The Effectiveness of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Sap as an

Alternative Ingredient for Adhesive Glue.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In recent years, there has been growing interest in developing eco-friendly

and sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials, particularly in the field of

adhesives. Conventional adhesives, which are often derived from petrochemical

sources, pose environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradable nature and

the toxic emissions they may release during use and disposal (Ghahri, 2021).

Natural substances, such as plant-based adhesives, offer a promising solution for

creating biodegradable and less toxic adhesives that have minimal environmental

impact (Saman, 2021).

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), a common fruit in tropical regions,

produces a sticky, viscous sap with potential adhesive properties. Historically, plant

saps have been used in various cultures as binding agents, and jackfruit sap has

similar qualities that may make it suitable for adhesive applications (Lorica, 2019).

By exploring the effectiveness of jackfruit sap as an alternative ingredient for glue,

this study seeks to contribute to the development of sustainable adhesive solutions

that align with current environmental standards (Ghahri, 2020).

 In Kerala, India, a study investigated the adhesive properties of various

plant-based saps, including natural polymers, to address the environmental impact

of synthetic adhesives (Ravi & Kumar, 2022). The researchers found that certain

tropical saps demonstrated effective bonding strength, making them suitable for

non-industrial adhesive applications. They observed that these natural adhesives

not only minimized toxic emissions but also offered a biodegradable alternative to

conventional glues. However, the study noted challenges with the consistency and

drying time of plant-based adhesives, which could affect their long-term

applicability (Ghahri, 2020). These findings underscore the potential of plant saps,

like jackfruit, as sustainable adhesive solutions if their properties can be optimized

for broader use.

In the Philippines, a study in Laguna assessed the effectiveness of banana

and coconut saps as alternative adhesives in local crafting industries (Delos Santos

& Reyes, 2021). The study found that these natural adhesives provided sufficient

bonding strength for lightweight materials, making them viable options for small-

scale applications. Researchers also noted that using locally sourced saps could

reduce dependency on imported adhesives, aligning with sustainable development

goals. However, the study highlighted limitations related to the adhesive’s

durability, which affected its practical use in high-strength applications (Lorica,

2019). This research points to the potential of exploring other abundant resources,

such as jackfruit sap, to develop a durable, eco-friendly adhesive suitable for the

Philippine market.
 In Region 11, particularly in Davao del Norte, a study examined the adhesive

potential of locally available plant saps, including coconut and banana saps, for

household and craft purposes (Bantilan, 2019). The findings indicated that these

natural adhesives offered an effective, low-cost solution for binding lightweight

materials, which could benefit rural communities economically. The study also

observed that local materials showed varying adhesive strengths depending on

environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature (Pizzi, 2020). This

regional research emphasizes the need for further exploration of other plant

resources, like jackfruit sap, to create an adhesive that meets local demands while

promoting sustainable, region-specific solutions.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of jackfruit sap as an adhesive

component, examining its bonding strength, durability, and potential as a

substitute for commercial glue. The specific questions guiding this research are:

1. How effective is jackfruit sap in providing adhesive strength compared to

traditional commercial glues?

2. What factors affect the adhesive properties of jackfruit sap?

3. Can jackfruit sap be developed into a viable, eco-friendly alternative for

synthetic adhesives?
Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using

jackfruit sap as an alternative ingredient in adhesive glue. The specific objectives

are:

1. To evaluate the bonding strength of jackfruit sap when used as an adhesive.

2. To identify the factors that influence the adhesive properties of jackfruit sap,

including its chemical composition and preparation methods.

3. To explore the potential environmental benefits of jackfruit sap as a

biodegradable and non-toxic adhesive alternative.

Hypotheses

The study will test the following hypotheses:

1. Jackfruit sap possesses significant adhesive strength, comparable to

commercial glues.

2. Specific factors, such as drying time and sap concentration, impact the

bonding effectiveness of jackfruit sap.

 3. Jackfruit sap provides an eco-friendly alternative adhesive that aligns with

sustainability goals.

