Package ‘polyRAD’

November 6, 2022
Version 2.0.0
Date 2022-11-06
Title Genotype Calling with Uncertainty from Sequencing Data in
Polyploids and Diploids
Author Lindsay V. Clark [aut, cre] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3881-9252>),
U.S. National Science Foundation [fnd]
Maintainer Lindsay V. Clark <[email protected]>
Depends R (>= 3.5.0), methods
Imports fastmatch, pcaMethods, Rcpp, stringi
Suggests rrBLUP, Rsamtools, GenomeInfoDb, Biostrings, GenomicRanges,
VariantAnnotation, SummarizedExperiment, S4Vectors, IRanges,
BiocGenerics, knitr, rmarkdown, GenomicFeatures, ggplot2,
adegenet
LinkingTo Rcpp
VignetteBuilder knitr, rmarkdown
Description Read depth data from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) or restriction
site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) are imported and used to make Bayesian
probability estimates of genotypes in polyploids or diploids. The genotype
probabilities, posterior mean genotypes, or most probable genotypes can then
be exported for downstream analysis. 'polyRAD' is described by Clark et al.
(2019) <doi:10.1534/g3.118.200913>, and the Hind/He statistic for marker
filtering is described by Clark et al. (2022) <doi:10.1186/s12859-022-04635-9>.
A variant calling pipeline for highly duplicated genomes is also included and
is described by Clark et al. (2020, Version 1) <doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902890>.
License GPL (>= 2)

URL https://github.com/lvclark/polyRAD
NeedsCompilation yes
Repository CRAN
Date/Publication 2022-11-06 21:50:02 UTC

1
2 R topics documented:

R topics documented:
Accessors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
AddAlleleFreqByTaxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
AddAlleleFreqHWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
AddAlleleFreqMapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
AddAlleleLinkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
AddGenotypeLikelihood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
AddGenotypePosteriorProb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
AddGenotypePriorProb_Even . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
AddPCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
AddPloidyChiSq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
AddPloidyLikelihood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CanDoGetWeightedMeanGeno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
EstimateContaminationRate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
ExamineGenotype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
exampleRAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ExpectedHindHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ExportGAPIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
GetLikelyGen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
HindHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
InbreedingFromHindHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
IterateHWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
LocusInfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
MakeTasselVcfFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
MergeIdenticalHaplotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
MergeRareHaplotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
MergeTaxaDepth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
OneAllelePerMarker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
PipelineMapping2Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
RADdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
RADdata2VCF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
readDArTag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
readHMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
readProcessIsoloci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
readProcessSamMulti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
readStacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
readTagDigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
readTASSELGBSv2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
reverseComplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
SetBlankTaxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
StripDown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
SubsetByLocus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
SubsetByPloidy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Accessors 3

SubsetByTaxon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
TestOverdispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
VCF2RADdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Index 88

Accessors Accessor Functions for RADdata Objects

Description

These functions can be used for accessing and replacing data within a "RADdata" object. Data
slots that do not yet have accessors can be accessed and replaced using the $ operator or the attr
function.

Usage

GetTaxa(object, ...)
GetLoci(object, ...)
GetLocDepth(object, ...)
GetContamRate(object, ...)
SetContamRate(object, value, ...)
nTaxa(object, ...)
nLoci(object, ...)
nAlleles(object, ...)
GetAlleleNames(object, ...)
GetTaxaPloidy(object, ...)
SetTaxaPloidy(object, value, ...)
GetTaxaByPloidy(object, ...)

## S3 method for class 'RADdata'

GetTaxaByPloidy(object, ploidy, ...)

Arguments

object A "RADdata" object.

value A value to assign. For SetContamRate, a number generally ranging from zero to
0.01 indicating the expected rate of sample cross-contamination. For SetTaxaPloidy,
a vector of integers indicating ploidy, with one value for each taxon. If the vec-
tor for SetTaxaPloidy is named, the names should correspond to taxa names in
the object.
ploidy An integer indicating a single ploidy for which to return taxa.
... Additional arguments (none currently supported).
4 AddAlleleFreqByTaxa

Value
For GetTaxa and GetLoci, a character vector listing taxa names or loci names, respectively. For
GetLocDepth, a named matrix with taxa in rows and loci in columns, giving the total read depth for
each taxon and locus. For GetContamRate, a number indicating the expected contamination rate
that is stored in the object. For SetContamRate, a "RADdata" object with an updated contamination
rate. For nTaxa, the number of taxa in the object. For nLoci, the number of loci in the object. For
nAlleles, the number of alleles across all loci in the object. For GetAlleleNames, the names of
all alleles. For GetTaxaPloidy, a named integer vector indicating the ploidy of each taxon. For
SetTaxaPloidy, a "RADdata" object with the taxa ploidies updated. For GetTaxaByPloidy, a
character vector listing taxa.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
SetBlankTaxa for functions that assign taxa to particular roles.

Examples
data(exampleRAD)
GetTaxa(exampleRAD)
GetLoci(exampleRAD)
GetLocDepth(exampleRAD)
GetContamRate(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- SetContamRate(exampleRAD, 0.0000001)
GetContamRate(exampleRAD)
nTaxa(exampleRAD)
nAlleles(exampleRAD)
GetAlleleNames(exampleRAD)
GetTaxaPloidy(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- SetTaxaPloidy(exampleRAD, rep(c(2, 5), time = c(75, 25)))
GetTaxaByPloidy(exampleRAD, 2)

AddAlleleFreqByTaxa Estimate Local Allele Frequencies for Each Taxon Based on Popula-
tion Structure

Description
This function estimates allele frequencies per taxon, rather than for the whole population. The
best estimated genotypes (either object$depthRatio or GetWeightedMeanGenotypes(object))
are regressed against principal coordinate axes. The regression coefficients are then in turn used to
predict allele frequencies from PC axes. Allele frequencies outside of a user-defined range are then
adjusted so that they fall within that range.
AddAlleleFreqByTaxa 5

