Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences Formula Sheet:

Arithmetic Sequence: Geometric Sequence:

General Nth term Formula:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛−1 )

Partial Sums Formula:

𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑺𝒏 = ( )𝑛 𝑺𝒏 =
2 1−𝑟

Common Difference/Ratio:
𝒅 = 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛
𝒓=
𝑎𝑛−1

Recursive Formulas:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−1 + 1𝑑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑟1 )

𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−2 + 2𝑑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−2 (𝑟 2 )

𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−3 + 3𝑑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−3 (𝑟 3 )

𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−𝑘 + 𝑘𝑑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−𝑘 (𝑟 𝑘 )

Mean (Average):
𝑎+𝑏 𝑴 = √𝑎𝑏
𝑴=
2
Infinite Sum:
𝑵/𝑨 𝑎1
𝑺∞ = |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences Formula Sheet:
Arithmetic Sequence: Geometric Sequence:
General Nth term Formula:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛−1 )

Partial Sums Formula:

𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑺𝒏 = ( )𝑛 𝑺𝒏 =
2 1−𝑟

Common Difference/Ratio:
𝒅 = 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛
𝒓=
𝑎𝑛−1

Recursive Formulas:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−1 + 1𝑑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑟1 )

𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−2 + 2𝑑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−2 (𝑟 2 )

𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−3 + 3𝑑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−3 (𝑟 3 )

𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−𝑘 + 𝑘𝑑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑎𝑛−𝑘 (𝑟 𝑘 )

Mean (Average):
𝑎+𝑏 𝑴 = √𝑎𝑏
𝑴=
2
Infinite Sum:
𝑵/𝑨 𝑎1
𝑺∞ = |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Laws of Exponents – Formula Sheet:
Zero Exponent Rule:
𝑎0 = 1

Exponent of 1 Rule:
𝑎1 = 𝑎

Product Rule:
𝑎𝑚 ∗ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛

Quotient Rule:
𝑎𝑚
𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎

Power Rule:
(𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑛 𝑛)
𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎(𝑚

Negative Exponent Rule:

1
𝑎−𝑚 =
𝑎𝑚

𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
( ) =( )
𝑏 𝑎

𝑎−𝑛 𝑏𝑚
=
𝑏 −𝑚 𝑎𝑛

Rational Exponent Rule:

𝑛
𝑎𝑚/𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚
𝑛
𝑎1/𝑛 = √𝑎

Power of a Product Rule:

(𝑎𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑚

Power of a Fraction Rule:

𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
( ) = 𝑚
𝑏 𝑏

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Useful Formulas for Factoring:

Difference of Perfect 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃)

Squares:

Sum of Perfect Cubes: 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )

Difference of Perfect Cubes: 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )

Equation 4: 𝒂𝟓 − 𝒃𝟓 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟒 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒃 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝟑 + 𝒃𝟒 )

Equation 5: 𝒂𝟓 + 𝒃𝟓 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟒 − 𝒂𝟑 𝒃 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃𝟑 + 𝒃𝟒 )

If n is odd: 𝒂𝒏 + 𝒃𝒏 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝒏−𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒃 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟑 𝒃𝟐 −. . . . −𝒂𝒃𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒃𝒏−𝟏 )

Perfect Square Trinomial: 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐

Perfect Square Trinomial: 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐

Equation 9: 𝒂𝟑 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟑

Equation 10: 𝒂𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝟐 − 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟑

Equation 11: 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝟐𝒃𝒄 + 𝟐𝒄𝒂 = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐

Sum of Perfect Squares: 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊)(𝒂 − 𝒃𝒊) = (𝒃 + 𝒂𝒊)(𝒃 − 𝒂𝒊)

𝒊 = √−𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Probability Formula Sheet:
𝑷(𝑨) Marginal Probability:

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1

𝑃(𝐴′ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴)

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) Union Probability: 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝑩)

Addition Rule:

𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵)

𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟎 Mutually Exclusive Events:

𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) Joint Probability: 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩)

Multiplication Rule:

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) × 𝑃(𝐵)

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵 ⁄𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐴)

Note: 𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵) × 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵 ⁄𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐴)

Independent Events:

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)

𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 𝑃(𝐴) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐵 ⁄𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵)

www.Video-Tutor.net
 𝑷(𝑨⁄𝑩) Conditional Probability:

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) =
𝑃(𝐵)

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵 ⁄𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴)

𝑷(𝑩⁄𝑨) Bayes Theorem:

𝑃(𝐵 ⁄𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐴)

𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) =
𝑃(𝐵)

𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵) × 𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵 ⁄𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴)

𝑷(𝑨′ ) The Complement / Negation:

𝑃(𝐴′ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴)

Things to Know: Compound Probability:

P(AB) → 1st A, then B “Independent Events – With Replacement”

P(BA) → 1st B, then A
𝑃(𝐴𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
P(A and B):
A and B occur simultaneously.
Dependent Events: “Without Replacement”
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴)
𝑃(𝐴𝐵) ≠ 𝑃(𝐵𝐴)

Expected Value:

𝐸(𝑋) = 𝑋1𝑃1 + 𝑋2𝑃2

X1 → Positive Value of Winning

X2 → Negative Value of Losing
P1 → Probability of Winning (decimal)
P2 → Probability of Losing (decimal)

www.Video-Tutor.net
Binomial Distribution: Probability:

P(x) → Probability of ‘x’ successes in ‘n’ 𝑛

𝑃(𝑥) = ( ) 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
trials. 𝑥

p → Probability of a successful event. 𝑛!

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
(𝑛 − 𝑥)! 𝑥!
q → Probability that the event will fail.
𝑢 = 𝑛𝑝 𝜎 = √𝑛𝑝𝑞 𝑞 =1−𝑝

Geometric Distribution: Probability:

P(x) → Probability that the nth event 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑛) = 𝑞 𝑛−1 ∗ 𝑝

will succeed.

n → number of 1st successful trial. 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑛) = 𝑞 𝑛 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 𝑛) = 𝑞 𝑛−1

P(4) → Probability that the 4th event 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑛) = 1 − 𝑞 𝑛 𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑛) = 1 − 𝑞 𝑛−1
will be successful.

1 1 √1 − 𝑝
𝜎 2 = ( − 1) 𝜎=
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝

𝑢 = 1⁄𝑝 𝑞 = 1−𝑝

Geometric Probability:
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑃=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Poisson Distribution: Probability:

Mean: 𝑢 = 𝜆 = 𝑛𝑝 𝑢𝑛 𝑒 −𝑢 𝜆𝑛 𝑒 −𝜆
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑛) = 𝑂𝑅 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑛) =
𝑛! 𝑛!
Variance: 𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝
𝑛
𝑢𝑛
Standard Deviation: 𝜎 = √𝑛𝑝 = √𝜆 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑛) = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑢
[∑ ]
𝑛!
𝑥=0

𝑛
−𝑢
𝑢𝑛
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑛) = 𝑒 [∑ ]
𝑛!
𝑥=0

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Quadratic Equations:

Standard Form: Vertex Form: Intercept Form:

Equation: 𝑦 = 𝒂𝑥 2 + 𝒃𝑥 + 𝒄 𝑦 = 𝒂(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 + 𝒌 𝑦 = 𝒂(𝑥 − 𝒑)(𝑥 − 𝒒)

Vertex: −𝒃 −𝒃 (𝒉, 𝒌) 𝒑+𝑞 𝒑+𝒒

[ , 𝑓 ( )] [ ,𝑓( )]
2𝒂 2𝒂 2 2

Axis of Symmetry: −𝒃 𝑥=𝒉 𝒑+𝒒

𝑥= 𝑥=
2𝒂 2

Intercepts: Y-intercept: Y-int: (0, y) X-intercepts:

(0, 𝒄) X-Int: (x, 0) (𝒑, 0) (𝒒, 0)

Maximum: Equals the y-coordinate of the vertex when a is negative.

Minimum: Equals the y-coordinate of the vertex when a is positive.

The Quadratic Formula: The Discriminant:

−𝒃 ± √𝒃2 − 4𝒂𝒄 𝒃2 − 4𝒂𝒄 > 0 2 Real Solutions

𝑥= 𝒃2 − 4𝒂𝒄 = 0 1 Real Solution
2𝒂
𝒃2 − 4𝒂𝒄 < 0 2 Imaginary Solutions

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Logarithmic Formulas:
Product Rule: 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑦)

Quotient Rule: 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑦)
𝑦

Power Rule: 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥)

Change of Base Formula: log 𝑐 𝑏

log 𝑎 𝑏 =
log 𝑐 𝑎
Log to Exponential Form: 𝑡𝑜
log 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑐 ⇔ 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏

Identity Rule: log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1

Zero Rule: 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1) = 0

Logarithm Inverse Property: log 𝑎 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛

Inverse Exponent Property: 𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥

Base Switch Rule: 1

log 𝑎 𝑏 =
log 𝑏 𝑎
Natural Log of e: 𝑙𝑛(𝑒) = 1

Reciprocal Rules: 1
log 𝑎 = − log 𝑎 𝑏
𝑏

log 1 𝑏 = − log 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎

Power - Logarithmic Exponent: 𝑎log𝑐 𝑏 = 𝑏 log𝑐 𝑎

Rule 14: 1
log 𝑥𝑦 (𝑎) =
log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦
Rule 15: 1
log 𝑥 (𝑎) =
𝑦 log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
Logarithm of Zero: 𝑙𝑜𝑔(0) = 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Limits Formula Sheet:
Trigonometric Limits:
sin 𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim =1
𝑥→ 0 𝑥 𝑥→ 0 sin 𝑥

tan 𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim =1
𝑥→ 0 𝑥 𝑥→ 0 tan 𝑥

1 − cos 𝑥
lim =0
𝑥→ 0 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) 𝑥
lim = lim =1
𝑥→ 0 𝑥 𝑥→ 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥)

𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥) 𝑥
lim = lim =1
𝑥→ 0 𝑥 𝑥→ 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥)

sin(𝑥 − 𝑎) tan (𝑥 − 𝑎)
lim = lim =1
𝑥→ 𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→ 𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

sin (1⁄𝑥 )
lim =1
𝑥→ ∞ 1⁄𝑥

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
lim = lim =0
𝑥→ ∞ 𝑥 𝑥→ ∞ 𝑥

Exponential Limits:
𝑥
𝑒𝑥 − 1
lim 𝑒 = 1 lim =1
𝑥→ 0 𝑥→ 0 𝑥

1 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥
lim [1 + ] = lim [ ] = 𝑒
𝑥→ ∞ 𝑥 𝑥→ ∞ 𝑥

𝑎 𝑥
lim [1 + 𝑥]1⁄𝑥 = 𝑒 lim [1 + ] = 𝑒 𝑎
𝑥→ 0 𝑥→ ∞ 𝑥
Logarithmic Limits:
ln (1 + 𝑥) 𝑎𝑥 − 1
lim =1 lim = ln 𝑎
𝑥→ 0 𝑥 𝑥→ 0 𝑥
Other Limits:
[1 + 𝑥 ] 𝑛 − 1
lim =𝑛
𝑥→ 0 𝑥

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Calculus 1 – Derivatives Formula Sheet:
Basic Derivatives:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝒄] = 0 [𝒙] = 1 [𝒄𝒙] = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
[𝒄 ∗ 𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝑐 ∗ 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Trigonometric Derivatives:
𝑑 𝑑
[𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙] = cos 𝑥 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙] = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
[𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 [𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙] = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
[𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙] = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 [𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙] = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The Power Rule:

𝑑 𝒏
[𝒙 ] = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

The Product Rule:

𝑑
[𝒖𝒗] = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣′
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
[𝒖𝒗𝒘] = 𝑢′ 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑢𝑣 ′ 𝑤 + 𝑢𝑣𝑤′
𝑑𝑥

The Quotient Rule:

𝑑 𝒖 𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣′
[ ]=
𝑑𝑥 𝒗 𝑣2

The Reciprocal Rule:

𝑑 𝟏 −𝑢′
[ ]= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝒖 𝑢

www.Video-Tutor.net
The Chain Rule:
𝒅𝒚 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∗
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
[𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)) ∗ 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
[𝒇(𝒈(𝒖))] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑢)) ∗ 𝑔′ (𝑢) ∗ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 ∗ 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Trig Derivatives:
𝑑 𝑑
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒖) = cos(𝑢) 𝑢′ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒖) = − sin(𝑢) 𝑢′
“With Chain Rule” 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒖) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑢) 𝑢′ 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒖) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑢) 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒖) = sec(𝑢) tan(𝑢) 𝑢′ 𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝒖) = − csc(𝑢) cot(𝑢) 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Inverse Trig Derivatives:

𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′
[𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝒖)] = [𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒖)] =
“With Chain Rule” 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2

𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′
[𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒖)] = [𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒖)] =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2

𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′
[𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (𝒖)] = [𝒄𝒔𝒄−𝟏 (𝒖)] =
𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1

Exponential Derivatives:
𝑑 𝒖
[𝒆 ] = 𝑒 𝑢 ∗ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝒖
[𝒂 ] = 𝑎𝑢 ∗ 𝑢′ ∗ ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

Derivatives of Logs:
𝑑 𝑢′
[𝐥𝐧 𝒖] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

𝑑 𝑢′
[𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒖)] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎

www.Video-Tutor.net
Logarithmic Differentiation:
𝑑 𝒗 𝑣𝑢′
[𝒖 ] = 𝑢𝑣 [ + 𝑣 ′ ln (𝑢)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

Inverse Functions:
𝑑 −𝟏 1
[𝒇 (𝒂)] = 𝒇(𝒃) = 𝒂 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒂) = 𝒃
𝑑𝑥 𝑓′(𝑏)

𝑑 −𝟏 1
[𝒇 (𝒙)] = ′ −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 [𝑓 (𝑥)]

Limit Definition:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝒇′ (𝒙) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

Alternative Definition:
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝒇′ (𝒂) = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

www.Video-Tutor.net