Math_2010_20Q1_20Week_208
Math_2010_20Q1_20Week_208
Competency:
The learner illustrates the polynomial equations. (M10AL-Ii-1)
Expectations
This module was designed to help you appreciate and master the concepts and principles of polynomial equations. After
going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Arrange the polynomial equation in standard form;
2. Identify the degree of polynomial, leading coefficient and constant term;
3. Determine the at most number of real roots;
4. Find the real roots by means of zero-product property and factor theorem;
5. Apply the rational root theorem and;
6. Create polynomial equations from its roots.
PRE-TEST
Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on your notebook. Take note of the items that you were not able to
answer correctly and find the right answer as you go through this module.
1. Which of the following is a polynomial equation?
A) f(x) = x2 + 8x – 1 B) 2x2 – x – 5 = 0
–3
C) 8x + 6 = (x – 2) D) 3√𝑥 − 8 = 0
2. What is the degree of the polynomial equation: 2x – 8x3 + 9x – 14 = 0?
5
In Grade 8, you have learned the multiplication of polynomials, specifically the special products.
Types of Special Products
Type 1. Product of Two Binomials (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦)(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑚𝑝𝑥 2 + (𝑚𝑟 + 𝑛𝑝)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛𝑟𝑦 2
Type 2. Square of Binomial (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
Type 3. Product of the Sum and (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Difference of the Same Two Terms
Activity 3: Determine the degree of polynomial, real roots and number of real roots of the following polynomial
equations.
Polynomial Equation Degree Real Roots of Equation Number of Real Roots
a) (x – 5)( x – 1) = 0
b) (x + 2)3( x + 7) = 0
c) (x + 1)(x – 4)( x – 6) = 0
d) (x – 9)4( x + 3)3 = 0
e) x (x – 5)3 ( x – 1)2 (x – 2) = 0
f) x (x + 10) = 0
g) (x – 5)2( x + 9)3 = 0
h) (x + 1)(x – 7)(x + 2) ( x – 1) = 0
i) (x + 3)( x + 1)3(x – 8)5 = 0
j) (x – 5)7( x + 2) = 0
Lesson 8.4: Finding the Real Roots of Polynomial Equations by Synthetic Division
In the previous lesson, you have studied the process of Synthetic Division. We will use that concept and principle in finding
the roots of a polynomial equation.
Example 1: x3 + x2 – 14x – 24 = 0
Step 1: Write the factors of the constant term and call them All Possible Real Roots (APRR).
APRR 24: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ± 8, ± 12, ± 24
-2 1 1 -14 -24
-2 2 24
1 -1 -12 0
Step 3: Continue the process of factor theorem until you get the linear factor.
-2 1 1 -14 -24
-2 2 24
-3 1 -1 -12 0
-3 12
1 -4 0
x – 4 (linear factor)
Step 4: Equate the linear factor to zero and apply the zero-product property
x–4=0 , x=4
Example 2: x3 + 6x2 + 3x – 10 = 0
APRR 10 : ± 1, ± 2, ± 5, ± 10
1 1 6 3 -10
1 7 10
-2 1 7 10 0
-2 -10
1 5 0
x + 5 (linear factor)
x + 5 = 0 , x = –5
RR: { 1, -2, -5 }
Note: APRR refers to All Possible Real Roots and RR refers to Real Roots
Activity 4: Find the real roots of the following polynomial equations.
a) x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0 b) x3 – 2x2 – 19x + 20 = 0
c) x – 2x – 20x – 24 = 0
3 2
d) x4 + 4x3 – 14x2 – 36x + 45 = 0
e) x5 – 3x4 – 5x3 + 15x2 + 4x – 12 = 0 f) x4 – 23x2 – 18x + 40 = 0
Lesson 8.5: Rational Root Theorem
Rational Root Theorem is a theorem for a polynomial equation in one variable with integral coefficients to have a root that
is a rational number (fractional form), where the leading coefficient could be served as the denominator of the possible root
and the factors of the constant term could be served as the numerator.
Example 1: 2x3 + 3x2 – 17x + 12 = 0
Step 1: Write all the factors of the constant term and express each factor as a fraction wherein the denominator is the leading
coefficient of the given polynomial equation.
1 3
APRR 12: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ± 12, ± 2 , ± 2
2 4 6 12
Note: We did not include ± 2 , ± 2 , ± 2 , ± 2
because we can divide them.
Step 3: Continue the process of factor theorem until you get the linear factor.
