MATHEMATICS 10 QUARTER 1 Week 8

Competency:
The learner illustrates the polynomial equations. (M10AL-Ii-1)

Expectations

This module was designed to help you appreciate and master the concepts and principles of polynomial equations. After
going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Arrange the polynomial equation in standard form;
2. Identify the degree of polynomial, leading coefficient and constant term;
3. Determine the at most number of real roots;
4. Find the real roots by means of zero-product property and factor theorem;
5. Apply the rational root theorem and;
6. Create polynomial equations from its roots.

PRE-TEST
Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on your notebook. Take note of the items that you were not able to
answer correctly and find the right answer as you go through this module.
1. Which of the following is a polynomial equation?
A) f(x) = x2 + 8x – 1 B) 2x2 – x – 5 = 0
–3
C) 8x + 6 = (x – 2) D) 3√𝑥 − 8 = 0
2. What is the degree of the polynomial equation: 2x – 8x3 + 9x – 14 = 0?
5

A) 2nd degree B) 3rd degree C) 5th degree D) 9th degree

3. Determine the real roots of the polynomial equation: (x – 2) (x +1) = 0.
2

A) 2 (2 times), -1 B) -2 (2 times), 1 C) 2, -1 D) -2, 1

4. Find the real roots of the polynomial equation: x3 – 2x2 – 11x + 12 = 0.
A) 2, -2, -3 B) 4, 1, -3 C) 4, -3, -1 D) 12, 1, -1
5. Write the polynomial equation with the real roots of 1, -2, -5.
A) x3 + 6x2 + 3x – 10 = 0 B) x3 – 8x2 + 17x – 10 = 0
3 2
C) x + 8x + 17x +10 = 0 D) x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10 = 0

Looking Back at your Lesson

From your previous lesson, you have learned the concept of Factor Theorem and Synthetic Division which are essential in
solving polynomial equations. You also need to remember some Math concepts that you have learned from your previous
classes.
In Grade 7, you have defined a polynomial as an algebraic expression which consists of variables and numerical coefficients
that involve only the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication where the allowable exponent of the variables
should be non-negative integers.
Examples:
x + 8 , x2 + 3x – 4, x3 – 5x2 + 7x + 9

In Grade 8, you have learned the multiplication of polynomials, specifically the special products.
Types of Special Products
Type 1. Product of Two Binomials (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦)(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑚𝑝𝑥 2 + (𝑚𝑟 + 𝑛𝑝)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛𝑟𝑦 2
Type 2. Square of Binomial (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
Type 3. Product of the Sum and (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Difference of the Same Two Terms

Math 10 Quarter 1 Week 8 Page 1 of 9

Lastly, in Grade 9, you have learned the Zero-Product Property in finding the real roots of a quadratic equation.
Example:
Quadratic Equation: x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
Linear Factors: (x – 2)(x – 5) = 0
Zero-Product: x–2=0 , x–5=0
Real Roots: {2,5}

Introduction of the Topic

Lesson 8: Polynomial Equation

We define an equation to be an assertion that two quantities or expressions are equal. Polynomial Equations are equations
which contain solely of polynomial expressions.
Examples:
Polynomial Polynomial Equation
x–5 x–5=0
x2 + 3x – 10 x2 + 3x – 10 = 0
x3 – 7x – 6 x3 – 7x – 6 = 0
x4 + 5x3 – 6x2 + 9x – 10 x4 + 5x3 – 6x2 + 9x – 10 = 0
x6 – 7x3 + 8x + 12 x6 – 7x3 + 8x + 12 = 0
Lesson 8.1: Standard Form of Polynomial Equation
In your Grade 7 lesson, your teachers have taught you how to arrange the polynomial in the proper order, that is also the
way on how to write polynomial equations in standard form. To do this, the exponent of the variables should be arranged
in descending order, that means that the exponents are arranged from highest to lowest.
Examples:
9x – 3x3 + 2 – 5x2 + x4 = 0 x4 – 3x3 – 5x2 + 9x + 2 = 0
8x2 + 5x6 – 17 – x4 = 0 5x6 – x4 + 8x2 – 17 = 0
1 – x2 + 4x7 + 6x3 – 3x5= 0 4x7 – 3x5 + 6x3 – x2 + 1 = 0
Note: Carry the sign of the algebraic terms together with their numerical coefficient accordingly.
Activity 1: Write each of the polynomial equations in standard form.
Polynomial Equations Standard Form
a) 7x + 2x3 – 16 + x2 = 0
b) x4 + 25 – x2 – 10x3 + 8x5 = 0
c) 9 – 4x2 + 2x + 5x4 + 6x3 = 0
d) x3 – 5x + 12 + x7 – 11x5= 0
e) x2 – 6x7 – 8x4 – 10 + 4x = 0
f) 4x2 + 3x8 + 9x3 – 5x7 – 1 + 4x5 = 0
g) 2x5 + x3 – 3x + 6x4 + 4 + x2 = 0
h) –4x3 + 2x6 + 9x2 – 15 – x9 + 4x= 0
i) 10x6 – 3x + 9x12 + 8 – 4x8 = 0
j) 3x5 + 7x10 – 6 + 4x = 0

