Harold’s AP Calculus BC

Cheat Sheet
29 November 2022

Rectangular Polar Parametric

(𝑟 , 𝜃) or 𝑟 ∠ 𝜃 Point (a,b) in Rectangular:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 Rect. → Polar 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎
Polar → Rect.
(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑏
Point (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 < 𝑎, 𝑏 >
𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑟 = ± √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑦 𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑡 = 3𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒,
𝑥 𝑥 with 1 degree of freedom (df)
Slope-Intercept Form:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
< 𝑥, 𝑦 > = < 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 > + 𝑡 < 𝑎, 𝑏 >
< 𝑥, 𝑦 > = < 𝑥0 + 𝑎𝑡, 𝑦0 + 𝑏𝑡 >
Point-Slope Form:
where
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
< 𝑎, 𝑏 > = < 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 >
Line General Form:
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥0 + 𝑡𝑎
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦0 + 𝑡𝑏
Calculus Form: ∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) 𝑥 + 𝑓(0) 𝑚= = =
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑎

𝒓 = 𝒓0 + 𝑠𝒗 + 𝑡𝒘

𝑛𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) where:
Vector Form:
Plane +𝑛𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑦0 ) • v and w are given vectors
𝒏 ⦁ (𝒓 − 𝒓0 ) = 0
+ 𝑛𝑧 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 ) = 0 defining the plane
• 𝒓𝟎 is the vector of a fixed point
on the plane

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 1

 Rectangular Polar Parametric .
General Equation for All Conics: General Equation for All Conics:

𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 𝑝
𝑟=
1 − 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
where
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒: 𝐴=𝐵=𝐶=0 𝑎 (1 − 𝑒 2 ) 0≤𝑒<1
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒: 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = { 2𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 { 𝑒 = 1
𝐸𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒: 𝐴𝐶 > 0 𝑎 (𝑒 2 − 1) 𝑒>1
𝑜𝑟 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎: 𝐴𝐶 = 0 p = semi-latus rectum
or 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 or the line segment running from the focus
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎: 𝐴𝐶 < 0 to the curve in a direction parallel to the
𝑜𝑟 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0 directrix
Note: If 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0, square hyperbola
Eccentricity:
Rotation: 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑒=0
If B ≠ 0, then rotate coordinate system: 𝐸𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 0<𝑒<1
Conics 𝐴−𝐶 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑒=1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2𝜃 =
𝐵 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑒>1
𝑥 = 𝑥′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑦′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑦′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑥′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

New = (x’, y’), Old = (x, y)

rotates through angle 𝜃 from x-axis

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 2

 Rectangular Polar Parametric .
Centered at Origin:
r = a (constant)
𝜃 = 𝜃 [0, 2𝜋] 𝑜𝑟 [0, 360°]
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Centered at (𝑟0 , 𝜙):
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) 𝑟 2 + 𝑟02 − 2𝑟𝑟0 cos(𝜃 − 𝜙) = 𝑅 2
Vertices: NA
Focus: (ℎ, 𝑘) Hint: Law of Cosines
or
𝑟 = 𝑟0 cos(𝜃 − 𝜙) 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) + ℎ
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) + 𝑘
+ √𝑎2 − 𝑟02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃 − 𝜙)
[𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 ] = [0, 2𝜋]
Circle
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘)
Focus: (ℎ, 𝑘)

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 3

 Rectangular Polar Parametric .
Ellipse:
𝑎 (1 − 𝑒 2 )
𝑟= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑒 < 1
1 + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 𝑐 √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

+ =1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 = = 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) + ℎ
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) + 𝑘
relative to center (ℎ, 𝑘) [𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 ] = [0, 2𝜋]
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘)
Vertices: (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘) and (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏) Center: (ℎ, 𝑘)
Foci: (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘)

Focus length, c, from center: Rotated Ellipse:

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + ℎ
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑘

Ellipse 𝜃 = the angle between the x-axis and the

major axis of the ellipse

Interesting Note:
The sum of the distances from each focus
to a point on the curve is constant.
|𝑑1 + 𝑑2 | = 𝑘

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 4

 Rectangular Polar Parametric .
Vertical Axis of Symmetry:
𝑎 (𝑒 2 − 1)
𝑟= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒 > 1
1 + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1 𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑒 > 1
𝑎2 𝑏2 Left-Right Opening Hyperbola:
𝑐 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 = = = sec 𝜃 > 1 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐( 𝑡) + ℎ
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) 𝑎 𝑎 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 𝑡) + 𝑘
Vertices: (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘) relative to center (h, k) [𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 ] = [−𝑐, 𝑐]
Foci: (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘) Vertex: (h, k)

Focus length, c, from center:

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 Up-Down Opening Hyperbola:
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡) + ℎ
Hyperbola
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑡) + 𝑘
[𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 ] = [−𝑐, 𝑐]
Vertex: (h, k)

p = semi-latus rectum
or the line segment running from the focus General Form:
to the curve in the directions 𝜃 = ±
𝜋 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑡 2 + 𝐵𝑡 + 𝐶
2 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐷𝑡 2 + 𝐸𝑡 + 𝐹
where A and D have different signs
Interesting Note:
The difference between the distances from
each focus to a point on the curve is
constant.
|𝑑1 − 𝑑2 | = 𝑘

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 5

 Rectangular Polar Parametric .
Vertical Axis of Symmetry:
2𝑑
𝑟= Vertical Axis of Symmetry:
1 + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑝𝑡 + ℎ
Vertical Axis of Symmetry: 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑝𝑡 2 + 𝑘 (opens upwards)
𝑥 2 = 4 𝑝𝑦 𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑒 = 1
𝑦(𝑡) = −𝑝𝑡 2 − 𝑘 (opens downwards)
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘) and 𝑑 = 2𝑝 [𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 ] = [−𝑐, 𝑐]
Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘) Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘)
Focus: (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑝)
Directrix: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝 Trigonometric Form:
𝑦 = 𝑥2 Horizontal Axis of Symmetry:
Horizontal Axis of Symmetry: 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝑝𝑡 + 𝑘
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑦 2 = 4 𝑝𝑥 𝑟= = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑝𝑡 2 + ℎ (opens to the right)
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑝𝑡 2 − ℎ (opens to the left)
Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘) [𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 ] = [−𝑐, 𝑐]
Focus: (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘) Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘)
Parabola Directrix: 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑝

Projectile Motion:
1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑡 + ( ) 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦0 + 𝑣𝑦0 𝑡 − 16𝑡 2 feet
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦0 + 𝑣𝑦0 𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2 meters
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

General Form:
Interesting Note: 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑡 2 + 𝐵𝑡 + 𝐶
The distances from a point on the curve to 𝑦 = 𝐷𝑡 2 + 𝐸𝑡 + 𝐹
the focus is the same as to the directrix. where A and D have the same sign

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 Rectangular Polar Parametric .
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑟
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= = 𝑑𝑦
1st 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑐) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = lim 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ≠0
Derivative 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥−𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Hint: Use Product Rule for 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= = 𝑦′ = 𝐷𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 ( )
2nd 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 ( )
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)
= ( )= = 𝑦′′ = 𝐷𝑥𝑥 = ( ) = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Derivative 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( )= =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Riemann Sum:
𝑛
𝑆=∑ 𝑓(𝑦𝑖 )(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1 )
𝑖−1

Left Sum:
1 1 2
𝑆 = ( ) [𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 (𝑎 + ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 + )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑏 − )]
𝑛

Integral 𝑏
Middle Sum:
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎) 1 1 3
𝑆 = ( ) [𝑓 (𝑎 + ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 + ) + ⋯
𝑎 𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛
1
+ 𝑓(𝑏 − )]
2𝑛

Right Sum:
1 1 2
𝑆 = ( ) [𝑓 (𝑎 + ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 + ) + ⋯
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
+ 𝑓(𝑏)]

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 7

 Rectangular Polar Parametric .
−1
if 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 or 𝜃 = arcsin 𝑦
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
if 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 or 𝜃 = arccos 𝑦
if 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 or 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
Inverse
Functions Inverse Function Theorem:
1 if 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑦 or 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑦
𝑓 −1 (𝑓 ′ (𝑎)) = ′ if 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑦 or 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦
𝑓 (𝑎) if 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 or 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑦
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑦
𝑏

𝐿 = ∫ √1 + [𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟 2 𝛽
𝐿 = ∫ √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑎 𝑑𝜃 𝐿 = ∫ √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝛼
Proof: Circle:
∆𝑠 = √(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦0 )2 𝐿 = 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 𝛽
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 2
∆𝑠 = √(∆𝑥)2 + (∆𝑦)2 𝐿 = ∫ √( ) + ( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
Proof: 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = √𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 𝛼
𝐿 = (𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) ∙
𝑑𝑥 2 𝜋 ∙ (𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟) Proof:
𝑑𝑠 = √𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑠 = √𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2
Arc Length 𝜃
2 𝐿=( ) 𝜋 (2𝑟) = 𝑟𝜃 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑦 2𝜋
𝑑𝑠 = √𝑑𝑥 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑠 = √𝑑𝑥 2 ( ) + 𝑑𝑦 2( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 = √𝑑𝑥 2 (1 + ( ) ) 𝑑𝑠 = √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿 = ∫ 𝑑𝑠 𝐿 = ∫ 𝑑𝑠

