Traditional Logic II

Martin Cothran
Instructor

Enthymemes

Abbreviated syllogisms

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 Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review
Exercises

Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review
Exercises

2
 Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review
Exercises

Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review
Exercises

3
 Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review
Exercises

Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review
Exercises

4
 Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review

What is an enthymeme?

An enthymeme is a syllogism that

is missing either a premise or the
conclusion

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 What is an enthymeme?

Taking an innocent human life is

wrong
Abortion takes an innocent human
life
Therefore, abortion is wrong

What is an enthymeme?

Abortion takes an innocent human

life
Therefore, abortion is wrong

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 Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review

Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review

7
The three kinds of
enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

The three kinds of

enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

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The three kinds of
enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

The three kinds of

enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

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 First Order Enthymemes

An enthymeme that is
missing the major premise

First Order Enthymemes

Taking an innocent human life is

wrong
Abortion takes an innocent human
life
Therefore, abortion is wrong

10
 First Order Enthymemes

Taking an innocent human life is

wrong
Abortion takes an innocent human
life
Therefore, abortion is wrong

First Order Enthymemes

Abortion takes an innocent human

life
Therefore, abortion is wrong

11
The three kinds of
enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

The three kinds of

enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

12
Second Order Enthymemes

An enthymeme that is
missing the minor premise

Second Order Enthymemes

Knights are brave

Therefore, Lancelot is brave

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Second Order Enthymemes

Knights are brave

Lancelot is a knight
Therefore, Lancelot is brave

The three kinds of

enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

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 The three kinds of
enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

Third Order Enthymemes

An enthymeme that is
missing the conclusion

15
 Third Order Enthymemes

Philosophers are intelligent

Socrates is a philosopher

Third Order Enthymemes

Philosophers are intelligent

Socrates is a philosopher
Therefore, Socrates is intelligent

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 Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review

Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review

17
 How to Use Enthymemes

Point out the missing premise yourself

Ask your opponent to state the missing
premise

How to Use Enthymemes

Point out the missing premise yourself

Ask your opponent to state the missing
premise

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 How to Use Enthymemes

Point out the missing premise yourself

Ask your opponent to state the missing
premise

How to Use Enthymemes

Obscenity is a form of expression

Therefore obscenity is protected by the
First Amendment

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 How to Use Enthymemes

All expression is protected by the First

Amendment
Obscenity is a form of expression
Therefore obscenity is protected by the
First Amendment

Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review

20
 Enthymemes

What is an enthymeme?
Three kinds of enthymemes
How to Use Enthymemes
Review

What is an enthymeme?

An enthymeme is a syllogism that

is missing either a premise or the
conclusion

21
The three kinds of
enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

The three kinds of

enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

22
The three kinds of
enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

The three kinds of

enthymemes

1st Order Enthymemes

2nd Order Enthymemes
3rd Order Enthymemes

23
 How to Use Enthymemes

Point out the missing premise yourself

Ask your opponent to state the missing
premise

Enthymemes

Exercises

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 Enthymemes

Exercise 12.

Exercise 12.

Abortion is the taking of an innocent life

Abortion is wrong

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 Exercise 12.

AbortionS is the taking of an innocent life

AbortionS is wrongP

Exercise 12.

AbortionS is the taking of an innocent lifeM

AbortionS is wrongP

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 Exercise 12.

AbortionS is the taking of an innocent lifeM

AbortionS is wrongP

Exercise 12.

The taking of an innocent lifeM is __________P

AbortionS is the taking of an innocent lifeM
AbortionS is wrongP

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 Exercise 12.

The taking of an innocent lifeM is wrongP

AbortionS is the taking of an innocent lifeM
AbortionS is wrongP

Exercise 12.

The taking of an innocent lifeM is wrongP

AbortionS is the taking of an innocent lifeM
AbortionS is wrongP

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 How to Extrapolate an
Enthymeme
1. Identify to which order the enthymeme
belongs
2. Identify the terms
3. Put the propositions into proper logical
form
4. Derive the missing proposition

How to Extrapolate an
Enthymeme
1. Identify the terms
2. Put the propositions into proper logical
form
3. Derive the missing proposition

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 How to Extrapolate an
Enthymeme
1. Identify the terms
2. Put the propositions into proper logical
form
3. Derive the missing proposition

How to Extrapolate an
Enthymeme
1. Identify the terms
2. Put the propositions into proper logical
form
3. Derive the missing proposition

30
 Exercise 12.

Animals are not the same as human beings

Therefore, animals should not have the same
rights as humans.

Exercise 12.

AnimalsS are not the same as human beingsM

Therefore, animalsS should not have the same
rights as humansP.

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 Exercise 12.

AnimalsS are not the same as human beingsM

Therefore, animalsS should not have the same
rights as humansP.

Exercise 12.

AnimalsS are not the same as human beingsM

Therefore, animalsS should not have the same
rights as humansP.

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 Exercise 12.

