Matter in Our

(iii) The particles of matter are constantly

moving :
If we light a incense stick at one end of a room,

Surroundings the smell will spread through the room as the

molecules mix in with the molecules of air and
travel through the air. The same example cna me
Anything which occupies space and has mass is
used when we cook food.
called matter.
(iv) The particles of matter attract each other
Ancient Indian philosophers said that all matter
There are some forces of attraction between the
padarth), living or nonliving, was made up of five
particles of matter which bind them together.
basic elements (panch tatva): air, earth, fire, sky
The force of attraction between the particles of
and water (vayu, prithvi, agni, akash and jal).
the same substance is known as cohesion. The
On the basis of chemical properties of matter,
force of attraction (or cohesion) is different in the
they are divided as follows : elements, compounds
particles of different kinds of matter.
and mixtures
➔ It is most in solids and least in gases.
● Matter is made up of particles. The
particles which make up matter are
atoms or molecules Diffusion
This movement of different particles among each
Characteristics of Particles of other (on their own), so that they become mixed
uniformly, is called diffusion.
Matter The spreading out and mixing of a substance with
another substance due to the motion of its
(i) The particles of matter are very , very small :
particles is called diffusion.
We can prove this by doing the following activity :
● Diffusion is quickest in gases (as they
➔ Take 2-3 crystals of potassium
have high kinetic energy) and slowest in
permanganate and drop it in 100ml of
solids (less kinetic energy)
water.
The process of diffusion gives us two conclusions
➔ Dilute the following liquid a couple of
about the nature of matter:
times, by adding 90 ml of water and 10
(i) that matter is made up of tiny particles, and
ml of the potassium permanganate
(i) that the particles of matter are constantly
solution
moving.
➔ You will notice the colour of potassium
permanganate stays (pinkish-purple)
This proves, that the particles of matter are so
Diffusion in Liquids
small and such a small amount of potassium The gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen are
permanganate can colour a large amount of water essential for the survival of aquatic plants and
(ii) The particles of matter have spaces between animals. The carbon dioxide gas and oxygen gas
them : present in air (or atmosphere) diffuse into water
We can prove this by doing the following activity : (of pond lakes, rivers and sea), and dissolve in it.
➔ Take 100 ml of water and add 50g of
sugar.
Brownian motion
➔ Stir the sugar into the water and you will
notice no rise in the level of water. The best evidence for the existence and
This proves that the sugar particles go in between movement of particles in liquids was given by
the water molecules and thus not increase the Robert Brown in 1827
volume of the liquid. This also proves how small ● The random motion of visible particles
the particles of matter really are. (pollen grains) caused by the much
 smaller invisible particles of water is an ● Gases can be compressed easily (into a
example of Brownian motion small volume).
The existence of Brownian motion gives us two ● Gases have very low densities. They are
conclusions about the nature of matter: very, very light. A gas is much lighter than
(i) that matter is made up of tiny particles, and the same volume of a solid or a liquid.
(ii) that the particles of matter are constantly ● Gases fill their container completely.
moving ● Gases flow easily

Rigid and Fluid Why Solids, Liquids and Gases

Rigid means 'unbending' or inflexible. A stone is Have Different Properties
rigid because it is unbending
According, to the kinetic theory of matter, the
Fluid means 'a material which can flow easily' and
particles of matter are in continuous
requires a vessel (or container)
motion (and possess kinetic energy). Some forces
of attraction also exist between the particles of
Classification of Matter matter. These are called interparticle forces. The
forces of attraction tend to hold the particles
together and control their movements
Solids The following properties of particles decide
● Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed whether a given substance will exist as a solid,
volume. a liquid or a gas:
● Solids cannot be compressed much. 1. The spaces (or distances) between the
● Solids have high densities. They are particles.
heavy. 2. The force of attraction between particles.
● Solids do not fill their container 3. The amount of movement of particles (or
completely. kinetic energy of particles)
● Solids do not flow. IMPORTANT POINTS :
● A rubber band is considered a solid
because it changes shape under the
Liquids action of force (which stretches it), and
● Liquids have a fixed volume but they when the force is removed, the rubber
have no fixed shape. Liquids take the band regains its original shape. Like all
shape of the vessel in which they are other solids, if a rubber band is stretched
placed. with a large force, it breaks.
● Like solids, liquids cannot be compressed ● A sponge is considered to be a solid
much. because its compressibility is due to the
● Liquids have moderate to high densities. presence of minute pores in it which are
They are usually less dense than solids. filled with air. When we press the sponge,
● Liquids do not fill their container air is expelled from its holes making it
completely. highly compressible.
● Liquids generally flow easily.

Unit of temperature
Gases
The S.I unit of measuring temperature is Kelvin
● Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a
An advantage of the scale Kelvin is that all
fixed volume. Gases acquire the shape
temperatures are positive.
and volume of the vessel in which they
Temp. on kelvin scale = Temp. on celsius + 273
are kept.
Change of state of matter Latent Heat
We can change the physical state of matter in two The heat energy which has to be supplied to
ways : change the state of a substance is called its latent
(i) By changing the temperature heat.
(ii) By changing the pressure The latent heat which we supply is used up in
overcoming the forces of attraction between the
particles of a substance during the change of
Effect on change of temperature state.
Latent heat is of two types :
1. Solid to Liquid Change : Melting (i) Latent heat of Fusion
The process in which a solid substance changes (ii) Latent heat of Vaporisation
into a liquid on heating,called melting (or fusion).
The temperature at which a solid substance melts Latent heat of Fusion (Solid to Liquid
and changes into a liquid at atmospheric Change)
pressure, is called the melting point of the
The latent heat of fusion (or melting) of a solid is
substance.
the quantity of heat in joules required to convert 1
kilogram of the solid (at its melting point) to
2. Liquid to Gas Change : Boiling or liquid, without any change in temperature.
Vaporisation ● the latent heat of fusion of ice 3.34 x 105
The process in which a liquid substance changes joules per kilogram (or 3.34 x 105 J/kg).
into a gas rapidly on heating, is called boiling. Ice at 0°C is more effective in cooling a substance
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at than water (required for melting) from our hand. (
which the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes at 0°C. This is due to the fact that for melting,
equal to the atmospheric pressure of the liquid's each kilogram hand loses heat to ice making us
environment feel cc of ice takes its latent heat of 3.34 × 105
joules from the substance and hence cools the
substance m effectively
3. Gas to Liquid Change :
Condensation
Latent Heat of Vaporisation (Liquid to
The process of changing a gas (or vapour) to a
Gas Change)
liquid by cooling, is called condensation
The latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid is the
quantity of heat in joules required to convert 1
4. Liquid to solid change : Freezing
kilogram of the liquid (at its boiling point) to
The process of changing a liquid into a solid by vapour or gas, without any change in temperature.
cooling, b called freezing. ● For example, the latent heat of
vaporisation of water is 22.5 × 105 joules
Sublimation per kilogram (or 22.5 × 105J/kg).
The changing of a solid directly into vapours on Steam will produce more severe burns than
heating, and of vapours into solid on cooling, is boiling water because steam has more heat energy
known as sublimation. than water due to its latent heat of vaporisation.
The changing of a gas directly into solid on Steam produces more severe burns. This is
cooling , is known as deposition because, even though both boiling water and
● The common substances which undergo steam are of the same temperature [ 1000c] , the
sublimation are: Ammonium chloride, steam contains the extra latent heat of
Iodine, Camphor, Naphthalene and vaporisation. So. steam produces more severe
Anthracene. burns.
Effect of change of pressure Cooling caused by evaporation :
Gases Can be Liquefied by Applying Pressure and The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the
Lowering Temperature. fact that when a liquid evaporate it draws (or
When a high pressure is applied to a gas, it gets takes) the latent heat of vaporisation from
compressed (into a small volume), and when we 'anything' which it touches,
also lower its temperature, it gets liquefied. So, we ● If we put a little spirit (ether or petrol) at
can also say that gases can be liquefied (turned the back of our hand and wave it around,
into liquids) by compression and cooling. the spirit evaporates rapidly and our
hand feels very cold. This is due to the
fact that to change from the liquid to the
Evaporation vapour state, spirit requires latent heat of
The process of a liquid changing into vapour (or vaporisation. The spirit takes this heat of
gas) even below its boiling point is called vaporisation from our hand. The hand
evaporation. loses heat and gets cooled.
● Some particles in a liquid always have During hot summer days, water is usually kept in
more kinetic energy than the others. So, an earthen pot (called pitcher or matka) t keep it
even when a liquid is well below its cool. Let us see how it gets cooled. The earthen pot
boiling point, some of its particles have has a large number of extremely small pores (or
enough energy to break the forces of holes) in its walls. Some of the water continuously
attraction between the particles and keeps seeping through these pores to thi outside
escape from the surface of the liquid in of the pot. This water evaporates (changes into
the form of vapour (or gas). Thus, the fast vapour) continuously and takes the latent heat
moving particles (or molecules) of a required for vaporisation from the earthen pot
liquid are constantly escaping from the and the remaining water. In this way, the
liquid form vapour (or gas) remaining water loses heat and gets cooled

Factors affecting evaporation : To show the presence of water

(i) Temperature : vapour in the Air
The rate of evaporation increases on increasing Put some ice cubes in it. Within a short time you
the temperature of the liquid. will observe that tiny droplets of a colourless
(ii) Surface area of the liquid : liquid get condensed on the outside surface. This
The rate of evaporation increases on increasing occurs because the air layer touching the outer
the surface area of the liquid surface of the vessel becomes very cold and
(iii) Humidity : condenses the water vapour into droplets.
The amount of water vapours present in air is
represented by a term called humidity
When the humidity of air is low, then the rate of
evaporation is high, and water evaporates more
readily
(iv) Wind Speed :
The rate of evaporation of a liquid increases with
increasing wind speed.
Two more States of Matter :

Plasma
Plasma is a mixture of free electrons and ions.
Plasma is considered the fourth state of matter.
Plasma occurs naturally in the stars (including
the sun).
inside the stars, the temperature is so high that
the atoms break up. Some of the electrons break
away from the atoms converting the rest of atoms
into electrically charged particles called ions. This
mixture of free electrons and ions in a star is
called plasma
Plasma can also be made on the earth by passing
electricity through gases at very low pressures
taken in a glass tube (called discharge tube).

Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of
matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to
temperatures very close to absolute zero (that is,
very near 0 K or ?273.14 °C). Under such
conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the
lowest quantum state, at which point
macroscopic quantum phenomena become
apparent.