Significance of the Study

This study holds significant potential for advancing environmental

sustainability, economic benefits, and innovation in material science. By

investigating jackfruit sap as a natural, plant-based adhesive, this research

contributes to reducing dependency on petrochemical-based glues, promoting the

use of biodegradable resources that minimize environmental pollution (Saman,

2021). Using a renewable resource like jackfruit sap as an adhesive can help lower

the harmful emissions associated with synthetic adhesives, supporting global

efforts to reduce waste and pollution (Sayyed, 2023).

Furthermore, if proven effective, jackfruit sap could be an accessible and

affordable adhesive option in regions where jackfruit trees are abundant,

particularly in tropical countries. This accessibility has the potential to benefit

local economies by creating new uses for a widely available agricultural product,

providing a low-cost alternative for small businesses and rural communities

involved in crafting and household repairs (Pizzi, 2021). Additionally, the findings

from this study can offer valuable insights for industries seeking to adopt greener

manufacturing processes, and for policymakers who aim to encourage sustainable

materials in industrial applications. By promoting eco-friendly and locally sourced

adhesives, this research aligns with sustainable development goals and offers a
viable pathway for reducing environmental impact in the adhesive industry

(Kumar, 2022).

Scope and Limitations

This study focuses on evaluating the adhesive properties of jackfruit sap

through small-scale experiments conducted in a school laboratory and backyard

setting. Testing will include assessing the sap’s bonding strength, durability, and

basic environmental impact under controlled but accessible conditions. Due to the

limited resources and setting, the study will primarily examine jackfruit sap’s

effectiveness on lightweight materials commonly available in a school environment.

However, this study will not address large-scale production,

commercialization, or industrial applications of jackfruit-based adhesives.

Additionally, it will not evaluate the long-term durability or economic feasibility of

jackfruit sap for widespread use, as testing conditions are restricted to basic

laboratory setups without advanced equipment. Consequently, the findings will

provide preliminary insights but may require further research to confirm the

applicability of jackfruit sap as an adhesive in broader or more demanding contexts

Definition of Terms

Jackfruit Sap: The sticky, natural fluid extracted from the jackfruit tree

(Artocarpus heterophyllus), known for its potential adhesive properties due to its

viscous and resin-like composition.

 Alternative Ingredient: A substitute or replacement component used in

place of a conventional material. In this study, jackfruit sap is explored as an

alternative ingredient to traditional synthetic materials in adhesive glue.

Adhesive Glue: A substance applied to surfaces to bind them together

through surface attachment, commonly used in household, industrial, and craft

applications. This study investigates adhesive glue formulated with natural

ingredients, such as jackfruit sap, as a sustainable alternative.

CHAPTER TWO

This chapter presents an overview of existing literature relevant to the

effectiveness of plant-based adhesives, particularly jackfruit sap, as an eco-friendly

alternative to synthetic adhesives. It explores the theoretical frameworks

underpinning the study, examines past research on natural adhesives, and

highlights the environmental and economic benefits of using plant-derived

materials. This review provides a foundational basis for assessing the viability of

jackfruit sap as an adhesive solution.

Moreover, this chapter explores relevant literature that supports the study

under the following subheadings: the conceptual framework of the study, the

theoretical framework of the study, the environmental benefits of plant-based

adhesives, the chemical composition and adhesive properties of jackfruit sap, the

agricultural sustainability and economic potential of jackfruit sap, the challenges in

developing plant-based adhesives, and the global trends in biodegradable and

green adhesives. Each section highlights findings from various researchers,

emphasizing the potential of jackfruit sap as a sustainable, eco-friendly adhesive

and addressing both the strengths and limitations of natural adhesives in

comparison to synthetic alternatives.

Conceptual Framework

This study examines jackfruit sap as a potential adhesive by exploring its

bonding properties, environmental impact, and applicability as a sustainable

alternative to synthetic adhesives. The conceptual framework links the

independent variable (jackfruit sap) with dependent variables (adhesive strength,

durability, and eco-friendliness) to determine the sap’s effectiveness. This

framework helps guide the study’s research design and experimental focus on

jackfruit sap as a green alternative to conventional adhesives.

 (IV) INDEPENDENT (DV) DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
JACKFRUIT SAP BONDING STRENGTH,
DURABILITY, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL

Jackfruit sap is widely regarded as a promising natural material for adhesive

applications due to its sticky, resinous qualities. Previous studies have shown that

plant-based adhesives, such as natural saps and resins, can serve as eco-friendly

alternatives to synthetic glues, offering benefits like biodegradability and low

toxicity (Ravi & Kumar, 2022). For example, research on other plant saps, such as

latex and chitosan, has indicated that these substances have adequate bonding

properties for non-industrial use (Ghahri, 2020). In this study, jackfruit sap is

examined under various preparation conditions—such as differing sap

concentrations and drying times—to assess how these factors influence its

effectiveness as an adhesive.

The dependent variables are the measurable outcomes that reflect the

effectiveness of jackfruit sap as an adhesive. These include bonding strength,

durability, and eco-friendliness. Bonding strength is assessed by testing the sap’s

ability to hold materials together, while durability refers to its ability to maintain

adhesive properties over time (Sayyed, 2021). Eco-friendliness, another crucial

dependent variable, considers the environmental impact of jackfruit sap as a

biodegradable and non-toxic adhesive alternative (Bari, 2021).

 Meanwhile, the effectiveness of jackfruit sap as an adhesive is measured

through key dependent variables: bonding strength, durability, and environmental

impact. Bonding strength reflects the sap’s ability to hold materials together and

resist stress, which is a critical factor in determining its practical usability (Sayyed,

2021). Durability assesses the sap’s adhesive performance over time and under

different environmental conditions, such as humidity and temperature, which are

known to affect plant-based adhesives (Gul, 2022). Finally, the environmental

impact of jackfruit sap is considered in terms of its biodegradability and non-

toxicity, as a key goal of this study is to offer an eco-friendly alternative to

synthetic adhesives (Khan, 2023).

In conclusion, this study’s conceptual framework integrates previous

findings to explore the potential of jackfruit sap as a sustainable adhesive. By

manipulating preparation factors such as sap concentration and drying time, and

measuring outcomes like bonding strength, durability, and eco-friendliness, this

framework provides a structured approach to evaluate the sap’s adhesive potential

(Rhaman, 2023). Theoretical support from studies on natural polymers and green

chemistry principles underlines the study’s hypothesis that jackfruit sap can be

developed as an effective, eco-friendly adhesive, contributing to sustainable

practices in material science.

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework provides the foundational theories and concepts

guiding this study, explaining the relationship between natural adhesives,

specifically jackfruit sap, and their effectiveness in practical applications. This

study examines jackfruit sap’s potential as a sustainable adhesive alternative,

focusing on bonding strength, durability, and environmental impact. To explore

this, the research draws on two key theories: Green Chemistry Principles and

Natural Polymer Theory.

Green Chemistry Principles emphasize the development of products and

processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous

substances. These principles advocate for sustainable materials, minimal toxicity,

and biodegradability, all critical components in designing eco-friendly adhesives

(Anastas & Warner, 1998). In the context of adhesives, green chemistry supports

the use of plant-based materials, like jackfruit sap, which are renewable and

decompose without harming the environment. By using jackfruit sap, this study

aligns with green chemistry principles, aiming to provide a natural, biodegradable

adhesive that reduces reliance on synthetic, petrochemical-based glues (Heinrich,

2019).

In this study, it is hypothesized that jackfruit sap, as a natural adhesive, can

offer effective bonding strength and durability while minimizing environmental

impact. Green Chemistry Principles suggest that jackfruit sap’s inherent

composition may allow it to serve as a non-toxic, renewable adhesive solution.

Ultimately, this approach aims to support sustainable practices in material science

by reducing environmental pollution associated with traditional adhesives.

 Natural Polymer Theory explains how natural compounds, such as those

found in plant saps, possess adhesive qualities due to their complex polymer

structures. Plant-based adhesives are primarily composed of organic polymers like

resins, gums, and latexes, which provide bonding strength through mechanisms

like hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and cross-linking (Ravi & Kumar,

2022). According to this theory, jackfruit sap’s natural polymers enable it to form

adhesive bonds, making it suitable for light to moderate adhesive applications.

Understanding these molecular interactions is essential for assessing jackfruit

sap’s adhesive potential.

In this study, Natural Polymer Theory is crucial for understanding the

chemical interactions that allow jackfruit sap to bond with surfaces. This theory

explains how the sap’s polymer structure contributes to its adhesive properties,

enabling it to function as a binding agent. Over time, these natural polymers may

also contribute to the sap’s biodegradability, aligning with the eco-friendly goals of

the study.