Usage
AddAlleleFreqByTaxa(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddAlleleFreqByTaxa(object, minfreq = 0.0001, ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object. AddPCA should have already been run.
minfreq The minimum allowable allele frequency to be output. The maximum allowable
allele frequency will be calculated as 1 - minfreq.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Details
For every allele, all PC axes stored in object$PCA are used for generating regression coefficients
and making predictions, regardless of whether they are significantly associated with the allele.
object$depthRatio has missing data for loci with no reads; these missing data are omitted on
a per-allele basis when calculating regression coefficients. However, allele frequencies are out-
put for all taxa at all alleles, because there are no missing data in the PC axes. The output of
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes has no missing data, so missing data are not an issue when calculat-
ing regression coefficients using that method.
After predicting allele frequencies from the regression coefficients, the function loops through all
loci and taxa to adjust allele frequencies if necessary. This is needed because otherwise some
allele frequencies will be below zero or above one (typically in subpopulations where alleles are
near fixation), which interferes with prior genotype probability estimation. For a given taxon and
locus, any allele frequencies below minfreq are adjusted to be equal to minfreq, and any allele
frequencies above 1 - minfreq are adjusted to be 1 - minfreq. Remaining allele frequencies are
adjusted so that all allele frequencies for the taxon and locus sum to one.

Value
A "RADdata" object identical to the one passed to the function, but with a matrix of allele frequen-
cies added to the $alleleFreqByTaxa slot. Taxa are in rows and alleles in columns.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa

Examples
# load data
data(exampleRAD)
# do PCA
exampleRAD <- AddPCA(exampleRAD, nPcsInit = 3)
6 AddAlleleFreqHWE

# get allele frequencies

exampleRAD <- AddAlleleFreqByTaxa(exampleRAD)

exampleRAD$alleleFreqByTaxa[1:10,]

AddAlleleFreqHWE Estimate Allele Frequencies in a RADdata Object Assuming Hardy-

Weinberg Equilibrium

Description

Allele frequencies are estimated based on the best parameters available. object$alleleFreqByTaxa
is used if available. If object$alleleFreqByTaxa is null, GetWeightedMeanGenotypes is used,
and if that isn’t possible object$depthRatio is used. From whichever of the three options is used,
column means are taken, the output of which is stored as object$alleleFreq.

Usage

AddAlleleFreqHWE(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddAlleleFreqHWE(object, excludeTaxa = GetBlankTaxa(object), ...)

Arguments

object A "RADdata" object.

excludeTaxa A character vector indicating taxa that should be excluded from the calculation.
... Included to allow more arguments in the future, although none are currently
used.

Value

A "RADdata" object identical to the one passed to the function, but with allele frequencies added to
object$alleleFreq, and "HWE" as the value for the "alleleFreqType" attribute.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

See Also

AddAlleleFreqMapping, AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE
AddAlleleFreqMapping 7

Examples

# load in an example dataset

data(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD

# add allele frequencies

exampleRAD <- AddAlleleFreqHWE(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD$alleleFreq

AddAlleleFreqMapping Estimate Allele Frequencies in a Mapping Population

Description

Estimate allele frequencies using data from a mapping population, assuming a fixed set of allele
frequencies are possible.

Usage

AddAlleleFreqMapping(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddAlleleFreqMapping(object, expectedFreqs = seq(0, 1, 0.25),
allowedDeviation = 0.05,
excludeTaxa = c(GetDonorParent(object),
GetRecurrentParent(object),
GetBlankTaxa(object)), ...)

Arguments

object A "RADdata" object. The donor and recurrent parent should have been assigned
with SetDonorParent and SetRecurrentParent, respectively. If this is not a
backcross population, it does not matter which is the donor or recurrent parent.
expectedFreqs A numeric vector listing all expected allele frequencies in the mapping popula-
tion.
allowedDeviation
A value indicating how far an observed allele frequency can deviate from an
expected allele frequency and still be categorized as that allele frequency. Must
be no more than half the smallest interval seen in expectedFreqs.
excludeTaxa A character vector indicating taxa that should be excluded from the allele fre-
quency estimate.
... Arguments to be passed to the method for "RADdata".
8 AddAlleleLinkages

Details
Allele frequencies are first estimated as the column means of object$depthRatio (unless poste-
rior genotype probabilities and ploidy chi-squared values have already been calculated, in which
case GetWeightedMeanGenotypes is run and the column means of its output are taken), exclud-
ing any taxa listed in excludeTaxa. These are then categorized based on which, if any, ex-
pected allele frequency they match with, based on the intervals described by expectedFreqs and
allowedDeviation. If an allele frequency does not fall within any of these intervals it is classified
as NA; otherwise it is converted to the matching value in expectedFreqs.

Value
A "RADdata" object identical to the one passed to the function, but with allele frequencies added to
object$alleleFreq, and "mapping" as the "alleleFreqType" attribute.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddAlleleFreqHWE

Examples
# load example dataset
data(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping

# specify parents
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent1")
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent2")

# estimate allele frequencies in diploid BC1 population

exampleRAD_mapping <- AddAlleleFreqMapping(exampleRAD_mapping,
expectedFreqs = c(0.25, 0.75),
allowedDeviation = 0.08)

exampleRAD_mapping$alleleFreq

AddAlleleLinkages Identify and Utilize Linked Alleles for Estimating Genotype Priors

Description
AddAlleleLinkages finds alleles, if any, in linkage disequilibrium with each allele in a RADdata
object, and computes a correlation coefficient representing the strength of the linkage. AddGenotypePriorProb_LD
adds a second set of prior genotype probabilities to a RADdata object based on the genotype poste-
rior probabilities at linked alleles.
AddAlleleLinkages 9

Usage
AddAlleleLinkages(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddAlleleLinkages(object, type, linkageDist, minCorr,
excludeTaxa = character(0), ...)

AddGenotypePriorProb_LD(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddGenotypePriorProb_LD(object, type, ...)

