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Computer Science PTB chapter 1 Part 2 concise notes for revision

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6 views

Computer Science PTB chapter 1 Part 2 concise notes for revision

Uploaded by

sohail arshad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Concise Notes: Data Processing

Data Processing:
The process of performing operations on data to transform it into information.
1.1 Data
• Collection of raw facts used for operations, indicating past activities and aiding decision-
making.
• Can be numerical (e.g., test scores) or non-numerical (e.g., names).
1.2 Information
• Processed data, providing meaningful insights, reproducible for decision-making.
1.3 Operations on Data
• Data Capturing: Collecting data for processing via input devices.
• Data Manipulation: Organizing data for clarity, involving:
o Classification: Grouping data and assigning codes.
o Calculations: Performing arithmetic or logical operations.
o Sorting: Arranging data in sequences for easier processing.
o Summarizing: Reducing data to a concise format (e.g., company profit).
• Managing Output: Storing and communicating processed results:
o Storing/Retrieval: Data saved on devices for future use.
o Communication: Transmitting copies of data to multiple destinations.

1.4 Traditional File System


• Method for organizing computer files using storage devices like hard disks.
o Field: Column in a database (e.g., Student_ID).
o Record: Collection of fields.
o File: Collection of records.

1.5 Types of Files


1. Usage
o Master: Updated, permanent files.
o Transaction: Temporary files for unprocessed data.
o Backup: Duplicate files for data protection.
2. Functional
o Program Files: Contain software instructions.
o Data Files: Contain user data (.dat, .xls).
3. Storage (File Organization)
o Sequential: Accessed in sequence.
o Random: Direct access via calculated addresses.
o Indexed Sequential: Combination of sequential and random access.

1.6 Database
• Organized collection of related files for quick access and efficient storage.
• Components:
o Data: Raw facts.
o Hardware: Devices like I/O, storage, processor.
o Software: Programs, including DBMS, for data operations.
o Personnel: Users, admins, and developers.
Objectives
• Integration: Unified data view.
• Integrity: Consistent, secure data.
• Interdependence: Data structure changes without modifying programs.
Chapter 1: Data Basics
1.7 Database Management System (DBMS)
• Collection of programs for database operations (e.g., Oracle, SQL).
Objectives
• Shareability: Multiple users accessing data.
• Availability: Easily accessible data.
• Evolvability: Adaptability to changes.
Features
• Data Dictionary: Describes data structure.
• Utilities: Programs for data maintenance.
• Query Language: SQL for data access.
• Report Generator: For data reporting.
• Access Security: Controls unauthorized access.
• Backup/Recovery: Data safety and restoration.
Advantages
• Data independence, complex data handling, security, and recovery capabilities.
Disadvantages
• Requires system overhead, staff training, potential for technical issues with the wrong
setup, need for a data dictionary, and corporate data resource management.

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