A PROJECT REPORT ON

THE FABRICATION OF CONSTANT 9V DC POWER SUPPLY

SUBMITTED TO

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

AKOKA, LAGOS

DATE SUBMITTED: **|03|2022

SUBMITTED BY

• NNEJI OBINNA VINCENT 180403047

• OLUBUNMI COVENANT PEACE 180403021

• ARIMORO OLAMILEKAN EZEKIEL 180403023

• FALODUN EMMANUEL 180403050

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are deeply indebted to Mrs.*** at the Department of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering’s Electronics Laboratory. For her inspiring and encouraging guidance without
which this project work could not have been completed in spite of her busy schedule. She
always had time to attend the problem faced by us in our project work. We will always
remember her quick analysis, comprehensive solution and critical reviews; she has been
giving throughout the project work. Dr. Amusan, for his amazing lectures on Electronic
Circuits. Cordial and earnest thanks to all Electronics Laboratory Technologists, Mr.*** for
his valuable suggestion and help remembered in conducting the project work. But at last,
but not least we express over indebtedness to our parents and all other family members for
their patience and help extended in this end over.
INTRODUCTION

A power supply is a device the supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads. The
term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of electrical energy to
another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (e.g.
mechanical chemical, solar) to electrical energy. For electronic circuits made up of
transistors and/or ICs, this power source must be a DC voltage of a specific vale.

In general electronic circuit using transistors require a source of DC power for example in the
tube amplifiers, DC voltage is needed for plate, screen grid. Similarly the emitter and
collector bias in a transistor must also be direct current. Batteries are rarely used for this
purpose as they are costly. In practice DC power for electronic circuits is most conveniently
obtained from commercial AC lines by using rectifier-filter system, called a DC power supply.
The rectifier-filter combination constitutes an ordinary DC power supply. The DC voltage
from an ordinary power supply remains constant. So long as AC mains voltage or load is
unaltered. However, in many electronic applications, it is desired that DC voltage should
remain constant respective of change in AC mains load under such situation, voltage
regulating devices are used with ordinary power supply. This constitutes regulated DC power
supply and keeps the DC voltage at fairly constant value.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:

A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific vale;
the controlled value is held nearly constant despise variations in either load current or the
voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source. Every power supply must obtain the
energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it consumes while performing that task,
from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain energy from:

1. Electrical energy transmission system. Common examples of this include power supplies
that convert AC Iine voltage to DC voltage.

2. Energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells.

3. Electro-mechanical systems such as generators and alternators.

4. Solar power.

A. IC 78XX series

The 78xx is a family of self-contained fixed Iinear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The
78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a regulated power supply due
to ther case-of-use and low cost. For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits,
indicating the output voltage The 78xx line is positive voltage regulators: they produce a
voltage that is positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices
which are complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in
combination to provide positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit. There are
common configurations for 78xx ICs, including 7805 (5 volt), 7806 (6 vol), 7808 (8 volt), 7809
(9 vol. 7810 (10 volt), 7812 (12 volt), 7815 (15 vol), 7818 (18 volt), and 7824 (24 volt)
versions. The 7805 common, as its regulated 5 volt supply provides a convenient power
source for most components. Each device in this series has minimum input voltage to be
maintained to get regulated output.
B. REGULATED DC POWER SUPPLY

+9V SUPPLY UNIT- Initially 230 V AC supply reduced to 12Vwith the help of a step down
transformer. The low voltage is rectified with the help off bridge rectifier. Since the input
voltage to the regulator IC should be more than its output voltage, transformer secondary
voltage is 24 V. The ripples are minimized with the help of capacitor filter to get a smooth DC
supply.

The regulated DC output voltage is obtained by using regulator ICs. For related +9V DC
supply. IC 7809 is used. In the case of IC 7809 the regulated DC voltage is applied to Pin 1,
and the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 2 is grounded. The output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 1
is grounded. The capacitor of 2200uF is connected at the output as shown in figure to
eliminate the voltage oscillations at the output due to the large voltage oscillations at the
input of the regulator.
AIM OF A PROJECT

1. To construct a regulated DC power supplies 9 V source. The power supply converts the
(220-230 V AC into 9 V DC output.

2. Establishment of regulated DC power supply being used in the labs.

TERMS USED IN THIS PROJECT

1. Step-Down Transformer

A step down transformer has more turns of wire on the primary coll and less nams of wire
on the secondary coil. This makes a smaller induced voltage in the secondary coil. Compare
this with a step up transformer.

It is called a step down transformer because the output voltage is smaller than the input
voltage. If the secondary oil has half as many turns of wire then the output voltage will be
half the input voltage.

See the transformer equation. Decreasing the voltage does not decrease the power. As the
voltage goes down, the current goes up.

2. Rectifier

There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The
bridge rectifier the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier
can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is
rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A Single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only
uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.
i. Bridge Rectifier: A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also
available in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave
rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used
up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are
always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram below. When AC supply is switched
on During positive half cycle terminal A is positive and B is negative. This makes diode D1 &
D3 forward biases diode D2 & D4 reverse biases and we get positive cycle. During -ve half
wave cycle, the A becomes -ve and B becomes +ve. Due to this D2 & D4 come under forward
bias and diode D1 & D3 are in reverse bias. Therefore, diodes D2 & D4 conduct while diode
D1 & D3 don't. The shape of wave is shown.

Hence, we can say that the bridge wave rectifier give the pulsating DC voltage which are not
suitable for electronic circuit.

3. Smoothing

smoothing is performed by large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply
to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the
rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the
smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and
then discharges as a supplies current to the output.

Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage filling a little as it discharges giving a
small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is
satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing capacitor. A
large capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half wave rectifier. So, in this we can
conclude that the pulsating DC voltage is applied to the smoothing capacitor

This smoothing capacitor reduces the pulsating in the rectifier DC output voltage. The
smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable circuits.
4. Regulator

The regulator is a circuit that helps maintains a fixed or constant output voltage. Changes in
the load or the AC line voltage will cause the output voltage to vary. Most electronic circuits
cannot withstand the variations since they are designed to work properly with a fixed
voltage. The regulator fixes the output voltage to the desired level then maintains that value
despite any output or input variations. Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed typically
5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they
can pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most
regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current (overload protection)
and overheating (thermal protection). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads
and look like power transistors such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator. They include a hole for
attaching a heat sink if necessary.
COMPONENT USED

1. CAPACITOR: A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store

energy electrostatically in an electric field. The non- conducting dielectric acts to increase
the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air. paper,
mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical
devices. A capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates

If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can
flow through the capacitor. However, if an accelerating or alternating voltage is applied
across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow. The SI unit of capacitance
is the farad (F), which equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Typical capacitance values
range from about 1 pF (10-12 F) to about 1 m (10-3 F). We have used 100uF capacitor.

2. DIODE 1N7001:-In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with

asymmetric conductance, it has low resistance to current in one direction, and high
resistance in the other. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconductors
such as selenium or germanium are sometimes used

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction
(called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the
reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve.
This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating cument
to direct current, including extraction of modulation from radio signals in radio receivers
these diodes are forms of rectifiers.

3. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD : (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects

electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets luminated onto a non-conductive substrate PCBs can be single sided (one copper
layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different layers are
connected with plasted-through holes called bias. Advanced PCBs may contain components-
capacitors, resistors or active devices-embedded in the substrate. Printed circuit boards are
used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and
point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to lay out the circuit
but manufacturing and assembly can be automated Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is
cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as components are mounted and wired
with one single part. Furthermore, operator wing errors are eliminated.
4. 12-0-12 TRANSFORMER: The step down transformer high voltage AC into low volage AC.
By step down transformer we can take different values of voltage at output. In this project
we have use 12-0-12 step down transformer. 12-0-12 means that the voltage or the
potential difference (pd.) between each of the end terminals of the secondary winding and
the mid-point of the secondary winding of the transformer is 12V. And, between the two
ends of the secondary winding, you will get 12+12=24V. 1500mA means the current delivery
capability of the secondary winding of the transformer.

4. IC7809: 1C7809 is a famous IC which is being widely used in 9V voltage regulator circuits.
We only need to use two capacitors, one on the input and second one on the output of 7809
in order to achieve clean voltage output and even these capacitors are optional to use. To
achieve 9V 1A current, 7809 should be mounted on a good heat sink plate. 7809 has built in
over heat and short circuit protection which makes a good choice for making power supplies
High current 7809 voltage regulator can be constructed by adding a transistor to increase
load current capability.
STEPS OF WORKING

1. Choose the circuit diagram

2. Studying each block of circuit and it is work, input and output.

3. Start to construct the circuit and make improvements on it.

HOW TO CONSTRUCT

1. Each component has to be soldered in position on PCB

2. Identification of resistors is done by color-coding. The color band on each resistor

corresponds to its exact value

3. There are different methods in which are defined on capacitors. But usually values are

specified numerically on them.

4.we identified each component separately as to where each of them has to be placed.

5. we proceeded father to actually mounting and soldering the parts.

6. Not IC's but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting and

dismounting of IC's easy while troubleshooting

7. we Started from left most corner of PCB and soldered the components one by one on
their correct position of PCB

8. Before soldering any component we made sure that we have placed it at is right position
and with correct polarity. Give due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors, as they
are polarity dependent.

9. Did the soldering of other components in the same way while keeping in mind that
components with long and sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.
FABRICATION PROCESS

The fabricating techniques used in this project can be badly classified into

1. Mechanical fabrication consisting mechanical design

2. Electrical fabricating consisting of electrical design Le making PCB, soldering is making

connection correctly etc.

SOLDERING

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and
flowing a filer metal into the joint, the filer metal into the joint, the filer metal having a
relative low meting point, soldering is characterized by the melting point of the filter metal
which is below 4000C (7520F). The filter metal used in the process is called solder. Soldering
is distinguished brazing by use of a lower meting-temperature filter metal; it is distinguished
from welding by the base metals not being melted during the joining process. In a soldering
process, heat is applied to the parts to be joint by capillary action and to bond to the
materials to be joined by wetting action. After the metal cools, the resulting joints are not as
strong as the base metal, but have adequate strength.electrical conductivity and water
tightness for many uses.
PICTURE OF WORKING MODEL
PRECAUTIONS

1. We mounted the components at the appropriate places before soldering.

2. We followed the circuit description and components details, leads identification etc. We
did not start soldering before making it confirm that all components are mounted at right
place.

3. We did not use a spread solder on board, it may cause short circuit.

4. We soldered in a breeze-free environment.

5. We positioned the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder where you want it.

6. Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat may damage the component
or board.

7. We ensured the board did not vibrate while soldering otherwise we will have a dry or cold
joint.

8. We did not put the kit under or over voltage source. We ensure about the voltage either
dc or ac while operating the gadget.

TESTING

The testing step comes after the fabrications process. First of all we have tested the
soldering section of power supply, after that in the this we have checked that we are
receiving the output required or not, ie. 9V from the power supply section.

After finding that the power supply section is working as per our requirement we gone
through the whole circuit and check if there are no loosened wires, breaking of tracks etc.
CONCLUSION

After all work we did on our project we have learned.

1. We always see a DC power supplies in laboratories and a DC charger for example for
mobiles, laptops, cameras and so many things

2. It is the first time we learn about its major stages. We've done soldering, used multimeter
and worked with ICs as per our electronics circuits laboratory course.

3. We can convert AC to DC power supply

4. Step down the voltage by transformer (step down transformer).

5. It is the first time that we deal with transformer in these details.

6. We have stated how voltage regulator works in detail.

RESULT

1. We have obtained the output a regulated DC power supples 9V source at output terminal.

2. The power supply converts the (220-230) V AC into 9V DC output.

APPLICATION

1. Automation

2. Data Processing

3. Electro mobility

4. Industrial

5. Lighting

6. Motorcycles E-Bikes and Small Electric Vehicles

7. Power Management

8. Renewable Energy

9. Smart Grid

10. Motor Control & Drives

ADVANTAGES

1.78xx series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated
source of power, making them easy to use.

2. Economical and efficient uses of space.

3. 78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power.

4. They have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in
most applications.

REFERENCES

1 Peter Kunscheidt, leistungs elektronik.1977)

2 Power electronic books (Mohammad Rasheed)

3. Basic Electronics (15 Katre)

4. Mini Projects books

5. www.wikipedia.com

6. www.circuitstoday.com

7. electronics.howstuffworks.com

& www.poweresim.com
9. www.technobgystudent.com

10. www.engknowledge.com