Arguments
object A RADdata object with genomic alignment data stored in object$locTable$Chr
and object$locTable$pos.
type A character string, either “mapping”, “hwe”, or “popstruct”, to indicate the type
of population being analyzed.
linkageDist A number, indicating the distance in basepairs from a locus within which to
search for linked alleles.
minCorr A number ranging from zero to one indicating the minimum correlation needed
for an allele to be used for genotype prediction at another allele.
excludeTaxa A character vector listing taxa to be excluded from correlation estimates.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Details
These functions are primarily designed to be used internally by the pipeline functions.
AddAlleleLinkages obtains genotypic values using GetWeightedMeanGenotypes, then regresses
those values for a given allele against those values for nearby alleles to obtain correlation coeffi-
cients. For the population structure model, the genotypic values for an allele are first regressed on
the PC axes from object$PCA, then the residuals are regressed on the genotypic values at nearby
alleles to obtain correlation coefficients.
AddGenotypePriorProb_LD makes a second set of priors in addition to object$priorProb. This
second set of priors has one value per inheritance mode per taxon per allele per possible allele copy
number. Where K is the ploidy, with allele copy number c ranging from 0 to K, i is an allele, j is
a linked allele at a different locus out of J total alleles linked to i, rij is the correlation coefficient
between those alleles, t is a taxon, postcjt is the posterior probability of a given allele copy number
for a given allele in a given taxon, and priorcit is the prior probability for a given allele copy number
for a given allele in a given taxon based on linkage alone:
QJ
j=1 postcjt ∗ rij + (1 − rij )/(K + 1)
priorcit = PK QJ
c=0 j=1 postcjt ∗ rij + (1 − rij )/(K + 1)

For mapping populations, AddGenotypePriorProb_LD uses the above formula when each allele
only has two possible genotypes (i.e. test-cross segregation). When more genotypes are possible,
AddGenotypePriorProb_LD instead estimates prior probabilities as fitted values when the posterior
probabilities for a given allele are regressed on the posterior probabilities for a linked allele. This
10 AddGenotypeLikelihood

allows loci with different segregation patterns to be informative for predicting genotypes, and for
cases where two alleles are in phase for some but not all parental copies.

Value
A RADdata object is returned. For AddAlleleLinkages, it has a new slot called $alleleLinkages
that is a list, with one item in the list for each allele in the dataset. Each item is a data frame, with
indices for linked alleles in the first column, and correlation coefficients in the second column.
For AddGenotypePriorProb_LD, the object has a new slot called $priorProbLD. This is a list much
like $posteriorProb, with one list item per inheritance mode, and each item being an array with
allele copy number in the first dimension, taxa in the second dimension, and alleles in the third
dimension. Values indicate genotype prior probabilities based on linked alleles alone.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE

Examples
# load example dataset
data(Msi01genes)

# Run non-LD pop structure pipeline

Msi01genes <- IteratePopStruct(Msi01genes, tol = 0.01, nPcsInit = 10)

# Add linkages
Msi01genes <- AddAlleleLinkages(Msi01genes, "popstruct", 1e4, 0.05)
# Get new posterior probabilities based on those linkages
Msi01genes <- AddGenotypePriorProb_LD(Msi01genes, "popstruct")

# Preview results
Msi01genes$priorProbLD[[1,2]][,1:10,1:10]

AddGenotypeLikelihood Estimate Genotype Likelihoods in a RADdata object

Description
For each possible allele copy number across each possible ploidy in each taxon, AddGenotypeLikelihood
estimates the probability of observing the distribution of read counts that are recorded for that taxon
and locus. AddDepthSamplingPermutations is called by AddGenotypeLikelihood the first time
it is run, so that part of the likelihood calcluation is stored in the RADdata object and doesn’t need
to be re-run on each iteration of the pipeline functions.
AddGenotypeLikelihood 11

Usage
AddGenotypeLikelihood(object, ...)

## S3 method for class 'RADdata'

AddGenotypeLikelihood(object, overdispersion = 9, ...)

AddDepthSamplingPermutations(object, ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object.
overdispersion An overdispersion parameter. Higher values will cause the expected read depth
distribution to more resemble the binomial distribution. Lower values indicate
more overdispersion, i.e. sample-to-sample variance in the probability of ob-
serving reads from a given allele.
... Other arguments; none are currently used.

Details
If allele frequencies are not already recorded in object, they will be added using AddAlleleFreqHWE.
Allele frequencies are then used for estimating the probability of sampling an allele from a genotype
due to sample contamination. Given a known genotype with x copies of allele i, ploidy k, allele
frequency pi in the population used for making sequencing libraries, and contamination rate c, the
probabiity of sampling a read ri from that locus corresponding to that allele is

x
P (ri |x) = ∗ (1 − c) + pi ∗ c
k
To estimate the genotype likelihood, where nri is the number of reads corresponding to allele i for
a given taxon and locus and nrj is the number of reads corresponding to all other alleles for that
taxon and locus:
 
nri + nrj B[P (ri |x) ∗ d + nri , [1 − P (ri |x)] ∗ d + nrj ]]
P (nri , nrj |x) = ∗
nri B[P (ri |x) ∗ d, [1 − P (ri |x)] ∗ d]

where
 
nri + nrj (nri + nrj )!
=
nri nri ! ∗ nrj !

B is the beta function, and d is the overdispersion parameter set by overdispersion. nri +nrj


nri is
calculated by AddDepthSamplingPermutations.

Value
A "RADdata" object identical to that passed to the function, but with genotype likelihoods stored in
object$genotypeLikelihood. This item is a two dimensional list, with one row for each ploidy
listed in object$possiblePloidies, ignoring differences between autopolyploids and allopoly-
ploids, and one column for each ploidy listed in object$taxaPloidy. Each item in the list is
12 AddGenotypePosteriorProb

a three-dimensional array with number of allele copies in the first dimension, taxa in the second
dimension, and alleles in the third dimension.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddAlleleFreqMapping

Examples
# load example dataset and add allele frequency
data(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- AddAlleleFreqHWE(exampleRAD)

# estimate genotype likelihoods

exampleRAD <- AddGenotypeLikelihood(exampleRAD)

# inspect the results

# the first ten individuals and first two alleles, assuming diploidy
exampleRAD$alleleDepth[1:10,1:2]
exampleRAD$genotypeLikelihood[[1]][,1:10,1:2]
# assuming tetraploidy
exampleRAD$genotypeLikelihood[[2]][,1:10,1:2]

AddGenotypePosteriorProb
Estimate Posterior Probabilities of Genotypes

Description
Given a "RADdata" object containing genotype prior probabilities and genotype likelihoods, this
function estimates genotype posterior probabilities and adds them to the $posteriorProb slot of
the object.

Usage
AddGenotypePosteriorProb(object, ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object. Prior genotype probabilities and genotype likelihood should
have already been added.
... Potential future arguments (none currently in use).
AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa 13

Value
A "RADdata" object identical to that passed to the function, but with a two-dimensional list added to
the $posteriorProb slot. Rows of the list correspont to object$possiblePloidies, and columns
to unique values in object$taxaPloidy, similarly to object$priorProb. Each item of the list
is a three dimensional array, with allele copy number in the first dimension, taxa in the second
dimension, and alleles in the third dimension. For each allele and taxa, posterior probabilities will
sum to one across all potential allele copy numbers.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddGenotypeLikelihood, AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents

Examples
# load dataset and set some parameters
data(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent1")
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent2")
exampleRAD_mapping <- AddAlleleFreqMapping(exampleRAD_mapping,
expectedFreqs = c(0.25, 0.75),
allowedDeviation = 0.08)
exampleRAD_mapping <- AddGenotypeLikelihood(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping <- AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents(exampleRAD_mapping,
n.gen.backcrossing = 1)

# estimate posterior probabilities

exampleRAD_mapping <- AddGenotypePosteriorProb(exampleRAD_mapping)
# examine the results
exampleRAD_mapping$posteriorProb[[1,1]][,3,]

AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa
Estimate Prior Genotype Probabilities on a Per-Taxon Basis

Description
Using local allele frequencies estimated by AddAlleleFreqByTaxa and assuming Hardy-Weinberg
Equilibruim or inbreeding on a local scale, AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa estimates prior geno-
type probabilities at each taxon, allele, and possible ploidy. These are then stored in the $priorProb
slot of the "RADdata" object.

Usage
AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa(object, selfing.rate = 0, ...)
14 AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object. AddAlleleFreqByTaxa should have already been run.
selfing.rate A number ranging from zero to one indicating the frequency of self-fertilization
in the species.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Value
A "RADdata" object identical to that passed to the function, but with a two-dimensional list added to
the $priorProb slot. Each row in the list corresponds to one ploidy in object$possiblePloidies,
and each column to a unique ploidy in object$taxaPloidy. Each item is a three-dimensional array
with allele copy number in the first dimension, taxa in the second dimension, and alleles in the third
dimension. The values in the array are prior genotype probabilities. Additionally, "taxon" is
recorded in the "priorType" attribute.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE for equations used for genotype prior probability estimation.
AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents, AddGenotypeLikelihood

Examples
# load data
data(exampleRAD)
# do PCA
exampleRAD <- AddPCA(exampleRAD, nPcsInit = 3)
# get allele frequencies
exampleRAD <- AddAlleleFreqByTaxa(exampleRAD)

# add prior probabilities

exampleRAD <- AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa(exampleRAD)

exampleRAD$priorProb[[1,1]][,1,]
exampleRAD$priorProb[[2,1]][,1,]
exampleRAD$priorProb[[1,1]][,2,]
exampleRAD$priorProb[[2,1]][,2,]
exampleRAD$priorProb[[1,2]][,1,]

# try it with inbreeding, for diploid samples only

exampleRAD2 <- SubsetByTaxon(exampleRAD, GetTaxa(exampleRAD)[exampleRAD$taxaPloidy == 2])
exampleRAD2 <- AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa(exampleRAD2, selfing.rate = 0.5)

exampleRAD2$priorProb[[1,1]][,1,]
AddGenotypePriorProb_Even 15

AddGenotypePriorProb_Even
Add Uniform Priors to a RADdata Object

Description

To estimate genotype posterior probabilities based on read depth alone, without taking any popula-
tion parameters into account, this function can be used to set a uniform prior probability on all pos-
sible genotypes. This function is not part of any pipeline but can be used for very rough and quick
genotype estimates, when followed by AddGenotypeLikelihood, AddGenotypePosteriorProb,
AddPloidyChiSq, and GetWeightedMeanGenotypes or GetProbableGenotypes.

Usage

AddGenotypePriorProb_Even(object, ...)

Arguments

object A RADdata object.

... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Value

A “RADdata” object identical that passed to the function, but with data stored in one new slot:

priorProb A two-dimensional list of matrices, with rows corresponding to object$possiblePloidies

and columns corresponding to unique values in object$taxaPloidy. Each item
in the list is a matrix. For each matrix, allele copy number (from zero to the total
ploidy) is in rows, and alleles are in columns. Each value is 1/(ploidy + 1).

Note

Values in object$ploidyChiSq may not be particularly meaningful under uniform priors.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

See Also

AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE
16 AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE

Examples
data(exampleRAD)

exampleRAD <- AddGenotypePriorProb_Even(exampleRAD)

exampleRAD$priorProb

# finish protocol to get genotypes

exampleRAD <- AddGenotypeLikelihood(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- AddPloidyChiSq(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- AddGenotypePosteriorProb(exampleRAD)

genmat <- GetWeightedMeanGenotypes(exampleRAD)

genmat

AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE
Estimate Genotype Prior Probabilities In the Absence of Population
Structure

Description
Assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, this function uses allele frequencies and possible ploi-
dies stored in a “RADdata” object to estimate genotype frequencies in the population, then stores
these genotype frequencies in the $priorProb slot. Inbreeding can also be simulated using the
selfing.rate argument.

Usage
AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE(object, selfing.rate = 0, ...)

Arguments
object A “RADdata” object that has had allele frequencies added with AddAlleleFreqHWE.
selfing.rate A number ranging from zero to one indicating the frequency of self-fertilization
in the species.
... Additional arguments (none currently implemented).