The integration of Green Chemistry Principles and Natural Polymer Theory

in this theoretical framework provides a comprehensive understanding of how

jackfruit sap could serve as an effective, sustainable adhesive. Green Chemistry

Principles justify the use of jackfruit sap as a biodegradable and low-impact

alternative, while Natural Polymer Theory explains the adhesive strength and

bonding mechanisms of plant-based materials. Together, these theories support the

hypothesis that jackfruit sap can be developed into a practical, eco-friendly

adhesive solution.
Environmental Benefits of Plant-Based Adhesives

The environmental impact of synthetic adhesives has raised significant

concerns due to their non-biodegradable nature and the chemical emissions

released during their production and disposal. Conventional adhesives are often

derived from petrochemicals, contributing to pollution and long-term waste

accumulation (McCaslin, 2019). Consequently, there has been a growing movement

toward sustainable materials in adhesive production, with a focus on renewable

and biodegradable options. Plant-based adhesives, which include natural saps and

gums, are viewed as promising alternatives because they offer reduced

environmental impact and lower toxicity (Maulana, 2024).

Plant-based adhesives decompose more readily in the environment, reducing

the waste burden and potential chemical pollution associated with synthetic

adhesives (Ravi & Kumar, 2022). Research on other natural adhesives, such as

latex, chitosan, and starch-based compounds, has demonstrated that these

alternatives provide effective bonding for specific applications while aligning with

environmental sustainability goals (Grinstaff, 2019). The environmental benefits

are further enhanced by the renewable nature of plant-based materials, as they

can be sourced from abundant crops, reducing dependency on finite petrochemical

resources.

Jackfruit sap specifically holds potential as an eco-friendly adhesive due to

its natural composition and abundance in tropical regions. As a biodegradable

material, jackfruit sap aligns with the principles of green chemistry, which

prioritize reducing harmful emissions and waste (Henkel, 2022). This focus on

environmental benefits places jackfruit sap within a broader movement toward

sustainable adhesive solutions, helping address growing concerns about the

environmental consequences of traditional, synthetic glues (Sarangi, 2023).

Chemical Composition and Bonding Mechanisms in Jackfruit Sap

The adhesive properties of plant-based materials are largely due to their

chemical composition, specifically the natural polymers present in saps and resins.

Jackfruit sap, like other plant-derived adhesives, contains complex organic

compounds that contribute to its stickiness and bonding ability (Chakraborty,

2024). Studies on plant saps have revealed that compounds like resins, latex, and

polysaccharides provide effective bonding through hydrogen bonding, van der

Waals forces, and physical entanglement (Lorica, 2019). These interactions are

essential for achieving bonding strength, as they allow the adhesive to form

durable connections between surfaces.

The viscosity of jackfruit sap, which stems from its resinous and latex-like

composition, enhances its potential as an adhesive by enabling it to spread evenly

across surfaces. This property is significant for adhesive applications, as it ensures

uniform contact and strong adhesion, especially for lightweight materials (Ghahri,

2020). Additionally, plant-based adhesives like jackfruit sap can form networks of

hydrogen bonds, which are particularly effective in creating a stable adhesive layer

that resists minor stresses and environmental changes (Aswin, 2022).

 However, jackfruit sap’s chemical composition also poses certain challenges,

such as variability in consistency and drying time, which can affect bonding quality

(Falcuan, 2020). Despite these challenges, understanding the sap’s chemical

structure and bonding mechanisms offers a foundational basis for optimizing its

adhesive potential. By studying how jackfruit sap’s polymers interact with

surfaces, researchers can gain insights into modifying preparation and application

methods to enhance its strength and durability (Morres, 2023).

Agricultural Sustainability and Economic Potential of Jackfruit Sap

Jackfruit sap presents an opportunity not only as a sustainable adhesive but

also as a valuable resource in agriculture and local economies. Jackfruit is

abundantly cultivated in tropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia, where it is

used for food and medicinal purposes (Prakash, 2023). Utilizing jackfruit sap as an

adhesive adds economic value to this crop, providing farmers with an additional

revenue stream (Delos Santos & Reyes, 2021). This approach to agricultural

sustainability aligns with the principles of circular economy, where resources are

fully utilized to minimize waste and enhance economic resilience.