Lesson 8.2: Parts of a Polynomial Equation

There are three important parts of a polynomial equation:
Degree of a Polynomial –the highest exponent that occurs in the given polynomial equation.
Leading Coefficient – the numerical coefficient of the term that has the highest degree.
Constant Term – a term in degree zero or in the other words, the term that has no variable.

Polynomial Equation Degree of Polynomial Leading Coefficient Constant Term

a) 2x3 + 4x2 – x – 18 = 0 3rd degree 2 - 18
b) x5 – 6x4 + x2 + 9x + 7= 0 5th degree 1 7
c) 4x2 + 13x – 6 = 0 2nd degree 4 -6
d) 8x – 2x2 + 15 + 3x3= 0 3rd degree 3 15
e) 7x + 9x4 + 4x3 – x2 = 0 4th degree 9 0
Note: Always observe and look for the highest exponent.

Math 10 Quarter 1 Week 8 Page 2 of 9

Activity 2: Determine the degree of polynomial, leading coefficient, and constant term of the following polynomial
equations.
Polynomial Equation Degree of Polynomial Leading Coefficient Constant Term
a) 5x4 + 7x3 – 9x2 + 12x – 6 = 0
b) 6x3 – 8x2 + 9x + 4 = 0
c) x5 – 4x3 + x – 11 = 0
d) 2x6 + 10x4 – x2 + 17 = 0
e) 3x8 – x5 + 9x2 + x – 8 = 0
f) 7x5 + x4 – 7x3– 2x2 + x + 5 = 0
g) 8x – 2x2 + x3 + 6x4 = 0
h) 6x2 + x5 + 2x3 – 15 + 7x6 + x4 = 0
i) 7x2 + 2x8 – x3 – 6x7 + 9 – 4x5 = 0
j) 2x2 – 3x4 + x6 = 0
Lesson 8.3: Finding the Real Roots of Polynomial Equations by Zero-Product Property
Roots of Polynomial – the values of x that satisfy the given polynomial equation.
In Grade 9, you have studied the concept of Zero-Product Property in solving quadratic equations. In this lesson, you will
apply the same property to solve polynomial equations in factored form.
Example: (x + 4)2 (x – 3) = 0
By observation, x + 4 has a degree of 2 while x – 3 has a degree of 1, so if we get the sum of the degrees of the exponents,
then it has a degree of 3. This means that the given polynomial equation in factor form has 3 real roots. This example
illustrates one of the consequences of the concept called the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra - if F(x) is a polynomial equation of positive degree n and with real coefficients, then
it has at most n real roots.
To solve for the real roots, we need to apply the zero-product property. Here is the way to solve the equation.
x – 3 = 0 , using addition property of equality: x – 3 + 3 = 0 + 3 , therefore x = 3
x + 4 = 0 , we can also do a short-hand solution in finding the root, just simply use the addition property of equality,
if x + 4 = 0 then x+4 - 4 = 0 – 4; x = - 4 If you notice, (x + 4) has a degree of 2, so this means that the polynomial equation
has two factors which are equal to x = – 4.
The table below illustrates and summarizes the concept:
Polynomial Equation Degree Real Roots of Equation Number of Real Roots
(x + 4)2 ( x – 3) = 0 degree of 3 – 4 (double), 3 3
(x – 6) = 0 degree of 1 6 1
x (x – 8)3(x + 1) = 0 degree of 5 0, 8 (3 times), –1 5
If a root occurs twice (such as –4 in the given example), the root is called Root of Multiplicity 2. In general, if a root occurs
n times, then it is called Root of Multiplicity n.

