UNIT - 3

1. Need for IoT System Management

IoT devices are everywhere now, from smart homes to industrial

automation, and they need proper management to function
effectively. Here's why IoT System Management is crucial:

● Scalability: IoT deployments can have hundreds or even

thousands of devices. Managing these manually is impossible,
so you need a system that can handle bulk management.
● Security: IoT devices are vulnerable to attacks. Managing
firmware updates, security patches, and configurations is
vital to protect the network.
● Performance Monitoring: Ensuring devices are working
properly, monitoring battery life, network connectivity, and
performance metrics.
● Automation: To avoid manual intervention, you need a system
that can automate configurations, updates, and
troubleshooting.

2. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

SNMP is like the OG of network management protocols. It’s been

around since the '80s, and it’s used for managing devices on IP
networks.

● Key Features:
 ○ Uses a management system called an SNMP Manager
and devices called SNMP Agents.
○ MIB (Management Information Base) is like a dictionary
that stores the data structure of the devices.
○ Works on UDP, which is lightweight but less reliable.
● Pros: It's simple, widely used, and great for monitoring
traditional network devices like routers, switches, and
servers.
● Cons: Not really designed for modern IoT environments. It’s
not that scalable and lacks security.

3. Network Operator Requirements

Network Operators (like your internet providers) have a few

things they need to worry about when managing IoT networks:

● Scalability: Handling thousands of IoT devices and ensuring

smooth operations.
● QoS (Quality of Service): Prioritizing traffic and ensuring
low latency for critical IoT applications (like healthcare).
● Security: Protecting sensitive data and preventing
unauthorized access.
● Compliance: Ensuring the network complies with data privacy
and security regulations.

4. NETCONF (Network Configuration Protocol)

NETCONF is a protocol designed to manage network devices in a

more modern and structured way than SNMP.
 ● Key Features:
○ Uses XML for encoding configurations.
○ Works over SSH, which means it’s more secure.
○ Supports transactional changes, so if something goes
wrong during an update, it can roll back to a previous
state.
● Why It’s Better Than SNMP: It’s more suitable for complex
configurations and better aligned with the needs of modern
networks, especially IoT.

5. YANG (Yet Another Next Generation)

YANG is a data modeling language used with NETCONF. Think of it

as a way to define the structure of the data you’re managing.

● Key Features:
○ It’s human-readable (like JSON or XML).
○ Defines the schema for your configurations, making it
easier to validate and manage data.
● Use Case: It’s perfect for managing network configurations
in an organized and scalable way, especially in IoT networks
where devices have varied configurations.

6. IoT System Management with NETCONF-YANG

Combining NETCONF and YANG is like the dream team for IoT
system management.

● How It Works:
 ○ NETCONF handles the communication part, ensuring
secure and efficient configuration management.
○ YANG defines the data models, making it easier to
manage configurations, monitor devices, and automate
updates.
● Benefits:
○ Scalability: Can handle thousands of devices easily.
○ Security: Built-in support for secure communication.
○ Flexibility: YANG models can be customized for
different IoT applications.

7. IoT Design Methodology

Designing an IoT system isn’t just about connecting a bunch of

devices. You gotta plan it out:

● Step 1: Define Objectives – What’s the goal? (e.g., smart

home automation, industrial monitoring).
● Step 2: Device Selection – Choose the right sensors,
actuators, and communication modules (like Wi-Fi, Zigbee,
LoRa).
● Step 3: Network Architecture – Decide on the network
topology (e.g., star, mesh).
● Step 4: Security Planning – Implement encryption,
authentication, and regular security patches.
● Step 5: Management & Maintenance – Use protocols like
NETCONF-YANG for efficient device management and
monitoring.
 ● Step 6: Scalability & Future-Proofing – Design the system to
accommodate future expansions and upgrades.

UNIT - 4

1. Introduction to Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is a tiny, affordable computer that you can use to

learn programming, build projects, and develop IoT applications.
It's like the go-to choice for hobbyists and developers looking to
create smart devices on a budget.

Key Interfaces on Raspberry Pi:

● Serial (UART): This is like the OG method for communication

between devices. It’s used to connect things like GPS
modules or older sensors.
○ How it works: Uses two pins, TX (Transmit) and RX
(Receive), for communication.
● SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): Ideal for high-speed
communication between the Raspberry Pi and peripherals
(e.g., screens, SD cards).
○ How it works: Uses four lines (MISO, MOSI, SCLK, and
SS). Great for fast, short-range data transfer.
● I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit): Perfect for connecting
multiple sensors using just two wires (SDA and SCL).
 ○ How it works: Each device has a unique address, so you
can connect multiple devices on the same bus without
conflicts.

These interfaces are essential for connecting all sorts of sensors

and modules to the Raspberry Pi, making it a versatile tool for IoT
projects.

2. Introduction to Cloud Storage Models and Communication APIs

When it comes to IoT, the cloud is your best friend for storing
and managing all the data coming from your devices. Here’s the
rundown:

Cloud Storage Models:

● Public Cloud: Hosted by third-party providers (like AWS,

Google Cloud, or Azure). It's cost-effective and scalable but
less control over data.
● Private Cloud: Dedicated to a single organization. Offers
better security and control but is more expensive to
maintain.
● Hybrid Cloud: Combines public and private cloud features.
You get the best of both worlds (scalability + security).
● Fog and Edge Computing: These are like local versions of the
cloud that help reduce latency. They’re closer to your IoT
devices, so data gets processed faster.
Communication APIs:

● REST APIs: The most common way IoT devices communicate

with the cloud. Uses HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT,
DELETE).
● MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): Lightweight
protocol perfect for IoT. Uses a publish/subscribe model,
ideal for low-bandwidth and unreliable networks.
● CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): Similar to HTTP but
lighter. Designed for simple devices in low-power IoT
networks.

3. Web Server for IoT

A web server lets you control your IoT devices remotely. Imagine
turning on your home lights from your phone—that’s the web
server doing its magic.

Setting up a Web Server on Raspberry Pi:

● Apache: A popular and robust web server. You can use it to

host web pages and control IoT devices.
○ Example: You can set up a simple dashboard to monitor
sensor data from your Raspberry Pi.
● Nginx: Lighter than Apache, better for handling multiple
connections. Ideal if you’re running a small-scale IoT project
with a lot of web traffic.
 ● Flask: If you’re more into Python, you can use Flask to create
a lightweight web server.
○ Example: You can build a REST API to control your IoT
devices using Python code.

4. Cloud for IoT

IoT + Cloud = Perfect Match. The cloud is crucial for IoT because
it handles all the heavy lifting of data processing, storage, and
management.

Benefits of Cloud for IoT:

● Scalability: Easily add more devices without worrying about

infrastructure.
● Data Analytics: Use cloud services to analyze data in
real-time (e.g., AWS IoT Analytics).
● Remote Management: Update, control, and monitor devices
from anywhere in the world.
● Backup & Recovery: Automatic backups ensure you don't lose
critical data.

Popular IoT Cloud Platforms:

● AWS IoT Core: Highly scalable and secure.

● Google Cloud IoT: Easy integration with other Google
services (like BigQuery for data analysis).
 ● Azure IoT Hub: Great for enterprises, with strong
integration into Microsoft's ecosystem.

5. Security Management in an IoT System

Security is a big deal in IoT because these devices can be a target

for hackers. You don’t want someone hacking into your smart
home, right?

Key Security Measures:

● Encryption: Always encrypt data (both at rest and in transit)

to prevent eavesdropping.
● Authentication & Authorization: Use strong authentication
methods (like JWT tokens or OAuth2) to ensure only
authorized users can access the system.
● Firmware Updates: Keep your devices updated with the
latest security patches.
● Network Security: Use firewalls, VPNs, and intrusion
detection systems (IDS) to secure your IoT network.
● Secure Boot: Ensures that only trusted software can run on
your IoT devices.

Common IoT Security Protocols:

● TLS/SSL: Encrypts data sent over the internet.

● DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security): A version of
TLS for UDP connections (used in low-latency IoT
applications).
● OWASP IoT Project: Provides guidelines on securing IoT
devices and systems.