Step 4: Equate the linear factor to zero and apply the zero-product property
2x – 3 = 0 Addition Property of Equality
2𝑥 3
2
=2 Multiplication Property of Equality
3
x=2 Rational Root
5 3 -7 -43 15
15 40 -15
-3 3 8 -3 0
-9 3
3 -1 0
3x – 1 (linear factor)
3x – 1 = 0
3𝑥 1
3
=3
1
x=
3
𝟏
RR: { 5, -3, }
𝟑
Activity 5: Find the rational real roots of the following polynomial equations.
a) 2x3 + 5x2 – 13x – 30 = 0 c) 4x3 + x2 – 36x – 9 = 0
b) 5x + 33x – 17x – 21 = 0
3 2
d) 3x4 – 22x3 + 11x2 + 72x + 36 = 0
If you notice, the process that we did in Example 1 and the result of the lattice method yield the same answer.
Note: The exponents of polynomial equations should be arranged in descending order. In case there is a missing term, put
zero to represent it, similar with the process in synthetic division.
Example 2: RR: { -5 , 4, 2 } using Lattice Method
1 5
1 1 5
-4 -4 -20
1 1 -20
Step 3: From the result in Step 2, multiply the remaining linear
factor using the lattice method.
(1 1 -20) ( x – 2)
Remember
This module focused on the concepts and principles of polynomial equations and the Rational Root Theorem. You learned
how to:
1) Arrange the polynomial equation in standard form;
2) Identify the degree of polynomial, leading coefficient and constant term;
3) Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra to determine the most number of real roots of a polynomial;
4) Solve polynomial equations in factored form by the Zero-Product Property;
5) Solve polynomial equations using Synthetic Division and Rational Root Theorem; and
6) Create polynomial equations using special product and Lattice Method.
Terms to Remember:
Polynomial Equation - a polynomial that has been set to be equal to zero. It can be written in the form P(x) = 0, where
P(x) is a polynomial.
Degree of Polynomial – the highest exponent that occurs in the given polynomial equation. It also determines the “at most”
number of real roots that a polynomial equation has.
Leading Coefficient – the numerical coefficient of the term that has highest degree. It also serves as the denominator of the
possible rational real roots of an equation.
Constant Term – a term in zero degree or in the other words, the term that has no variable. The constant term determines
the factors of the possible real roots of polynomial equations.
Roots of a Polynomial – the values of x that satisfy the given polynomial equation.
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra - if F(x) is a polynomial equation of positive degree n and with real coefficients, then
it has at most n real roots.
Root of Multiplicity n – the same root occurs n times.
Rational Root Theorem – a theorem for a polynomial equation in one variable with integer coefficients to have a root that
is a rational number (fractional form),
Lattice Method - a short-hand process of multiplication of polynomials.
I. THINK OF ME.
Analyze the given polynomial equation. Write MATH if the following are roots of the polynomial equation,
otherwise THAM if it is not.
Write Your Polynomial Equation Roots
Answer Here
1. (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 {−1, 1}
2. (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 1
{3, }
2
3. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 17 = 0 {0, 1, −2}
4. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 = 0 {0, 1, −1}
3 2 {0, 2, −14}
5. 2𝑥 + 24𝑥 − 56 = 0
1
1. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 { , 5}
Polynomial Equations
2
Standard Form
a) 7x + 2x3 –2.16𝑥 3+ −x2 2𝑥= 02 − 3𝑥 = 0 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 16 = 0
b) x + 25 – x – 10x3 + 8x5 = 0
4 2
8𝑥 + 𝑥{−1,1,
5 4
− 10𝑥 2}3 − 𝑥 2 + 25 = 0
c) 9 – 4x2 +3.2x 𝑥 3+−5x2𝑥4 2 3
+ 6x
− 𝑥= +
0 2=0 5𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
4 3
d) x – 5x + 12 + x – 11x5= 0
3 7
𝑥 7 − 11𝑥 5
{−2, +3}𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 12 = 0
e) x2 – 6x74.– 3𝑥
8x43–−1018𝑥 + 4x
2 =0
− 27𝑥 = 0 −6𝑥 7 − 8𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 10 = 0
4x2 + 3x8 + 9x3 – 5x7 – 1 + 4x5 = 0 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 7{−1,
8
+ 4𝑥0,5 + 3 2
f)
3}9𝑥2 + 4𝑥 − 1 = 0
g) – 3x
2x5 + x3 5. (2𝑥 + 6x 4
− 1)(𝑥+ 4 +−x25)
= 0= 0 5 4 3
2𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
h) –4x + 2x + 9x – 15 – x9 + 4x= 0
3 6 2
−𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 15 = 0
i) 10x6 – 3x + 9x12 + 8 – 4x8 = 0 {0, + 3}
9𝑥 12 − 4𝑥 8 3, 10𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 + 8 = 0
j) 3x5 + 7x10 – 6 + 4x = 0 7𝑥 + 3𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 − 6 = 0
10
III. WHAT
AM I?
Answer the following question on polynomial equation to decode the missing word. Write the
letter of each problem in the box above the corresponding answer.
What is the original name of a butterfly?
POST-TEST