Activity 3: Determine the degree of polynomial, real roots and number of real roots of the following polynomial
equations.
Polynomial Equation Degree Real Roots of Equation Number of Real Roots
a) (x – 5)( x – 1) = 0
b) (x + 2)3( x + 7) = 0
c) (x + 1)(x – 4)( x – 6) = 0
d) (x – 9)4( x + 3)3 = 0
e) x (x – 5)3 ( x – 1)2 (x – 2) = 0
f) x (x + 10) = 0
g) (x – 5)2( x + 9)3 = 0
h) (x + 1)(x – 7)(x + 2) ( x – 1) = 0
i) (x + 3)( x + 1)3(x – 8)5 = 0
j) (x – 5)7( x + 2) = 0

Lesson 8.4: Finding the Real Roots of Polynomial Equations by Synthetic Division
In the previous lesson, you have studied the process of Synthetic Division. We will use that concept and principle in finding
the roots of a polynomial equation.
Example 1: x3 + x2 – 14x – 24 = 0
Step 1: Write the factors of the constant term and call them All Possible Real Roots (APRR).
APRR 24: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ± 8, ± 12, ± 24

Math 10 Quarter 1 Week 8 Page 3 of 9

Step 2: Using Synthetic Division. Choose one of the APRR. Your aim is to get 0 (zero) as a remainder. If you did not get
zero, choose another. Hint: start with lower factors.

-2 1 1 -14 -24
-2 2 24
1 -1 -12 0

Step 3: Continue the process of factor theorem until you get the linear factor.
-2 1 1 -14 -24
-2 2 24
-3 1 -1 -12 0
-3 12
1 -4 0
x – 4 (linear factor)

Step 4: Equate the linear factor to zero and apply the zero-product property
x–4=0 , x=4

Therefore: the real roots of x3 + x2 – 14x – 24 = 0 are:

RR: { -2, -3, 4 }

Example 2: x3 + 6x2 + 3x – 10 = 0
APRR 10 : ± 1, ± 2, ± 5, ± 10
1 1 6 3 -10
1 7 10
-2 1 7 10 0
-2 -10
1 5 0
x + 5 (linear factor)

x + 5 = 0 , x = –5

RR: { 1, -2, -5 }
Note: APRR refers to All Possible Real Roots and RR refers to Real Roots
Activity 4: Find the real roots of the following polynomial equations.
a) x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0 b) x3 – 2x2 – 19x + 20 = 0
c) x – 2x – 20x – 24 = 0
3 2
d) x4 + 4x3 – 14x2 – 36x + 45 = 0
e) x5 – 3x4 – 5x3 + 15x2 + 4x – 12 = 0 f) x4 – 23x2 – 18x + 40 = 0
Lesson 8.5: Rational Root Theorem
Rational Root Theorem is a theorem for a polynomial equation in one variable with integral coefficients to have a root that
is a rational number (fractional form), where the leading coefficient could be served as the denominator of the possible root
and the factors of the constant term could be served as the numerator.
Example 1: 2x3 + 3x2 – 17x + 12 = 0
Step 1: Write all the factors of the constant term and express each factor as a fraction wherein the denominator is the leading
coefficient of the given polynomial equation.
1 3
APRR 12: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ± 12, ± 2 , ± 2
2 4 6 12
Note: We did not include ± 2 , ± 2 , ± 2 , ± 2
because we can divide them.

Step 2: Apply factor theorem using synthetic division.

1 2 3 -17 12
2 5 -12
2 5 -12 0

Step 3: Continue the process of factor theorem until you get the linear factor.

Math 10 Quarter 1 Week 8 Page 4 of 9

 1 2 3 -17 12
2 5 -12
-4 2 5 -12 0
-8 12
2 -3 0
2x – 3 (linear factor)

Step 4: Equate the linear factor to zero and apply the zero-product property
2x – 3 = 0 Addition Property of Equality
2𝑥 3
2
=2 Multiplication Property of Equality
3
x=2 Rational Root

Therefore: the real roots of 2x3 + 3x2 – 17x + 12 = 0 are:

𝟑
RR: { 1, -4, 𝟐 }

Example 2: 3x3 – 7x2 – 43x + 15 = 0

1 5
APRR 15: ± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 3 , ± 3

5 3 -7 -43 15
15 40 -15
-3 3 8 -3 0
-9 3
3 -1 0
3x – 1 (linear factor)
3x – 1 = 0
3𝑥 1
3
=3
1
x=
3
𝟏
RR: { 5, -3, }
𝟑

Activity 5: Find the rational real roots of the following polynomial equations.
a) 2x3 + 5x2 – 13x – 30 = 0 c) 4x3 + x2 – 36x – 9 = 0
b) 5x + 33x – 17x – 21 = 0
3 2
d) 3x4 – 22x3 + 11x2 + 72x + 36 = 0

Lesson 8.6: Creating Polynomial Equations

In Lessons 8.4 and 8.5, you have learned the process on how to find the real roots of polynomial equations. This time, we
will solve for the polynomial equation given the real roots.
Example 1: Real Roots: { -6, -2, 3 }
Step 1: State the given real roots as linear factors.
x = –6 x+6 , x = –2 x+2 , x=3 x–3
linear factors: (x + 6)(x + 2)(x – 3) = 0
Step 2: Multiply the first two linear factors.
x+2 Multiplying Binomials
x+6
6x + 12
x2 + 2x
x2 + 8x + 12

Step 3: Multiply the result in step 2 to the remaining linear factor.

x2 + 8x + 2 Multiplying Trinomial by Binomial
x–3
- 3x2 – 24x – 6
x3 + 8x2 + 2x
x3 + 5x2 – 22x – 6

Math 10 Quarter 1 Week 8 Page 5 of 9

Therefore: the polynomial equation with real roots { -6, -2, 3 } is: x3 + 5x2 – 22x – 6 = 0
You have learned the multiplication of polynomial and special products in your previous Math classes. If you forgot the
procedures of the solution above, I will give you another way to solve multiplication of polynomials by means of the Lattice
Method.
Lattice Method - a short-hand process of multiplication. Just like synthetic division, we eliminate the variable x and we
get only each numerical coefficient.
From Example 1: (x2 + 8x + 2) ( x – 3)
Step 1: Eliminate the variable x and write only the numerical coefficient of x2 + 8x + 2 horizontally and x – 3 vertically.
1 8 2
1
-3

Step 2: Multiply accordingly.

1 8 2
1 1 8 2
-3 -3 -24 -6

Step 3: Add the product diagonally

1 8 2
1 1 8 2
-3 -3 -24 -6
1 5 -22 -6
Step 4: Write the variable x with respect to their exponent.
1 8 2
1 1 8 2
-3 -3 -24 -6
1 5 -22 -6
x + 5x – 22x – 6 = 0
3 2

If you notice, the process that we did in Example 1 and the result of the lattice method yield the same answer.
Note: The exponents of polynomial equations should be arranged in descending order. In case there is a missing term, put
zero to represent it, similar with the process in synthetic division.
Example 2: RR: { -5 , 4, 2 } using Lattice Method

Step 1: State the given real roots as linear factors.

x = –5 x+5 , x=4 x–4 , x=2 x–2
linear factors: (x + 5)(x – 4)(x – 2) = 0
Step 2: Use the lattice method to multiply the first two linear factors.
(x + 5)(x – 4)

1 5
1 1 5
-4 -4 -20

1 1 -20
Step 3: From the result in Step 2, multiply the remaining linear
factor using the lattice method.
(1 1 -20) ( x – 2)

Math 10 Quarter 1 Week 8 Page 6 of 9

 1 1 -20
1 1 1 -20
-2 -2 -2 40
1 -1 -22 40
Therefore: the polynomial equation with real roots { -5, 4, 2 } is: x3 - x2 – 22x + 40 = 0
Activity 6: Create the polynomial equations using the Lattice Method.
a). 2, 7, -1 b). 3, -4, -3 c). 2, 2, -8 d). -1, 5, 6 e). 9, -1, -2, 1

Remember
This module focused on the concepts and principles of polynomial equations and the Rational Root Theorem. You learned
how to:
1) Arrange the polynomial equation in standard form;
2) Identify the degree of polynomial, leading coefficient and constant term;
3) Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra to determine the most number of real roots of a polynomial;
4) Solve polynomial equations in factored form by the Zero-Product Property;
5) Solve polynomial equations using Synthetic Division and Rational Root Theorem; and
6) Create polynomial equations using special product and Lattice Method.
Terms to Remember:
Polynomial Equation - a polynomial that has been set to be equal to zero. It can be written in the form P(x) = 0, where
P(x) is a polynomial.
Degree of Polynomial – the highest exponent that occurs in the given polynomial equation. It also determines the “at most”
number of real roots that a polynomial equation has.
Leading Coefficient – the numerical coefficient of the term that has highest degree. It also serves as the denominator of the
possible rational real roots of an equation.
Constant Term – a term in zero degree or in the other words, the term that has no variable. The constant term determines
the factors of the possible real roots of polynomial equations.
Roots of a Polynomial – the values of x that satisfy the given polynomial equation.
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra - if F(x) is a polynomial equation of positive degree n and with real coefficients, then
it has at most n real roots.
Root of Multiplicity n – the same root occurs n times.
Rational Root Theorem – a theorem for a polynomial equation in one variable with integer coefficients to have a root that
is a rational number (fractional form),
Lattice Method - a short-hand process of multiplication of polynomials.

