Group number: - 7

Date: - 6/11/2024

EXPERIMENT NO: - 10

Line Coding Techniques

• AIM: To study and generate different line codes (Unipolar, Polar, Bipolar RZ and
NRZ, AMI)

• COMPONENTS:
1. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO).
2. Scientech 2801 Kit.
3. Connecting cords and probes.
4. Power Supply.

• THEORY:
Line coding refers to a process of converting digital data into digital signals. Whenever
we transmit data, it is in the form of digital signals, so with the help of line coding, we
can convert a sequence to bits (or encoding) into a digital signal which then again
converted into bits by the receiver (or can be said as decoded by the receiver).
• Properties of Line coding:

1. As the coding is done to make more bits transmit on a single signal, the bandwidth
used is much reduced.
2. For a given bandwidth, the power is efficiently used.
3. The probability of error is much reduced.
4. Error detection is done and the bipolar too has a correction capability.
5. Power density is very favourable.
6. The timing content is adequate.
7. Long strings of 1s and 0s are avoided to maintain transparency.

• Types of line coding:

1. Unipolar
2. Polar
3. Bipolar

• Applications:
1. Telecommunications:
NRZ (Non-Return to Zero): Commonly used in Ethernet and USB communications
due to its simplicity and efficiency.
RZ (Return to Zero): Used in older telecommunication systems and optical fiber
communications for its synchronization capabilities.
2. Local Area Networks (LANs):
4B/5B Encoding: Employed in Fast Ethernet (100BASE-TX) to ensure sufficient
transitions for clock recovery.
8B/10B Encoding: Used in Gigabit Ethernet and high-speed serial communication
links like USB 3.0 and PCI Express for error detection and correction.
3. Wireless Communication:
Differential Manchester Encoding: Applied in wireless communication systems,
particularly in RFID and Bluetooth, for its robustness to signal inversion and noise
resilience.
4. Optical Fiber Communication:
NRZ: Widely used in optical fiber communication systems for its simplicity.
RZ and NRZI (Non-Return to Zero Inverted): Utilized in high-speed optical
networks to reduce error rates and enhance signal integrity.

• Disadvantages:

1. Bandwidth Usage: Increased Bandwidth: Some line coding schemes, such as

Manchester encoding, require higher bandwidth compared to the original data
signal because they effectively double the frequency of the signal.
2. Power Consumption: Higher Power Requirements: Certain line coding schemes,
due to their increased transitions, can lead to higher power consumption, which is
a critical consideration in battery-operated devices.
3. Error Propagation: In some coding schemes, an error in one symbol can propagate
and cause multiple errors, making error detection and correction more challenging.
• Observations:
Input = 16 bit data [ 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 ].
Carrier frequency = 500 Hz.
Line Coding Circuit Connection DSO Output
Techniques
Channel 1: Data
Signal
Channel 2:
Unipolar NRZ

Channel 1: Data
Signal
Channel 2: Polar
NRZ

Channel 1: Data
Signal
Channel 2:
Bipolar RZ

Channel 1: Data
Signal
Channel 2:
Unipolar RZ

Channel 1: Data
Signal
Channel 2:
Manchester
• CODE:

data = [1 0 1 1 0 0 1];
bit_rate = 1;
T = length(data) / bit_rate;
t = 0:0.01:T;
% Initialize the square wave signal
signal = zeros(1, length(t));
% Generate the square wave based on the binary data
for i = 1:length(data)
if data(i) == 1
signal((i-1)/bit_rate*100+1 : i/bit_rate*100) = 1; % High level for '1'
else
signal((i-1)/bit_rate*100+1 : i/bit_rate*100) = 0; % Low level for '0'
end
end
% Plot square wave data signal
figure;
plot(t, signal, 'LineWidth', 2);
ylim([-0.5 1.5]); % Set y-axis limits to clearly show 0 and 1 levels
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Binary Data as Square Wave');
grid on;
% Initialize signal
signal = zeros(1, length(t));
for i = 1:length(data)
if data(i) == 1
signal((i-1)/bit_rate*100+1 : i/bit_rate*100) = 1;
end
end
% Plot Unipolar NRZ
figure;
plot(t, signal, 'LineWidth', 2);
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unipolar NRZ Line Coding');
grid on;
% Initialize signal
signal = zeros(1, length(t));
for i = 1:length(data)
if data(i) == 1
signal((i-1)/bit_rate*100+1 : i/bit_rate*100) = 1;
else
signal((i-1)/bit_rate*100+1 : i/bit_rate*100) = -1;
end
end
% Plot Polar NRZ
figure;
plot(t, signal, 'LineWidth', 2);
ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Polar NRZ Line Coding');
grid on;
% Initialize signal
signal = zeros(1, length(t));
last_voltage = -1; % Track last '1' voltage for alternating

for i = 1:length(data)
if data(i) == 1
% Alternate the voltage for each '1'
last_voltage = -last_voltage;
% First half of the bit period
signal((i-1)/bit_rate*100+1 : (i-0.5)/bit_rate*100) = last_voltage;
% Second half remains zero
end
end
% Plot RZ Bipolar
figure;
plot(t, signal, 'LineWidth', 2);
ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('RZ Bipolar Line Coding');
grid on;

% Initialize signal
signal = zeros(1, length(t));
for i = 1:length(data)
if data(i) == 1
% First half of the bit period is high for '1'
signal((i-1)/bit_rate*100+1 : (i-0.5)/bit_rate*100) = 1;
% Second half remains zero (no need to explicitly set it as zero)
end
end
% Plot RZ Unipolar
figure;
plot(t, signal, 'LineWidth', 2);
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('RZ Unipolar Line Coding');
grid on;

% Initialize signal
signal = zeros(1, length(t));
for i = 1:length(data)
if data(i) == 1
signal((i-1)/bit_rate*100+1 : (i-0.5)/bit_rate*100) = 1;
signal((i-0.5)/bit_rate*100+1 : i/bit_rate*100) = -1;
 else
signal((i-1)/bit_rate*100+1 : (i-0.5)/bit_rate*100) = -1;
signal((i-0.5)/bit_rate*100+1 : i/bit_rate*100) = 1;
end
end
% Plot Manchester
figure;
plot(t, signal, 'LineWidth', 2);
ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Manchester Line Coding');
grid on;

• OUTPUT:
• Conclusion: