Chapter – 3

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS

The elementary concepts of differentiation and integration needs to learned to describe motion.
(Refer Notebook for Numerical problems)

Sl. No. Differentiation Integration

𝑛
𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑑 𝑛 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
(𝑛 + 1)
1. (𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 Provided n ≠ -1. Here c is constant of
integration.
𝑑
2. (𝑥) = 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 1
3. (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑
4. (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
5. (cos 𝑥) = −sin 𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
6. (tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
7. (cot 𝑥) = −cosec 2 𝑥 ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cot 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
8. (sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
9. (cosec 𝑥) = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 ∫ cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cosec 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛+1
10. (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑛𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛−1 ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑎(𝑛 + 1)

𝑑 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 1
11. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = ∫ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑎

𝑑 𝑥
12. (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

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 𝑑 𝑥 𝑎𝑥
13. (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎 ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎

If 𝑦 = 𝑢 ± 𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
14. = ± ∫(𝑢 ± 𝑣). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢. 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑣. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Where u & v ≠ constants

If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
15. =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Where u & v ≠ constants

Mechanics: Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the conditions of rest of motion of the
material objects. The following are the sub-branches of mechanics
(i) Statics – It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the study of objects at rest or in
equilibrium.
(ii) Kinematics – It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the study of motion of objects
without considering the cause of motion.
(iii) Dynamics -- It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the study of motion of objects
taking into consideration the cause of their motion.
Rest: An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position w.r.t. its surroundings with the
passage of time.
Motion: an object is said to be in motion if it changes its position w.r.t. its surroundings with the
passage of time. Rest and motion are relative terms.
Distance or path length: It is the length of the actual path traversed by a body between its initial and
final positions.
Displacement: The displacement of an object is the change in the position of an object in a fixed
direction.
Speed: The rate of change of position of an object with time in any direction is called its speed.
Velocity: The rate of change of position of an object with time in a given direction is called its
velocity.
(i) Uniform velocity – A body is said to be moving with uniform velocity if it covers equal
displacements in equal intervals of time, however small these time intervals may be.
(ii) Variable velocity – A body is said to be moving with variable velocity if either its speed
changes or direction of motion changes or both change with time.
(iii) Average velocity – For an object moving with variable velocity, average velocity is
defined as the ratio of its total displacement to the total time interval in which that
displacement occurs.
∆𝑥 𝑢+𝑣
𝑣̿ = or 𝑣̿ =
∆𝑡 2

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 (iv) Instantaneous velocity– The velocity of an object at a particular instant (very short
interval of time, ie; ∆𝑡 → 0) of time or at a particular point of its path is called its
instantaneous velocity.
∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = lim ( ) =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Uniform motion: An object is said to be in uniform motion if it covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time, however small these time intervals may be, in the same fixed direction.
Non uniform motion: A body is said to be in non-uniform motion if its velocity changes with time.
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of an object with time is called its acceleration.
(i) Uniform acceleration – The acceleration of an object is said to be uniform acceleration if
its velocity changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time, however small these time
intervals may be.
(ii) Variable acceleration – The acceleration of an object is said to be variable acceleration if
its velocity changes by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time.
(iii) Average acceleration—for an object moving with variable velocity, the average
acceleration is defined as the ratio of the total change in velocity of the object to the total
time interval taken.
∆𝑣
𝑎̿ =
∆𝑡
(iv) Instantaneous acceleration – The acceleration of an object at a given instant of time or at
a given point of its motion, is called its instantaneous acceleration.
∆𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑎 = lim ( ) =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(v) Positive acceleration – If the velocity of an object increases with time, its acceleration is
positive.
(vi) Negative acceleration – If the velocity of an object decreases with time, its acceleration
is negative.

KINEMATIC EQUATIONS FOR UNIFORMLY ACCELERATION MOTION BY

CALCULUS METHOD: (Refer Notebook for derivation)
First equation of motion; 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
1
Second equation of motion; 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2

Third equation of motion; 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠

𝑎
Fourth equation of motion; 𝑠𝑛𝑡ℎ = 𝑢 + (2𝑛 − 1)
2

Free fall: A body released near the surface of the earth is accelerated downward under the influence
of force of gravity.

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 Equations of motion for a freely falling body:
(i) 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑔𝑡
1
(ii) 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 2

(iii) 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑔𝑠

POSITION -TIME GRAPH (Refer Notebook for more details)

The slope of a position-time graph represents the velocity of the object

VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH (Refer Notebook for more details)

The slope of a velocity-time graph represents the acceleration of the object
The area under a velocity-time graph represents the displacement of the object.

ACCELERATION-TIME GRAPH (Refer Notebook for more details)

The area under an acceleration-time graph represents the velocity of the object.

RELATIVE VELOCITY
The relative velocity of an object 2 with respect to object 1, when both are in motion, is the
time rate of change of position of object 2 with respect to that of object 1.
Relative velocity of object 2 w.r.t. object 1, 𝑣21 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
Relative velocity of object 1 w.r.t. object 2, 𝑣12 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣2

Relative velocity in terms of position time graphs:

(i) When the two objects move with (ii) When v2 > v1 or relative (iii) When v2 < v1 or relative velocity
same velocity in the same direction velocity (v2 –v1) is positive (v2 –v1) is negative

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