Details
For an autopolyploid, or within one subgenome of an allopolyploid, genotype prior probabilities
are estimated as:
 
k i
P (Gi ) = p ∗ (1 − p)k−i
i
AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE 17

where k is the ploidy, i is the copy number of a given allele, and p is the allele frequency in the
population.
If the selfing rate is above zero and ploidy is even, genotype prior probabilities are adjusted accord-
ing to Equation 6 of de Silva et al. (2005):

P (Gself ) = (1 − s)(I − sA)−1 P (G)

where s is the selfing rate. A is a k + 1 × k + 1 matrix, with each column representing the allele
copy number from 0 to k of a parental genotype, and each row representing the allele copy number
from 0 to k of a progeny genotype, and matrix elements representing the frequencies of progeny
after self-fertilization (each column summing to one).

Value
A “RADdata” object identical that passed to the function, but with data stored in one new slot:

priorProb A two-dimensional list of matrices, with rows corresponding to object$possiblePloidies

and columns corresponding to unique values in object$taxaPloidy. Each item
in the list is a matrix. For each matrix, allele copy number (from zero to the total
ploidy) is in rows, and alleles are in columns. Each value is the probability of
sampling an individual with that allele copy number from the population.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

References
De Silva, H. N., Hall, A. J., Rikkerink, E., and Fraser, L. G. (2005) Estimation of allele fre-
quencies in polyploids under certain patterns of inheritance. Heredity 95, 327–334. doi:10.1038/
sj.hdy.6800728

See Also
AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents, AddGenotypeLikelihood, AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa

Examples
# load in an example dataset
data(exampleRAD)
# add allele frequencies
exampleRAD <- AddAlleleFreqHWE(exampleRAD)
# add inheritance modes
exampleRAD$possiblePloidies <- list(2L, 4L, c(2L, 2L))

# estimate genotype prior probabilities

exampleRAD <- AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE(exampleRAD)

# examine results
exampleRAD$alleleFreq
18 AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents

exampleRAD$priorProb

# try it with inbreeding, for diploids only

exampleRAD2 <- SubsetByTaxon(exampleRAD, GetTaxa(exampleRAD)[exampleRAD$taxaPloidy == 2])
exampleRAD2 <- AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE(exampleRAD2, selfing.rate = 0.5)
exampleRAD2$priorProb

AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents
Expected Genotype Frequencies in Mapping Populations

Description
EstimateParentalGenotypes estimates the most likely genotypes of two parent taxa. Using those
parental genotypes, AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents estimates expected genotype fre-
quencies for a population of progeny, which are added to the "RADdata" object in the $priorProb
slot.

Usage
AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents(object,
donorParent = GetDonorParent(object),
recurrentParent = GetRecurrentParent(object),
n.gen.backcrossing = 0, n.gen.intermating = 0, n.gen.selfing = 0,
minLikelihoodRatio = 10, ...)

EstimateParentalGenotypes(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
EstimateParentalGenotypes(object,
donorParent = GetDonorParent(object),
recurrentParent = GetRecurrentParent(object),
n.gen.backcrossing = 0, n.gen.intermating = 0, n.gen.selfing = 0,
minLikelihoodRatio = 10, ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object. Ideally this should be set up as a mapping population using
SetDonorParent, SetRecurrentParent, and AddAlleleFreqMapping.
... Additional arguments, listed below, to be passed to the method for "RADdata"
objects.
donorParent A character string indicating which taxon is the donor parent. If backcrossing
was not performed, it does not matter which was the donor or recurrent parent.
recurrentParent
A character string indicating which taxon is the recurrent parent.
AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents 19

n.gen.backcrossing
An integer, zero or greater, indicating how many generations of backcrossing to
the recurrent parent were performed.
n.gen.intermating
An integer, zero or greater, indicating how many generations of intermating
within the population were performed. (Values above one should not have an
effect on the genotype priors that are output, i.e. genotype probabilities after
one generation of random mating are identical to genotype probabilities after >1
generation of random mating, assuming no genetic drift or selection).
n.gen.selfing An integer, zero or greater, indicating how many generations of selfing were
performed.
minLikelihoodRatio
The minimum likelihood ratio for determining parental genotypes with confi-
dence, to be passed to GetLikelyGen for both parental taxa.

Details

AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents examines the parental and progeny ploidies stored in

object$taxaPloidy and throws an error if they do not meet expectations. In particular, all progeny
must be the same ploidy, and that must be the ploidy that would be expected if the parents produced
normal gametes. For example in an F1 cross, if one parent was diploid and the other tetraploid, all
progeny must be triploid. If both parents are tetraploid, all progeny must be tetraploid.
The most likely genotypes for the two parents are estimated by EstimateParentalGenotypes
using GetLikelyGen. If parental gentoypes don’t match progeny allele frequencies, the function
attempts to correct the parental genotypes to the most likely combination that matches the allele
frequency.
For each ploidy being examined, F1 genotype probabilities are then calculated by AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parent
Genotype probabilities are updated for each backcrossing generation, then each intermating gener-
ation, then each selfing generation.
The default, with n.gen.backcrossing = 0, n.gen.intermating = 0 and n.gen.selfing = 0,
will simulate an F1 population. A BC1F2 population, for example, would have n.gen.backcrossing
= 1, n.gen.intermating = 0 and n.gen.selfing = 1. A typical F2 population would have n.gen.selfing
= 1 and the other two parameters set to zero. However, in a self-incompatible species where many
F1 are intermated to produce the F2, one would instead use n.gen.intermating = 1 and set the
other parameters to zero.

Value

A "RADdata" object identical to that passed to the function, but with data stored in three new slots:

priorProb A two-dimensional list of matrices, with rows corresponding to object$possiblePloidies

and columns corresponding to unique values in object$taxaPloidy. Each item
in the list is a matrix. For each matrix, allele copy number (from zero to the total
ploidy) is in rows, and alleles are in columns. Each value is the probability of
sampling an individual with that allele copy number from the population. For
any taxa ploidies other than the progeny ploidy, even priors are returned.
20 AddPCA

likelyGeno_donor
A matrix of the donor parent genotypes that were used for estimating genotype
prior probabilities. Formatted like the output of GetLikelyGen.
likelyGeno_recurrent
A matrix of the recurrent parent genotypes that were use for estimating gentoype
prior probabilities.