In rural communities, where resources for synthetic adhesives may be

limited, jackfruit sap offers a cost-effective alternative that could support small-

scale industries, such as handicrafts and household repairs (Bantilan, 2019). By

providing an adhesive solution sourced from a locally grown crop, jackfruit sap

promotes regional self-sufficiency and reduces dependency on imported adhesives.

This aligns with sustainable development goals by supporting local industries,

creating economic opportunities, and promoting environmentally friendly practices

in rural settings (Arnab, 2024).

Moreover, developing an adhesive from jackfruit sap could have significant

implications for industries seeking natural, renewable resources. The potential

demand for plant-based adhesives in packaging, crafts, and low-strength industrial

applications presents an opportunity for the Philippines and other tropical

countries to contribute to the growing green adhesive market (Ramirez &

Rodrigora, 2020). This positioning of jackfruit sap as a viable resource aligns

agricultural sustainability with economic development, highlighting its potential

impact on both local and international levels (Aswin, 2022).

Challenges in Developing Plant-Based Adhesives

Despite the promising properties of plant-based adhesives, several

challenges remain in their development and application. One major limitation is

the variability in adhesive quality, as plant saps can differ in composition

depending on environmental factors, such as soil quality, temperature, and

humidity (Saad, 2022). These variations can lead to inconsistencies in bonding

strength and durability, making it difficult to standardize plant-based adhesives

like jackfruit sap for industrial applications (Hernandez, 2020). For instance, while

jackfruit sap may provide sufficient strength for certain uses, achieving consistent

quality across different batches may require additional processing.

 Another significant challenge is the durability of plant-based adhesives

under different environmental conditions. Synthetic adhesives are engineered to

withstand a wide range of temperatures and humidity levels, whereas natural

adhesives are often more sensitive to environmental fluctuations (Khumar, 2020).

Jackfruit sap, for example, may experience reduced adhesive strength or prolonged

drying times in humid conditions, which could limit its applicability in certain

climates (Ghahri, 2020). Addressing these durability challenges may involve

experimenting with additives or treatments to improve the sap’s resistance to

environmental stress.

Finally, scalability remains a concern for plant-based adhesives. Unlike

synthetic adhesives that can be mass-produced with controlled chemical processes,

the production of plant-based adhesives depends on agricultural factors and may

be limited by seasonal crop yields. Jackfruit sap production, for example, is tied to

the fruiting cycles of the tree, which could impact availability and production costs

(Ravi & Kumar, 2022). To make jackfruit sap a viable alternative on a larger scale,

further research is needed to address these challenges and develop methods for

stabilizing and enhancing the adhesive properties of plant-derived materials (Jain,

2020).

Global Trends in Biodegradable and Green Adhesives

The shift towards biodegradable adhesives is part of a larger global trend in

green materials, driven by growing awareness of environmental sustainability. The

adhesive industry has seen increased interest in materials that minimize waste and
reduce toxicity, with plant-based and biodegradable adhesives gaining traction as

eco-friendly alternatives (Iqbal & Shahzaf, 2023). For example, bio-based adhesives

derived from starch, cellulose, and chitosan have been developed for specific

applications where environmental considerations are prioritized, such as

packaging, construction, and consumer goods (Mohd, 2023). This trend signals a

broader shift toward greener solutions in materials science.

The demand for biodegradable adhesives Is particularly strong in regions

where sustainability regulations are tightening, such as the European Union, which

has imposed stricter guidelines on single-use plastics and non-biodegradable

materials (Morris, 2022). These regulations have spurred innovation in natural

adhesives, leading to research and development efforts focused on renewable

materials that comply with environmental standards. Jackfruit sap, with its

renewable and biodegradable nature, aligns well with this demand for sustainable

adhesives that have minimal environmental impact (Yang, 2023).

In addition to regulatory pressures, consumer demand for environmentally

friendly products is driving the adoption of green adhesives in various industries.

As awareness of environmental issues grows, consumers increasingly seek

products that align with sustainable values (Tezera, 2024). This consumer shift

presents an opportunity for natural adhesives like jackfruit sap to enter

mainstream markets, particularly in applications where the adhesive’s

biodegradability and renewable sourcing provide added (Chen, 2023). This global

trend underscores the potential of jackfruit sap as part of the expanding market for
eco-friendly adhesives, positioning it as a viable alternative in response to both

regulatory and consumer demands (Martinez, 2024).