No animalS is a human beingM

Therefore, animalsS should not have the same
rights as humansP.

Exercise 12.

No animalS is a human beingM

Therefore, no animalS should have the same
rights as a humanP.

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BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque
prioris;
CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO
secundae;
Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI,
FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet;
Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP,
CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON

BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque

prioris;
CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO
secundae;
Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI,
FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet;
Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP,
CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON

34
 Exercise 12.

No animalS is a human beingM

Therefore, no animalS should have the same
rights as a humanP.

Exercise 12.

All things that should have the same rights as

humansP are human beingsM
No animalS is a human beingM
Therefore, no animalS should have the same
rights as a humanP.

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 Exercise 16.
Put each of the two major premises or
conclusion into proper logical form
Supply the missing premise or conclusion
Tell what kind of enthymeme it is
Give the figure of the resulting complete
syllogism
Give the name of the mood

Exercise 16.
Put each of the two major premises or
conclusion into proper logical form
Supply the missing premise or conclusion
Tell what kind of enthymeme it is
Give the figure of the resulting complete
syllogism
Give the name of the mood

36
 Exercise 16.
Put each of the two major premises or
conclusion into proper logical form
Supply the missing premise or conclusion
Tell what kind of enthymeme it is
Give the figure of the resulting complete
syllogism
Give the name of the mood

Exercise 16.
Put each of the two major premises or
conclusion into proper logical form
Supply the missing premise or conclusion
Tell what kind of enthymeme it is
Give the figure of the resulting complete
syllogism
Give the name of the mood

37
 Exercise 16.
Put each of the two major premises or
conclusion into proper logical form
Supply the missing premise or conclusion
Tell what kind of enthymeme it is
Give the figure of the resulting complete
syllogism
Give the name of the mood

Exercise 16.
Put each of the two major premises or
conclusion into proper logical form
Supply the missing premise or conclusion
Tell what kind of enthymeme it is
Give the figure of the resulting complete
syllogism
Give the name of the mood

38
 Exercise 16.

Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the

scripture is of any private interpretation. For
the prophecy came not in old time by the will
of man: but holy men of God spake as they
were moved by the Holy Spirit

Exercise 16.

Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the

scripture is of any private interpretation. For
the prophecy came not in old time by the will
of man: but holy men of God spake as they
were moved by the Holy Spirit

39
 Exercise 16.

Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the

scripture is of any private interpretation. For
the prophecy came not in old time by the will
of man: but holy men of God spake as they
were moved by the Holy Spirit

Exercise 16.

All prophecy of the Scripture comes from the

Holy Spirit
No prophecy of the Scripture is of private
interpretation.

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 Exercise 16.

All prophecy of the Scripture S comes from the

Holy SpiritM
No prophecy of the ScriptureS is of private
interpretationP

Exercise 16.

All prophecy of the Scripture S comes from the

Holy SpiritM
No prophecy of the ScriptureS is of private
interpretationP

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 Exercise 16.

All prophecy of the Scripture S comes from the

Holy SpiritM
No prophecy of the ScriptureS is of private
interpretationP

Exercise 16.

All prophecy of the Scripture S comes from the

Holy SpiritM
No prophecy of the ScriptureS is of private
interpretationP

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 Exercise 16.

All prophecy of the Scripture S comes from the

Holy SpiritM
No prophecy of the ScriptureS is of private
interpretationP

BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque

prioris;
CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO
secundae;
Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI,
FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet;
Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP,
CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON

43
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque
prioris;
CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO
secundae;
Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI,
FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet;
Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP,
CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON

Exercise 16.

No _______________________M is __________
____________________P.
All prophecy of the ScriptureS comes from the
Holy SpiritM
No prophecy of the ScriptureS is of private
interpretationP

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 Exercise 16.

No (or some…not) ___________________M is

__________ ____________________P.
All prophecy of the ScriptureS comes from the
Holy SpiritM
No prophecy of the ScriptureS is of private
interpretationP

Exercise 16.

No ______________________M is __________
____________________P.
All prophecy of the ScriptureS comes from the
Holy SpiritM
No prophecy of the ScriptureS is of private
interpretationP

45
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque
prioris;
CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO
secundae;
Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI,
FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet;
Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP,
CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON

BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque

prioris;
CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO
secundae;
Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI,
FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet;
Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP,
CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON

46
BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque
prioris;
CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO
secundae;
Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI,
FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet;
Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP,
CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON

BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque

prioris;
CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO
secundae;
Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI,
FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet;
Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP,
CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON

47
 Exercise 16.

All prophecy of the Scripture S comes from the

Holy SpiritM
No prophecy of the ScriptureS is of private
interpretationP

Exercise 16.

No thing that comes from the Holy SpiritM is of

private interpretationP.
All prophecy of the ScriptureS comes from the
Holy SpiritM
No prophecy of the ScriptureS is of private
interpretationP

48
Traditional Logic II

Martin Cothran
Instructor

49