Note
For the time being, in allopolyploids it is assumed that copies of an allele are distributed among as
few isoloci as possible. For example, if an autotetraploid genotype had two copies of allele A and
two copies of allele B, it is assumed to be AA BB rather than AB AB. This may be remedied in the
future by examining distribution of genotype likelihoods.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddGenotypeLikelihood, AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE

Examples
# load dataset and set some parameters
data(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent1")
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent2")
exampleRAD_mapping <- AddAlleleFreqMapping(exampleRAD_mapping,
expectedFreqs = c(0.25, 0.75),
allowedDeviation = 0.08)
exampleRAD_mapping <- AddGenotypeLikelihood(exampleRAD_mapping)

# examine the dataset

exampleRAD_mapping
exampleRAD_mapping$alleleFreq

# estimate genotype priors for a BC1 population

exampleRAD_mapping <- AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents(exampleRAD_mapping,
n.gen.backcrossing = 1)
exampleRAD_mapping$priorProb

AddPCA Perform Principal Components Analysis on “RADdata” Object

Description
This function uses read depth ratios or posterior genotype probabilities (the latter preferentially) as
input data for principal components analysis. The PCA scores are then stored in the $PCA slot of
the "RADdata" object.
AddPCA 21

Usage

AddPCA(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddPCA(object, nPcsInit = 10, maxR2changeratio = 0.05,
minPcsOut = 1, ...)

Arguments

object A "RADdata" object.

nPcsInit The number of principal component axes to initially calculate.
maxR2changeratio
This number determines how many principal component axes are retained. The
difference in R2 values between the first and second axes is multiplied by maxR2changeratio.
The last axis retained is the first axis after which the R2 value changes by less
than this value. Lower values of maxR2changeratio will result in more axes
being retained.
minPcsOut The minimum number of PC axes to output, which can override maxR2changeratio.
... Additional arguments to be passed to the pca function from the pcaMethods
BioConductor package.

Details

The PPCA (probabalistic PCA) method from pcaMethods is used, due to the high missing data rate
that is typical of genotyping-by-sequencing datasets.

Value

A "RADdata" object identical to the one passed to the function, but with a matrix added to the $PCA
slot. This matrix contains PCA scores, with taxa in rows, and PC axes in columns.

Note

If you see the error

Error in if (rel_ch < threshold & count > 5) { : missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed
try lowering nPcsInit.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

See Also

AddAlleleFreqByTaxa
22 AddPloidyChiSq

Examples
# load data
data(exampleRAD)
# do PCA
exampleRAD <- AddPCA(exampleRAD, nPcsInit = 3)

plot(exampleRAD$PCA[,1], exampleRAD$PCA[,2])

AddPloidyChiSq Chi-Square Test on Genotype Likelihood Distributions

Description
This function is intended to help identify the correct inheritance mode for each locus in a "RADdata"
object. Expected genotype frequencies are taken from object$priorProb. Observed genotype
frequencies are estimated from object$genotypeLikelihood, where each taxon has a partial as-
signment to each genotype, proportional to genotype likelihoods. A χ2 statistic is then estimated.

Usage
AddPloidyChiSq(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddPloidyChiSq(object, excludeTaxa = GetBlankTaxa(object),
...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object. Genotype prior probabilities and likelihoods should have
been added.
excludeTaxa A character vector indicating names of taxa to exclude from calculations.
... Additional arguments to be passed to other methods (none currently in use).

Details
Parents (in mapping populations) and blank taxa are automatically excluded from calculations.
Genotypes with zero prior probability would result in an infinite A χ2 statistic and therefore are
excluded from the calculation. However, the total number of observations (total number of taxa)
remains the same, so that if there are many taxa with high likelihood for a genotype with zero prior
probability, χ2 will be high.

Value
A "RADdata" object identical to the one passed to the function, but with a matrix added to the
$ploidyChiSq slot. This matrix has inheritance rows (matching object$priorProb) in rows and
alleles in columns. object$ploidyChiSq contains the χ2 values.
AddPloidyLikelihood 23

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddGenotypeLikelihood, AddPloidyLikelihood

Examples
# load dataset and set some parameters
data(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent1")
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent2")
exampleRAD_mapping <- AddAlleleFreqMapping(exampleRAD_mapping,
expectedFreqs = c(0.25, 0.75),
allowedDeviation = 0.08)
exampleRAD_mapping <- AddGenotypeLikelihood(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping <- AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents(exampleRAD_mapping,
n.gen.backcrossing = 1)

# get chi-squared values

exampleRAD_mapping <- AddPloidyChiSq(exampleRAD_mapping)
# view chi-squared and p-values (diploid only)
exampleRAD_mapping$ploidyChiSq

AddPloidyLikelihood Likelihoods for Possible Ploidies Based on Genotype Distributions

Description
Given prior genotype probabilities, and a set of high-confidence genotypes estimated with GetLikelyGen,
this function estimates the probability of observing that distribution of genotypes and stores the
probability in the $ploidyLikelihood slot of the "RADdata" object.

Usage
AddPloidyLikelihood(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
AddPloidyLikelihood(object, excludeTaxa = GetBlankTaxa(object),
minLikelihoodRatio = 50, ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object. Prior genotype probabilities and genotype likelihoods
should have already been added using the appropriate functions.
... Additional arguments to be passed to the method for "RADdata".
excludeTaxa A character vector indicating taxa that should be excluded from calculations.
minLikelihoodRatio
A number, one or higher, to be passed to GetLikelyGen.
24 CanDoGetWeightedMeanGeno

Details
The purpose of this function is to estimate the correct inheritance mode for each locus. This function
may be deleted in the future in favor of better alternatives.

