Chapter 4
Two Dimensional
Viewing
Model
Model: a pattern, plan,
representation, or description
designed to show the structure
or working of an object,
system, or concept.
Modeling
Modeling is the process of
creating, storing and
manipulating a model of
an object or a system.
Modeling
In Modeling, we often use a geometric
model
i.e.. A description of an object that provides a
numerical description of its shape, size and
various other properties.
Modeling
The shape of the object is often
described in terms of sub-parts, such as
circles, lines, polygons, or cubes.
Example: Model of a house units are in
meters
y
6 x
Instances of Objects
Instances of this object may then be
placed in various positions in a scene, or
world, scaled to different sizes, rotated,
or deformed.
Each house is created with instances of
the same model, but with different
y
parameters.
9
x
2D Viewing
2D Viewing
Viewing is the process of
drawing a view of a
model on a
2-dimensional display.
Viewing and Transformation
Once a model has been constructed, the
programmer can specify a view.
A 2-Dimensional view consists of two
rectangles:
A Window, given in real-world co-ordinates,
which defines the portion of the model that is to
be drawn
A Viewport given in screen co-ordinates,
which defines the portion of the screen on which
the contents of the window will be displayed
Basic Interactive Programming
Window: What is to be viewed
Viewport: Where is to be displayed
Viewport
Scene Image
2D Geometric
Transformations
2D Geometric Transformations
Operations that are applied to the
geometric description of an object to
change its position, orientation or size.
Basic transformation:
Translation
Rotation
Scaling
2D Translation
2D Translation: Move a point along a
straight-line path to its new location.
x x t x , y y t y
y
x x t
P’ x
T
y y t
P y
x
P P T
2D Tranlation
Rigid-body translation: moves objects
without deformation (every point of the object is
translated by the same amount)
Y 6
5 4
4
4
tx = 2 3
ty = 3 2
2
1 1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X
Note: House shifts position relative to origin
Matrix Representations
And
Homogeneous Coordinates
Matrix Representations
In Modeling, we perform sequences of
geometric transformation: translation,
rotation, and scaling to model components
into their proper positions.
How the matrix representations can be
reformulated so that transformation
sequences can be efficiently processed?
Homogeneous Coordinates
Since the points matrix has three columns for the
x, y, and z values, and a transformation matrix is
always 4x4 matrix, these two matrices are
incompatible for multiplication.
A matrix multiplication is compatible only if the
number of columns in the first matrix equals the
number of row in the second matrix. For this
reason, a points matrix is written as,
.
Here, we have converted the Cartesian coordinates into
homogeneous coordinates by adding a 4th column, with unit
value in all rows.
When a fourth column, with values of 1 in each row, is
added in the points matrix, the matrix multiplication
between the [P]and [T ]becomes compatible.
In homogeneous coordinates, the points (2,3,1), (4,6,2),
(6,9,3), (8,12,4), represent the same point (2,3,1), along the
plane z = 1, z = 2, z = 3, and z = 4,respectively.
Cont….
Example1 : translation
Translate the rectangle (2,2), (2,8), (10,8),
(10,2) 2 units along x-axis and 3 units
along y-axis.
Solution: Using the matrix equation for
translation, we have
[P*] = [P] [Tt], substituting the numbers, we
get
Cont…
Result
2D Scaling
2D Scaling: Alters the size of an object.
This operation can be carried out for polygons
by multiplying the coordinate values ( x , y )of
each vertex by scaling factors sxand s y to
produce the transformed coordinates
y sx 2 y
sy 1
x x
2D Scaling
x x s x , y y s y
x s x 0 x
y 0
s y y
P S P
y sx 2 y
sy 1
x x
2D Scaling
Any positive numeric values can be assigned to the
scaling factors.
Values less than 1 reduce the size of objects, and
greater than 1 produce an enlargement.
Uniform Scaling: s s
x y
Differential Scaling: s x s y , used in modeling
applications.
s s
x y s s
x y
original Uniform scaling Differential scaling
2D Scaling
Scale an object moving its origin (upper right)
Example 2 scaling:
If the triangle A(1,1), B(2,1), C(1,3) is
scaled by a factor 2, find the new
coordinates of the triangle.
Solution: Writing the points matrix in
homogeneous coordinates, we have
Cont…
and the scaling transformation matrix is
The new points matrix can be evaluated by the
equation
[P*]= [P][T],and by substitution of the P and T
values, we get
Cont…
Result
2D Rotation
2D Rotation: Rotate the points a specified
rotation angle about the rotation axis.
Axis is perpendicular to xy plane; specify only
rotation point (pivot point ( xr , y r ))
yr
xr
2D Rotation
Simplify: rotate around origin: x 0, y 0
r r
cosθ sin θ
( x' , y ' )
R
sin θ cosθ
P R P
2D Rotation
Rigid-body translation: Rotates objects
without deformation (every point of the object
is rotated through the same angle.
Y 6
5
6
4
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X
Example 3-Rotation
If the triangle A(1,1), B(2,1), C(1,3) is rotated by
30 degree, what will be the new coordinates of the
triangle.
Solution: Writing the points matrix in homogeneous
coordinates, we have
P= T= * =
P’= * =
Matrix Representations
and
Homogeneous Coordinate
Basic 2D transformations as 3x3 matrices:
x 1 0 t x x x cos sin 0 x
y 0 1 t y y sin cos y
y
0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
Translation Rotation
x s x 0 0 x
y 0 s 0 y
y
1 0 0 1 1
Scaling
Assignment 1:
Use matrix multiplication to find the
new coordinates for the following
1. Scale the following points by a factor of 2 and
rotate by 90 degree
(1,1),(3,1),(3,3),(1,3)
(2,-1),(3,-2),(2,-3),(1,-2)
2. Scale by 2 along the x-axis , by 3 a long y and by 4
a long z axis and rotate 45 degree
(-2,3),(-1,1),(-3,1)
(-3,-2),(-1,-2),(-2,-4)
Reflection
Reflection
Reflection: Produces a mirror image of an
object.
X Axis Y Axis Origin
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
y y y
1 1 1’ 1’
2 3 2 3 3’ 2’ 3’ 2’
x x x
2’ 3’ 1 3
1’
2
X Axis Y Axis Origin
Shear
Shear
Shear: A transformation that distorts the
shape of an object such that transformed
shape appears as if the object were
composed of internal layers that had been
caused to slide over each other is called a
shear.
Shear
x-direction: x ' x h x y , y ' y
y y
(0,1) (1,1) hx= 2 (2,1) (3,1)
1 hx 0
0 1 0 (0,0) (1,0) x (0,0) (1,0) x
0 0 1
y-direction: x ' x , y ' y h y x
(1,3)
1 0 0
h 1 0
y y (1,2)
(0,1) (1,1) hy= 2
y (0,1)
0 0 1 (0,0) (1,0) x (0,0) x
Assignment2
Write OpenGL program that create
line_loop,line_tripe,triangle_fun and
polygon.
all these shapes must be displayed on the
same window
Write OpenGL program that create a
rectangle
The rectangle must move left,right,up and
down by using navigation keys
