

Reason (𝑅) : It helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between social groups.

(a) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of the 𝐴.

(b) Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of the A.

(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.

(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct.

(Term-I, 2021-22)
 VSA (1 mark)
30. Explain any one benefit of 'Power-Sharing'.

(Al 2019)

31. What is the prudential reason behind power-sharing?

(2014)

SA I (3 marks)
32. "Sharing of powers makes a country more powerful and united." Do you agree with this statement
and why?
(2016)

33. Give reasons why power-sharing is desirable.

(2015)

34. What is power-sharing? Why power-sharing is important in democracy?

(2014)

LA (5 marks)
35. Why is power-sharing necessary in democracy? Explain.
(2016)

Forms of Power-Sharing

MCQ
36. Identify 'Horizontal power-sharing' arrangements among the following in modern democracies.
(a) Different organs of government

(b) Governments at different levels

(c) Different social groups

(d) Different parties, pressure groups and movements

(Term-I, 2021-22)

37. What is NOT an integral part of the government?

 (a) Office of the Prime Minister

(b) Legislature

(c) Executive

(d) Judiciary

(Term-I, 2021-22)

VSA (1 mark)
38. What does 'the system of checks and balances' ensure in power-sharing?
(2016)

39. Mention any one characteristic of power-sharing.

40. What system of power-sharing is called "Checks and Balances"?

(2015)

SA I (3 marks)

41. Describe the horizontal power-sharing arrangements.

(2020)

42. How can power be shared among governments at different levels? Explain.
(2014)

LA (5 marks)
43. How is the idea of power-sharing emerged? Explain different forms that have common arrangements
of power-sharing.
(Delhi 2019)
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Political Science)

01 POWER SHARING
BELGIUM AND SRI LANKA

(Practice Sheet)
1 What percentage of Belgians speak German?
A. 59% B. 40%
C. 1% D. 80%
2 In which region of Belgium do 80% of the people speak French?
A. Wallonia B. Flemish region
C. Brussels D. German-speaking region
3 What was the major reason for tension in Belgium?
A. Linguistic diversity B. Economic inequality
C. Religious differences D. Colonial history
4 Which ethnic group constitutes the majority in Sri Lanka?
A. Indian Tamils B. Sri Lankan Tamils
C. Sinhala-speakers D. Christians
5 What is the primary religion of most Sinhala-speaking people in Sri Lanka?
A. Hinduism B. Buddhism
C. Islam D. Christianity
6 How is the linguistic composition divided in Brussels, the capital of Belgium?
7 What is the ethnic composition of the Tamil-speaking population in Sri Lanka?
8 Which community in Belgium was relatively rich and powerful, leading to tension?
9 What special problem did Brussels pose in terms of linguistic demographics?
10 Who are the 'Indian Tamils' in Sri Lanka?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Political Science)

01 POWER SHARING
MAJORITARIANISM IN SRI LANKA

(Practice Sheet)
1 When did Sri Lanka gain independence?
A. 1946 B. 1956
C. 1980 D. 1948
2 In 1956, what significant step was taken to establish Sinhala supremacy in Sri Lanka?
A. Recognition of Tamil as the official B. Recognition of both Sinhala and Tamil as
language. official languages.
C. Recognition of Sinhala as the only D. Implementation of a federal system.
official language.
3 What impact did the preferential policies in Sri Lanka have on the Sri Lankan Tamils?
A. Increased sense of inclusion B. Feeling of alienation
C. Equal political rights D. Cultural integration
4 Which community felt that the government policies denied them equal political rights
and discriminated against them?
A. Sinhala B. Buddhists
C. Sri Lankan Tamils D. Indian Tamils
5 What was the main demand of several political organizations formed by the Sri Lankan
Tamils in the 1980s?
A. Independence for Sinhala community. B. Recognition of Buddhism as the state
religion.
C. Recognition of Tamil as an official D. Formation of an independent Tamil Eelam
language. in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.
6 What is majoritarianism, as defined in the context of Sri Lanka?
7 How did the government's recognition of Sinhala as the only official language contribute to
tensions between the Sinhala and Tamil communities?
8 What were the primary demands of the Sri Lankan Tamils in their struggle for recognition and
equality?
9 Define civil war in the context of Sri Lanka.
10 How did the preferential policies Favor Sinhala applicants for university positions and
government jobs?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Political Science)