Value
A "RADdata" object identical to that passed to the function, but with results added to the $ploidyLikelihood
slot. This has one row for each possible ploidy (each ploidy with data in $priorProb), and one
column for each allele. Each element of the matrix is the multinomial probability of seeing that
distribution of genotypes given the prior probabilities.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddPloidyChiSq

Examples
##---- Should be DIRECTLY executable !! ----
##-- ==> Define data, use random,
##--or do help(data=index) for the standard data sets.

## The function is currently defined as

function (object, ...)
{
UseMethod("AddPloidyLikelihood", object)
}

CanDoGetWeightedMeanGeno
Check Whether GetWeightedMeanGenotypes Can Be Run

Description
This function is used internally by AddPCA, AddAlleleFreqByTaxa, and the internal function .alleleFreq
to test whether GetWeightedMeanGenotypes can be run on a "RADdata" object.

Usage
CanDoGetWeightedMeanGeno(object, ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).
EstimateContaminationRate 25

Value
A single Boolean value. To be TRUE, object$posteriorProb must be non-null, and either there
must be only one possible ploidy, or object$ploidyChiSq must be non-null.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddGenotypePosteriorProb, AddPloidyChiSq

Examples
data(exampleRAD)

CanDoGetWeightedMeanGeno(exampleRAD)

exampleRAD <- AddAlleleFreqHWE(exampleRAD)

exampleRAD <- AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- AddGenotypeLikelihood(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- AddPloidyChiSq(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- AddGenotypePosteriorProb(exampleRAD)

CanDoGetWeightedMeanGeno(exampleRAD)

EstimateContaminationRate
Estimate Sample Contamination Using Blanks

Description
Based on mean read depth at blank and non-blank taxa, estimate sample cross-contamination and
add that information to the "RADdata" object.

Usage
EstimateContaminationRate(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
EstimateContaminationRate(object, multiplier = 1, ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object where SetBlankTaxa has already been used to assign one
or more taxa as blanks.
multiplier A single numeric value, or a named numeric vector with one value per blank
taxon in object, with names matching the blank taxa names. Read depth at
blank taxa will be multiplied by this number when estimating sample cross-
contamination. See example below.
26 ExamineGenotype

... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Details

This function estimates sample cross-contamination assuming that the only source of contamina-
tion is from adapter or sample spill-over between wells during library preparation, or contamination
among the libraries themselves. If you anticipate a higher rate of contamination during DNA ex-
traction before library preparation, you may wish to increase the value using SetContamRate.
It is important to set the contamination rate to a reasonably accurate value (i.e. the right order of
magnitude) in order for polyRAD to be able to identify homozygotes that may otherwise appear
heterozygous due to contamination.

Value

A "RADdata" object identical to object but with the "contamRate" attribute adjusted.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

Examples
# dataset for this example
data(Msi01genes)

# give the name of the taxon that is blank

Msi01genes <- SetBlankTaxa(Msi01genes, "blank")

# Fifteen libraries were done; blank is pooled over all of them, and
# most other samples are pooled over two libraries.
mymult <- 2/15

# estimate the contamination rate

Msi01genes <- EstimateContaminationRate(Msi01genes, multiplier = mymult)

ExamineGenotype Plots to Examine Genotype Calling at a Single Taxon and Allele

Description

For a given taxon and allele, this function generates barplots showing read depth ratio, posterior
mean genotype, genotype prior probabilities, genotype likelihoods, and genotype posterior proba-
bilities. It is intended as a sanity check on genotype calling, as well as a means to visually demon-
strate the concept of Bayesian genotype calling.
ExamineGenotype 27

Usage

ExamineGenotype(object, ...)

## S3 method for class 'RADdata'

ExamineGenotype(object, taxon, allele, pldindex = 1, ...)

Arguments

object A RADdata object for which genotype calling has already been performed.
taxon A single character string indicating the taxon to show.
allele A single character string indicating the allele to show.
pldindex An index of which inheritance mode to use within object$possiblePloidies.
... Other arguments (none implemented).

Value

A barplot is generated. Invisibly, a list is returned:

alleleDepth Sequence read depth for the selected allele.

antiAlleleDepth
Sequence read depth for all other alleles at the locus.
depthRatio Proportion of reads at this taxon and locus belonging to this allele.
priorProb A vector of genotype prior probabilities.
genotypeLikelhood
A vector of genotype likelihoods.
posteriorProb A vector of genotype posterior probabilities.
postMean The posterior mean genotype on a scale of 0 to 1.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

Examples
data(exampleRAD)

exampleRAD <- IterateHWE(exampleRAD)

eg <- ExamineGenotype(exampleRAD, "sample088", "loc1_T")

28 exampleRAD

exampleRAD Miniature Datasets for Testing polyRAD Functions

Description

exampleRAD and exampleRAD_mapping are two very small simulated "RADdata" datasets for test-
ing polyRAD functions. Each has four loci. exampleRAD is a natural population of 100 individuals
with a mix of diploid and tetraploid loci, with 80 individuals diploid and 20 individuals triploid.
exampleRAD_mapping is a diploid BC1 mapping population with two parents and 100 progeny.
Msi01genes is a "RADdata" object with 585 taxa and 24 loci, containing real data from Mis-
canthus sinensis, obtained by using VCF2RADdata on the file Msi01genes.vcf. Most individuals
in Msi01genes are diploid, with three haploids and one triploid.

Usage

data(exampleRAD)
data(exampleRAD_mapping)
data(Msi01genes)

Format

See the format described in "RADdata".

Source

Randomly generated using a script available in polyRAD/extdata/simulate_rad_data.R.

M. sinensis sequencing data available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov//bioproject/PRJNA207721,
with full genotype calls at doi:10.13012/B2IDB1402948_V1.