Square: P = 4s Ellipse: 𝐶 ≈ 2𝜋√

𝑎 2 +𝑏2
𝜋
Ellipse: 𝐶 = 4𝑎 ∫02 √1 − 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Rectangle: P = 2l + 2w 2
Perimeter Triangle: P=a+b+c 𝐶 ≈ 𝜋 [3(𝑎 + 𝑏) − √(3𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 3𝑏)]
Circle: C = πd = 2πr 3ℎ (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 2
𝑏2
𝐶 ≈ 𝜋 (𝑎 + 𝑏) (1 + ) ℎ= & 𝑘 = (1 − 2 )
Ellipse: 𝐶 ≈ 𝜋(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 𝑎
10 + √4 − 3ℎ

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 Rectangular Polar Parametric .
𝛽
Square: A = s² 𝛽
Rectangle: A = lw 1 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
Rhombus: A = ½ ab 𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝜃)]2 𝑑𝜃
2 𝛼
Parallelogram: A = Bh 𝛼 where 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑦
(𝐵 + 𝐵 ) where 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) or
Trapezoid: 𝐴 = 12 2 ℎ
x(t) = f(t) and y(t) = g(t)
Kite: 𝐴 = 1 2
𝑑 𝑑
Proof:
2
Triangle: A = ½ Bh Area of a sector: Simplified:
1 𝛽
Triangle: A = ½ ab sin(C) 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑠 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 𝑟 ∆𝜃 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑟 2 ∆𝜃
2 𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
Area Triangle using Heron’s Formula: 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
where arc length 𝑠 = 𝑟 ∆𝜃 𝑑𝑡
𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) 𝛼
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 = Proof:
2
𝑏
Equilateral Triangle: 𝐴 = ¼√3𝑠 2
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝐵1 +𝐵2
Frustum: 𝐴= ( )ℎ 𝑎
3 2 y = f(x) = g(t)
Circle: A = πr²
Circular Sector: A = ½ r²𝜃 𝑑𝑓(𝑡)
Ellipse: A = πab 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓’(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
For rotation about the x-axis: For rotation about the x-axis:
𝑆𝐴 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝐴 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝑠
Cylinder: SA = 2πrh
Cone: SA = πrl For rotation about the y-axis: For rotation about the y-axis:
Lateral
Surface 𝑏 𝑆𝐴 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝐴 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑠
Area
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) √1 + [𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 = √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑠 = √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃), 𝛼≤ 𝜃≤𝛽 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡), 𝛼 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝛽

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 Rectangular Polar Parametric .
Cube: SA = 6s²
Rectangular Box: SA = 2lw + 2wh + 2hl
Regular Tetrahedron: SA = 2bh
Cylinder: SA = 2πr (r + h)
Total
Cone: SA = πr² + πrl = πr (r + l)
Surface
Sphere: SA = 4πr²
Area 1⁄
𝑎 𝑝 𝑏𝑝 +𝑎𝑝 𝑐 𝑝 +𝑏𝑝 𝑐 𝑝 𝑝
Ellipsoid: SA ≈ 4𝜋 ( 3
)
Where p ≈ 1.6075, |𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟| ≤ 1.061%
(Knud Thomsen’s Formula)
For revolution about the x-axis: For revolution about the x-axis: For revolution about the x-axis:
𝑏 𝛽 𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 √ 2
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑟 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃 𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦(𝑡) √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Surface of 𝑎 𝛼 𝑎

Revolution
For revolution about the y-axis: For revolution about the y-axis: For revolution about the y-axis:
𝑏 𝛽 𝑏
2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃 𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥(𝑡) √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝛼 𝑎
Cube: V = s³
Rectangular Prism: V = lwh
Cylinder: V = πr²h
Triangular Prism: V = Bh
Tetrahedron: V = ⅓ Bh
Volume
Pyramid: V = ⅓ Bh = ⅓ lwh
Cone: V = ⅓ Bh = ⅓ πr²h
4
Sphere: 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
4
Ellipsoid: V = πabc
3

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 10

 Rectangular Polar Parametric .
Disk Method
𝑏

𝑉 = ∫(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) 𝑑(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠)

𝑎
Rotation about the x-axis:
𝑏

𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Rotation about the y-axis:
𝑑

𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
Washer Method
Rotation about the x-axis:
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑘 − 𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑘
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋 { [𝑓(𝑥)]2 − [𝑔(𝑥)]2 } 𝑑𝑥
Volume of 𝑎
Revolution
Shell Method
𝑏

𝑉 = ∫(𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) (ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Rotation about the y-axis:

𝑏

𝑉 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Rotation about the x-axis:

𝑑

𝑉 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑦 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

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 Rectangular Polar Parametric .

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 12