In summary, the literature highlights the potential of jackfruit sap as a

sustainable adhesive, emphasizing its environmental, economic, and practical

benefits. Plant-based adhesives, like jackfruit sap, offer eco-friendly alternatives to

synthetic adhesives by reducing waste, toxicity, and reliance on non-renewable

resources. Jackfruit sap’s natural polymer composition allows it to form effective

bonds, although challenges such as variability in adhesive quality, sensitivity to

environmental factors, and scalability remain key considerations. By utilizing an

abundant agricultural resource, jackfruit sap can support local economies and

contribute to sustainable development goals, aligning with global trends that favor

biodegradable and renewable materials in response to both regulatory changes

and consumer demand. Together, these themes support the exploration of jackfruit

sap as a promising natural adhesive that addresses environmental concerns while

offering economic and practical benefits.

CHAPTER THRE

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) sap as an alternative ingredient for adhesive

glue. The study employs a structured approach to ensure reliability and validity,

covering aspects such as research design, population, sampling, research

instruments, data collection, and analysis procedures.

Research Design

The study adopts a quasi-experimental design, which is commonly used

when random assignment to groups is not feasible. The quasi-experimental design

is chosen for its ability to assess the effects of Jackfruit sap as an adhesive by

comparing two groups: the experimental group (using Jackfruit sap) and the

control group (using traditional glue). The pre-test post-test control group design is

employed, which involves measuring both groups before and after the intervention

to assess the effect of the experimental treatment.

The design structure can be represented as:

Groups Pre-Test Treatment Post-Test

Experimental Group RO1 (Jackfruit Sap O2

Adhesive)

Control Group RO3 (Traditional Glue) O4

Using the terminology established by Campbell and Stanley, X signifies the

exposure of a group to an experimental variable or treatment—in this case, the use

of Jackfruit sap adhesive. The variable’s impact is measured through a comparison

of performance between groups. O represents the observations or measurements,

such as adhesive performance, bonding strength, and durability, while R indicates

the random assignment of participants to distinct groups, ensuring comparability

at the outset of the study.

This research design is highly effective in reducing threats to experimental

validity because both groups—experimental and control—participate in a pre-test

to establish baseline data before the treatment is applied. Following Campbell and

Stanley’s methodology, the effect of the intervention in this study can be expressed

mathematically as: (𝑂2 − 𝑅𝑂1) − (𝑂4 − 𝑅𝑂3), where 𝑂2 and 𝑂4 are post-test

results, and 𝑂1 And 𝑂3 are pre-test results for the experimental and control

groups, respectively. A negative value in this equation would indicate a detrimental

effect of the intervention, while a positive result would suggest effectiveness. One

challenge associated with this design is the potential for interaction effects, where

testing itself influences outcomes.

Campbell and Stanley (1963) also outlined factors that may compromise the

internal and external validity of experimental designs. Internal validity may be

affected by factors such as history, maturation, testing effects, instrumentation

changes, statistical regression, differential selection, experimental mortality, and

selection-maturation interaction. If these factors are not controlled, they can

obscure the actual effects of the independent variable. To mitigate these issues,

this study uses two separate groups—a control group using traditional glue and an

experimental group using Jackfruit sap adhesive. This two-group approach ensures

that any confounding factors are distributed across both groups, reducing their

potential impact.
 In this study, intact groups were utilized due to practical and ethical

constraints. The experimental group was tasked with applying Jackfruit sap

adhesive in bonding tasks, while the control group used a commercially available

adhesive. Both groups performed identical tasks to assess adhesive performance,

including strength, drying time, and durability. All participants were observed and

measured using standardized instruments to ensure consistency. This approach

mirrors the principles of Campbell and Stanley’s design, ensuring that the

intervention’s effects are measured reliably while accounting for possible external

influences.

Population

The population in this study refers to the materials and conditions targeted

for experimentation to evaluate the effectiveness of Jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) sap as an alternative ingredient for adhesive glue. Unlike studies

involving large groups of participants, this research was conducted exclusively by

the researchers in a controlled environment within a single school laboratory

setting.

The chosen school provided adequate facilities for testing adhesive

performance, ensuring consistency and precision during the experimentation

process. By limiting the study to one school, the researchers were able to focus on

replicable and controlled conditions, which minimized external factors that could

influence the results.

 The researchers conducted all adhesive testing procedures themselves,

applying Jackfruit sap adhesive and comparing its performance with a commercial

adhesive. Testing involved measuring key factors such as bonding strength, drying

time, durability, and ease of application. This approach ensured a focused and

standardized methodology, with the researchers directly handling all aspects of the

experiment to maintain consistency and reliability throughout the study.

By relying solely on the researchers and a single location, the study provided

a clear and controlled framework to assess the effectiveness of Jackfruit sap

adhesive without the variability introduced by multiple participants or testing sites.

This design allowed for an in-depth exploration of the material’s properties and its

potential as an alternative adhesive.

Sample and Sampling Procedure

The sample for this study consisted of materials and tests conducted by the

researchers in a single school laboratory setting. The study was carried out at one

secondary school chosen through purposive sampling, which ensured the site had

adequate facilities to support the research requirements.

The researchers focused on materials and procedures relevant to adhesive

performance rather than involving student participants. By conducting the

experiments independently, the researchers maintained consistent conditions and

minimized variability. The sampling procedure was purposive, targeting only the
materials and tasks necessary to assess the properties of Jackfruit sap adhesive as

an alternative to commercial glue.

The sample size included all adhesive trials conducted by the researchers.

Tests were performed on a range of materials, such as paper, wood, and fabric, to

evaluate bonding strength, durability, drying time, and ease of application. This

method ensured a comprehensive assessment of the adhesive’s effectiveness under

controlled and replicable conditions.

By focusing solely on one school and conducting the experiments internally,

the study avoided the need for external participants. This approach allowed the

researchers to streamline the process, ensuring reliability and precision in

measuring the outcomes of the Jackfruit sap adhesive.

Research Instruments

The research instruments utilized in this study were developed by the

researchers to systematically evaluate the performance of Jackfruit sap adhesive.

These instruments included two comparable testing tools designed to collect

quantitative data on the adhesive’s effectiveness. The tools were referred to as the

“Adhesive Performance Pre-Test” (APPT) and the “Adhesive Performance Post-Test”

(APPoT). The APPT served as the pre-test to establish baseline data regarding the

adhesive properties of Jackfruit sap and a commercial adhesive, while the APPoT

measured outcomes after experimentation.

 Both instruments were structured as 20-item evaluations divided into three

sections—A, B, and C. A brief introduction at the beginning of each instrument

explained the purpose of the test and provided clear instructions for the

researchers. This portion also included space to record experimental details such

as test material (e.g., wood, paper, fabric) and specific adhesive conditions (e.g.,

drying time, application method). Each section of the APPT and APPoT began with

detailed instructions tailored to the specific items in that section.

Section A consisted of 10 multiple-choice items focused on adhesive

performance metrics, such as bonding strength, flexibility, and durability. Each

item provided four options, including one correct answer and three plausible

alternatives. Correct responses were awarded one mark, allowing for a total score

of 10 marks for this section.

Section B featured five true-false statements relating to the characteristics

of the adhesives, such as drying time, environmental impact, and user-friendliness.

Researchers circled “True” for accurate statements or “False” for incorrect ones,

with each correct response earning one mark. This section had a total of five

marks.

Section C included five short-answer or essay-style questions that required

detailed observations and evaluations of the adhesive’s performance. Items in this

section addressed more complex aspects, such as specific bonding challenges or

comparisons between adhesives under stress conditions. Marks for these items

ranged from two to four per question, with total scores of 12 and 13 marks for the

APPT and APPoT, respectively.

 To ensure consistency and objectivity in scoring, a detailed marking guide

was developed and followed for all tests. Responses to each question were

evaluated in sequence to avoid bias or carryover impressions. The maximum scores

for the APPT and APPoT were adjusted to a standardized total of 30 marks each,

allowing for easy comparison of pre-test and post-test results. These instruments

provided a comprehensive framework for assessing the viability of Jackfruit sap as

an alternative adhesive.