01 POWER SHARING
ACCOMMODATION IN BELGIUM

(Practice Sheet)
1 What approach did Belgian leaders take to address diversity conflicts in the country?
A. Assimilation B. Denial of regional differences
C. Recognition of regional differences and D. Suppression of minority languages.
cultural diversities.
2 Between which years did Belgium amend its constitution multiple times to work out an
accommodation arrangement?
A. 1950-1960 B. 1960-1970
C. 1970-1993 D. 1993-2000
3 What does the Belgian constitution prescribe regarding the number of Dutch and French-
speaking ministers in the central government?
A. It Favors Dutch-speaking ministers. B. It mandates equal representation.
C. It gives more power to French-speaking D. It doesn't address language representation.
ministers.
4 What type of government does Brussels have, and why is it significant?
A. Singular government for Dutch-speaking B. Separate government with equal
community. representation for both communities.
C. Dominated by the French-speaking D. Exclusively Dutch-speaking government.
community.
5 What power does the 'Community government' in Belgium have?
A. Economic decisions B. Cultural, educational, and language-
related issues.
C. Defence and military affairs. D. Foreign policy matters.
6 Explain the significance of the equal representation arrangement in Brussels for both
language communities.
7 How did the Belgian model of accommodation contribute to avoiding civic strife between the
major communities?
8 What role does the 'Community government' play in Belgium's governance structure?
9 What potential issues did the Belgian accommodation arrangements aim to avoid within the
country?
10 Why was Brussels chosen as the headquarters for the European Union?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Political Science)

01 POWER SHARING
WHY POWER SHARING IS DESIRABLE

(Practice Sheet)
1 According to prudential reasons, why is power sharing desirable?
A. It promotes majority rule B. It reduces the possibility of conflict
between social groups.
C. It strengthens the tyranny of the D. It ensures absolute power for the ruling
majority. community.
2 What is the potential consequence of imposing the will of the majority community over
others in the long run?
A. Unity of the nation B. Stability of political order
C. Tyranny of the majority D. Better outcomes for the minority.
3 According to moral reasons, what is the essence of democracy?
A. Majority rule B. Power concentration
C. Power sharing D. Dictatorship
4 What right do people have, according to moral reasons for power sharing?
A. Right to impose their will. B. Right to absolute power.
C. Right to be consulted on how they are D. Right to political instability.
governed.
5 According to prudential reasons, what is the impact of power sharing on the unity of the
nation?
A. Strengthens unity B. Weakens unity
C. Has no impact on unity D. Promotes conflict
6 Explain how power sharing, according to prudential reasons, contributes to the stability of
political order.
7 Why is the tyranny of the majority considered detrimental, according to prudential reasons?
8 How does power sharing align with the spirit of democracy, according to moral reasons?
9 What is the significance of citizens acquiring a stake in the system, according to moral reasons
for power sharing?
10 What distinguishes prudential reasons from moral reasons in the context of power sharing?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Political Science)

01 POWER SHARING
FORMS OF POWER SHARING

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the primary idea behind the emergence of democracy, according to the provided
information?
A. All power should reside in one person. B. People are the source of all political power.
C. Government should be controlled by a D. Public policies should be shaped by a
single group. select few.
2 What is the purpose of horizontal distribution of power among different organs of
government?
A. To centralize power B. To ensure unlimited power for each
organ.
C. To create a balance of power among D. To eliminate the need for checks and
various institutions. balances.
3 In a federal government, where is power shared?
A. Only at the national level B. Only at the regional level
C. Between the general government and D. Among different social groups.
regional governments.
4 What is the purpose of reserved constituencies in power-sharing arrangements?
A. To concentrate power in the majority B. To give minority communities a fair share
community. in power.
C. To eliminate diverse social groups from D. To discourage political competition.
government.
5 How is power shared among political parties in a democracy, according to the
information?
A. Through concentration of power. B. Through single-party dominance.
C. Through competition and representation D. Through exclusion of diverse social groups.
of different ideologies.
6 Explain the concept of horizontal distribution of power and how it contributes to the
functioning of a democratic system.
7 What advantages are mentioned for sharing power among different social groups,
particularly through reserved constituencies?
8 Provide examples of power sharing among political parties and interest groups in a
democracy.
9 How does federal division of power work in a government?
10 What role does competition among political parties play in the context of power sharing?
 Chapter 1
Power Sharing
NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTION
Q.1 What are the different forms of power sharing in modern
democracies? Give an example of each of these.
Ans.: Four different forms of power sharing among the modern
democracies:
1) Power is divided horizontally among the three branches of the
government to keep a check on each other. The three branches of
government are:
a. Executive,
b. Legislature and
c. Judiciary
e.g., The Parliament of India is the legislative body which keeps a check
on the working of Executive and Judiciary.

2) Power is also shared at the different level of government vertically that

is:
a. At the Union level,
b. At the state level and
c. At the local level
e.g., Maharashtra government is free to make laws on the matter of law
and order because it does not come under the purview of central
government.

3). Power is also shared among the different social groups. India is one of
the most diverse country in the world, and it has various religious and
linguistic groups which shares power among themselves.
e.g., States in India is formed on the linguistic bases after independence.
4) In a democracy, power is also shared among the various political
parties, pressure groups and movements. Democracy ensures that power
should not accumulate in some hands so elections are held regularly to
elect our representatives and every citizen of India has equal political
rights to form a party and to contest elections.
e.g., we have a multi-party system in which we can elect anybody to rule
upon us and various parties of different ideologies can come together to
form the government which is known as the coalition government.

