STATISTICS - GRAPHS

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

Histogram – Frequency Polygon & Frequency Curve

Graphs

Graphs are charts consisting of points, lines and curves. Charts are drawn ongraph
sheets. Suitable scales are to be chosen for both x and y axes, so that the entire datacan be
presented in the graph sheet. Graphical representations are used for grouped quantitative
data.

Histogram

When the data are classified based on the class intervals it can be represented by a
histogram. Histogram is just like a simple bar diagram with minor differences. There is no
gap between the bars, since the classes are continuous. The bars are drawn only in outline
without coloring or marking as in the case of simple bar diagrams. It is the suitableform to
represent a frequency distribution. Class intervals are to be presented in x axis andthe bases
of the bars are the respective class intervals. Frequencies are to be represented in y axis. The
heights of the bars are equal to the corresponding frequencies.

Example: 1 Draw a histogram for the following data

Seed Yield (gms) No. of Plants

2.5-3.5 4

3.5-4.5 6

4.5-5.5 10

5.5-6.5 26

6.5-7.5 24

7.5-8.5 15

8.5-9.5 10

9.5-10.5 5
Frequency Polygon
The frequencies of the classes are plotted by dots against the mid-points of each
class. The adjacent dots are then joined by straight lines. The resulting graph is known as
frequency polygon.

Example: 2 Draw frequency polygons for the following data

Seed Yield (gms) No. of Plants

2.5-3.5 4

3.5-4.5 6

4.5-5.5 10

5.5-6.5 26

6.5-7.5 24

7.5-8.5 15

8.5-9.5 10

9.5-10.5 5
Frequency Curve
The procedure for drawing a frequency curve is same as for frequency polygon.
But the points are joined by smooth or free hand curve.

Example 3: Draw frequency curve for the following data

Seed Yield (gms) No. of Plants

2.5-3.5 4

3.5-4.5 6

4.5-5.5 10

5.5-6.5 26

6.5-7.5 24

7.5-8.5 15

8.5-9.5 10

9.5-10.5 5
Ogives
Ogives are known also as cumulative frequency curves and there are two kinds of
ogives. One is less than ogive and the other is more than ogive.

Less than ogives: Here the cumulative frequencies are plotted against the upper
boundary of respective class interval.
Greater than ogives: Here the cumulative frequencies are plotted against the lower
boundaries of respective class intervals.
Example 4:

Continuous Mid-Point Frequency < cumulative > cumulative

0-10 5 4 4 29

10-20 15 7 11 25

20-30 25 6 17 18

30-40 35 10 27 12

40-50 45 2 29 2
ADVANTAGES OF GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

• Graphs offer a simple and understandable visual representation of data, making intricate
linkages and relationships easier to comprehend.
• Pattern recognition, trend analysis, and anomaly detection are made possible by graphs,
which improves the ability to make decisions and solve problems.
• For efficient data processing and interpretation, graphs depict a variety of data
structures, accurately simulating complicated real−world circumstances.
• When working with interconnected data in databases, graph−based topologies make
data retrieval and traversal possible.
• Graphs are frequently used in social network analysis, to comprehend social
interactions, and to pinpoint prominent nodes or users.
• Graphs are useful for determining the quickest or most effective routes between places
in transportation and logistics.
• Graphs drive recommendation engines, which make recommendations for goods,
services, or information based on user behavior and preferences.
• Graphs may represent knowledge and information hierarchically, which makes them
helpful in applications for artificial intelligence and the semantic web.
• In structured data, tasks like clustering, classification, and link prediction are performed
using graph−based machine learning techniques.

• Finding the greatest match or effectively scheduling work are just two examples of the
many challenges that graph algorithms may help with it.