Check Your Understanding

I. THINK OF ME.
Analyze the given polynomial equation. Write MATH if the following are roots of the polynomial equation,
otherwise THAM if it is not.
Write Your Polynomial Equation Roots
Answer Here
1. (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 {−1, 1}
2. (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 1
{3, }
2
3. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 17 = 0 {0, 1, −2}
4. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 = 0 {0, 1, −1}
3 2 {0, 2, −14}
5. 2𝑥 + 24𝑥 − 56 = 0

Math 10 Quarter 1 Week 8 Page 7 of 9

 II. MATCH-A-PAIR
Solve each polynomial equation. Match this polynomial equation to the appropriate value of their roots.

1
1. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 { , 5}
Polynomial Equations
2
Standard Form
a) 7x + 2x3 –2.16𝑥 3+ −x2 2𝑥= 02 − 3𝑥 = 0 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 16 = 0
b) x + 25 – x – 10x3 + 8x5 = 0
4 2
8𝑥 + 𝑥{−1,1,
5 4
− 10𝑥 2}3 − 𝑥 2 + 25 = 0
c) 9 – 4x2 +3.2x 𝑥 3+−5x2𝑥4 2 3
+ 6x
− 𝑥= +
0 2=0 5𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
4 3

d) x – 5x + 12 + x – 11x5= 0
3 7
𝑥 7 − 11𝑥 5
{−2, +3}𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 12 = 0
e) x2 – 6x74.– 3𝑥
8x43–−1018𝑥 + 4x
2 =0
− 27𝑥 = 0 −6𝑥 7 − 8𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 10 = 0
4x2 + 3x8 + 9x3 – 5x7 – 1 + 4x5 = 0 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 7{−1,
8
+ 4𝑥0,5 + 3 2
f)
3}9𝑥2 + 4𝑥 − 1 = 0
g) – 3x
2x5 + x3 5. (2𝑥 + 6x 4
− 1)(𝑥+ 4 +−x25)
= 0= 0 5 4 3
2𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
h) –4x + 2x + 9x – 15 – x9 + 4x= 0
3 6 2
−𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 15 = 0
i) 10x6 – 3x + 9x12 + 8 – 4x8 = 0 {0, + 3}
9𝑥 12 − 4𝑥 8 3, 10𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 + 8 = 0
j) 3x5 + 7x10 – 6 + 4x = 0 7𝑥 + 3𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 − 6 = 0
10
III. WHAT
AM I?
Answer the following question on polynomial equation to decode the missing word. Write the
letter of each problem in the box above the corresponding answer.
What is the original name of a butterfly?

1 -7 4th degree 1 3 3rd degree 4 -3 -18

−
2

T – what are the roots of the polynomial equations 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 = 0?

R – The number of real roots of the polynomial equation 3𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 = 10𝑥 2 .
Y – The constant term of the polynomial equation 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 18 = 0.
E – The degree of polynomial equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6 = 0
U – What is the degree of the equation 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 + 8 = 0
F – The leading coefficient of the polynomial equation 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0
L – One of the root of polynomial equation 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21 = 0 is 3. Find the other root of this
equation.
B – if the constant term of the polynomial equation is 16𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 − 18 = 0 is −18. What is
the leading coefficient of this equation?

POST-TEST

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on your notebook.

1. Which of the following is a polynomial equation?
A) f(x) = x2 + 8x – 1 B) 2x2 – x – 5 = 0 C) 8x–3 + 6 = (x – 2) D) 3√𝑥 − 8 = 0
2. What is the degree of the polynomial equation: 2x – 8x3 + 9x – 14 = 0?
5

A) 2nd degree B) 3rd degree C) 5th degree D) 9th degree

3. Determine the real roots of the polynomial equation: (x – 2)2(x +1) = 0.
A) 2 (2 times), -1 B) -2 (2 times), 1 C) 2, -1 D) -2, 1
4. Find the real roots of the polynomial equation: x3 – 2x2 – 11x + 12 = 0.
A) 2, -2, -3 B) 4, 1, -3 C) 4, -3, -1 D) 12, 1, -1
5. Write the polynomial equation with the real roots of 1, -2, -5.
A) x3 + 6x2 + 3x – 10 = 0 B) x3 – 8x2 + 17x – 10 = 0
3 2
C) x + 8x + 17x +10 = 0 D) x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10 = 0

Math 10 Quarter 1 Week 8 Page 8 of 9

 MATHEMATICS 10
Quarter 1 Week 8
ANSWER SHEET

Name: Math Teacher:

Section: Score:

Math 10 Quarter 1 Week 8 Page 9 of 9