Q.2 State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing
with an example from the Indian context.
Ans.: 1) Prudential reason Power sharing is crucial as it helps in reducing
the chances of conflict among various social groups. e.g., Reservation of
women, SCs, STs and OBCs in education and jobs is the prudential reason
of power sharing.
2) Moral reason Democracy with its various principles is regarded as the
soul of power sharing. e.g., Power sharing at the local level (Panchayati
Raj) is the moral reason of power sharing.

Q.3 After reading this chapter, there students drew different conclusions.
Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about
50 words.
Thomman: Power sharing is necessary in societies which have religious
linguistic or ethnic divisions.
Mathayi: Power sharing is suitable is suitable only for big countries that
have regional divisions.
Ouseph: Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is
small or does not have social divisions.
Ans.: Ouseph’s statement seems more correct and logical. Being as a
citizen of this country I personally agree with his point as sharing of power
not only the conflicts between various groups of our society but also
strengthens the national unity. This power sharing results in upholding the
spirit of our democracy.

Q.4 The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has

defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that the
ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate in this Flemish town. Do
you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s
power sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50words.
Ans.: The measure that is being taken by the Mayor of Merchtem is not
in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s division of power sharing.
Belgium’s form of government is always being considered as an example
of best community government and this measure will not maintain peace
between the French and Dutch speaking communities. Putting ban on
speaking French will cause civil unrest. The best and better way to
integrate the people of town is that both the languages should be made
acceptable in the town’s schools to make it a bilingual educational system.

Q.5 Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential
reasons for power sharing offered in this.
“We need to give more power to the panchayats to realize the dream of
Mahatma Gandhi and the hops of the markers of our Constitution.
Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only
place where power belongs in a democracy- in the hands of the people.
Giving power to panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and
increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the
planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would
naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would
eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen
the foundations of our democracy.”
Ans.: "When people participate in the planning and implementation of
developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control
over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen." This
is the prudential reason for power sharing offered in the given passage.
We know that the main reason for power sharing is that it reduces the
possibility of conflicts between various social groups and gives more
powers to the panchayats which helps maintain the political stability.

Q.6 Different arguments are usually put forth in favor of and against
power sharing identify those which are in favor of power sharing and
select the answer using the codes given below? Power sharing:

A) reduces conflict among different communities

B) decreases the possibility of arbitrariness
C) delays decision-making process
D) accommodates diversities
E) increases instability and divisiveness
F) promotes people’s participation in government
G) undermines the unity of a country
A. A, B, D, F
B. A, C, E, F
C. A, B, D, G
D. B, C, D, G
Ans.: The points which are in favor of power sharing are:
A, B, D and F as these all points truly talking about the sharing of power
between various social groups. Therefore option (a) is correct
Q.7 Consider the following statements about power sharing arrangements
in Belgium and Sri Lanka:
A) In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose them
to impose their domination on the minority French-speaking community.
B) In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the
dominance of the Sinhala-speaking majority.
C) The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power
sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in
education and jobs.
D) The transformation of Belgium from unitary government to a federal
one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. A, B, C and D
B. A, B and D
C. C and D
D. B, C and D
Ans.: In the above given statements the options B, C and D are correct
because in both the countries the government works as the community
government for its citizens. And we know that community government is
that form of government which is for a particular language or culture and
has the power regarding cultural, educational and other language related
issues. Hence, option (d) is correct

Q.8 Match List I (Forms of power Sharing) with List II (forms of

government) and select the correct answer using the codes given below in
the lists:
List I List II
1. Power Shared among A. Community government.
different organs of
government.
2. Power shared among B. Fedral government
government at different
levels.
3. Power shared by different C. Coalition Government
social groups.
4. Power shared by two or D. Federal Government
more political parties.

A. 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C

B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A
C. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
D. 1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B

Answer :
The correct option is (C)
The following table shows the correct matches:
List I List II
1. Power Shared among B. Fedral government
different organs of
government.
2. Power shared among D. Federal Government
government at different
levels.
3. Power shared by different A. Community government.
social groups.
4. Power shared by two or C. Coalition Government
more political parties.

Q.9 Consider the following two statements on power sharing and select
the answer using the codes given below:
A) Power sharing is good for democracy.
B) It helps reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
Which of these statements are true and false?
A. A is true but B is false
B. Both A and B are true
C. Both A and B are false
D. A is false But B is true
Ans.: Above given both the points are true as or any democratic country
it is necessary to share its powers between various groups which maintains
its stability and this sharing also reduces the possibilities of conflicts
between various social groups.
Hence, option (b) is correct
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (Political Science)

01 POWER SHARING
MIND MAP
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