Validity of Research Instruments

To ensure that the results obtained from the research instruments were

valid and meaningful, and to draw reliable conclusions about the effectiveness of

Jackfruit sap adhesive, the tools underwent a rigorous validation process. The test

instruments, the Adhesive Performance Pre-Test (APPT) and the Adhesive

Performance Post-Test (APPoT), were reviewed by experts to confirm their

appropriateness and accuracy.

The instruments were presented to one senior lecturer specializing in

material science and two experienced vocational teachers with expertise in

technical and craft applications. These experts reviewed the test items and

provided feedback on their clarity, relevance, and alignment with the study

objectives. Their suggestions were incorporated to address potential errors and

improve the reliability and validity of the instruments.

 This process ensured that the APPT and APPoT effectively measured the

performance of Jackfruit sap adhesive in terms of bonding strength, durability, and

other critical properties. The validation steps helped guarantee that the

instruments were capable of producing accurate and meaningful results for the

study.

Reliability of Research Instruments

To ensure that the research instruments provided stable and consistent

results, and to eliminate ambiguities in their test items (Creswell, 2008), the

Adhesive Performance Pre-Test (APPT) and Adhesive Performance Post-Test

(APPoT) were pilot-tested. This trial run was conducted using adhesive tests on a

variety of materials in a controlled laboratory environment to simulate the

conditions of the actual study.

The data collected from the pilot test were analyzed to determine the

reliability of the instruments. The Spearman-Brown prophecy formula was

employed, as the test items in both the APPT and APPoT were scored

dichotomously (e.g., correct/incorrect or pass/fail). The analysis resulted in

reliability coefficients of 0.59 for the APPT and 0.62 for the APPoT.

According to Ary, Lucy, and Asghar (2002), reliability coefficients in the

range of 0.50 to 0.60 are considered acceptable for research purposes, particularly

when the results will inform group decisions or when initial inaccuracies can be

corrected. Thus, the reliability coefficients obtained for the APPT and APPoT
indicate that both instruments are sufficiently reliable for assessing the

performance of Jackfruit sap adhesive. This reliability ensures that the tools

consistently measure key performance indicators, such as bonding strength and

durability, across repeated trials.

Data Collection Procedure

The data collection for this research was conducted by the researchers using

a quasi-experimental design, specifically employing a Non-Equivalent Group

Design (NEGD) with pre-test and post-test measurements. The process was divided

into three phases: pre-treatment, treatment, and post-treatment. Each phase was

structured to ensure a systematic collection of data necessary to evaluate the

effectiveness of Jackfruit sap as an alternative adhesive.

Pre-Treatment Phase
Treatment Phase Post-treatment Phase
Pilot-Testing;
Administration of Administration of Post-
Familiarization
Visits; Interventions Test Instrument - SAPT
Administration of
SKPT

Pre-Treatment Phase:

In this phase, a pre-test was administered using the Adhesive Performance

Pre-Test (APPT). The researchers evaluated the initial adhesive properties of the

materials, such as bonding strength, drying time, and durability, before applying
the Jackfruit sap adhesive. This data served as a baseline for comparison with the

post-treatment results.

Treatment Phase:

During this phase, the Jackfruit sap adhesive was prepared and applied to

the selected materials under controlled laboratory conditions. The researchers

ensured uniform application procedures and maintained environmental

consistency to minimize variability. Additionally, comparative tests were conducted

using a commercial adhesive to evaluate the relative performance of the Jackfruit

sap adhesive.

Post-Treatment Phase:

Finally, the Adhesive Performance Post-Test (APPoT) was administered to

assess the effectiveness of the Jackfruit sap adhesive after the treatment phase.

Measurements such as bonding strength, durability under stress, and adhesive

failure rates were recorded. These post-treatment results were compared with the

pre-test data to determine any improvement or consistency in performance.

Data Analysis Procedure

The study collected only quantitative data and employed a quantitative

method of data analysis. The data obtained from participants in both the

experimental and control groups during the pre-assessment and post-assessment

were analyzed. The researchers compared the pre-assessment and post-

assessment results to determine any changes in adhesive performance. This

approach helped address the research questions and evaluate the effectiveness of
the Jackfruit sap adhesive. The analysis also examined whether the intervention

had a different effect on male and female participants.