Examples

data(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD
data(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping
data(Msi01genes)
Msi01genes
ExpectedHindHe 29

ExpectedHindHe Simulate Data to Get Expected Distribution of Hind/He

Description

These functions were created to help users determine an appropriate cutoff for filtering loci based
on Hind /HE after running HindHe and InbreedingFromHindHe. ExpectedHindHe takes allele
frequencies, sample size, and read depths from a RADdata object, simulates genotypes and al-
lelic read depths from these assuming Mendelian inheritance, and then estimates Hind /HE for
each simulated locus. ExpectedHindHeMapping performs similar simulation and estimation, but
in mapping populations based on parental genotypes and expected distribution of progeny geno-
types. SimGenotypes, SimGenotypesMapping, and SimAlleleDepth are internal functions used
by ExpectedHindHe and ExpectedHindHeMapping but are provided at the user level since they
may be more broadly useful.

Usage

ExpectedHindHe(object, ploidy = object$possiblePloidies[[1]], inbreeding = 0,

overdispersion = 20, contamRate = 0, errorRate = 0.001,
reps = ceiling(5000/nLoci(object)),
quiet = FALSE, plot = TRUE)

ExpectedHindHeMapping(object, ploidy = object$possiblePloidies[[1]],

n.gen.backcrossing = 0, n.gen.selfing = 0,
overdispersion = 20, contamRate = 0, errorRate = 0.001,
freqAllowedDeviation = 0.05,
minLikelihoodRatio = 10, reps = ceiling(5000/nLoci(object)),
quiet = FALSE, plot = TRUE)

SimGenotypes(alleleFreq, alleles2loc, nsam, inbreeding, ploidy)

SimGenotypesMapping(donorGen, recurGen, alleles2loc, nsam,

ploidy.don, ploidy.rec,
n.gen.backcrossing, n.gen.selfing)

SimAlleleDepth(locDepth, genotypes, alleles2loc, overdispersion = 20,

contamRate = 0, errorRate = 0.001)

Arguments

object A RADdata object.

ploidy A single integer indicating the ploidy to use for genotype simulation. For ExpectedHindHe
and ExpectedHindHeMapping, this number will be multiplied by the values in
GetTaxaPloidy(object) then divided by two to determine the ploidy of each
individual for simulation.
30 ExpectedHindHe

inbreeding A number ranging from 0 to 1 indicating the amount of inbreeding (F ). This

represents inbreeding from all sources (population structure, self-fertilization,
etc.) and can be estimated with InbreedingFromHindHe.
overdispersion Overdispersion parameter as described in AddGenotypeLikelihood. Lower
values will cause allelic read depth distributions to deviate further from expec-
tations based on allele copy number.
contamRate Sample cross-contamination rate to simulate. Although 0 is the default, 0.001 is
also reasonable.
errorRate Sequencing error rate to simulate. For Illumina reads, 0.001 is a reasonable
value. An error is assumed to have an equal chance of converting an allele to
any other allele at the locus, although this is somewhat of an oversimplification.
reps The number of times to simulate the data and estimate Hind /HE . This can
generally be left at the default, but set it higher than 1 if you want to see within-
locus variance in the estimate.
quiet Boolean indicating whether to suppress messages and results printed to console.
plot Boolean indicating whether to plot a histogram of Hind /HE values.
n.gen.backcrossing
An integer indicating the number of generations of backcrossing.
n.gen.selfing An integer indicating the number of generations of self-fertilization.
freqAllowedDeviation
The amount by which allele frequencies are allowed to deviate from expected
allele frequencies. See AddAlleleFreqMapping.
minLikelihoodRatio
Minimum likelihood ratio for determining the most likely parental genotypes.
See GetLikelyGen.
alleleFreq A vector of allele frequencies, as can be found in the $alleleFreq slot of a
RADdata object after running AddAlleleFreqHWE.
alleles2loc An integer vector assigning alleles to loci, as can be found in the $alleles2loc
slot of a RADdata object.
nsam An integer indicating the number of samples (number of taxa) to simulate.
donorGen A vector indicating genotypes of the donor parent (which can be either parent if
backcrossing was not performed), with one value for each allele in the dataset,
and numbers indicating the copy number of each allele.
recurGen A vector indicating genotypes of the recurrent parent, as with donorGen.
ploidy.don A single integer indicating the ploidy of the donor parent.
ploidy.rec A single integer indicating the ploidy of the recurrent parent.
locDepth An integer matrix indicating read depth at each taxon and locus. Formatted as
the $locDepth slot of a RADdata object, notably with columns named by locus
number rather than locus name.
genotypes A numeric matrix, formatted as the output of GetProbableGenotypes or SimGenotypes,
indicating genotypes as allele copy number.
ExpectedHindHe 31

Details
To prevent highly inflated values in the output, ExpectedHindHe filters loci with minor allele fre-
quencies below five times the sequencing error rate.

Value
ExpectedHindHe and ExpectedHindHeMapping invisibly return a matrix, with loci in rows and
reps in columns, containing Hind /HE from the simulated loci.
SimGenotypes and SimGenotypesMapping return a numeric matrix of allele copy number, with
samples in rows and alleles in columns, similar to that produced by GetProbableGenotypes.
SimAlleleDepth returns an integer matrix of allelic read depth, with samples in rows and alleles in
columns, similar to the $alleleDepth slot of a RADdata object.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

References
Clark, L. V., Mays, W., Lipka, A. E. and Sacks, E. J. (2022) A population-level statistic for assess-
ing Mendelian behavior of genotyping-by-sequencing data from highly duplicated genomes. BMC
Bioinformatics 23, 101, doi:10.1186/s12859-022-04635-9.

Examples
# Load dataset for the example
data(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- AddAlleleFreqHWE(exampleRAD)

# Simulate genotypes
simgeno <- SimGenotypes(exampleRAD$alleleFreq, exampleRAD$alleles2loc, 10, 0.2, 2)

# Simulate reads
simreads <- SimAlleleDepth(exampleRAD$locDepth[1:10,], simgeno, exampleRAD$alleles2loc)

# Get expected Hind/He distribution if all loci in exampleRAD were well-behaved

ExpectedHindHe(exampleRAD, reps = 10)

# Mapping population example

data(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent1")
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent2")
exampleRAD_mapping <- AddAlleleFreqMapping(exampleRAD_mapping,
expectedFreqs = c(0.25, 0.75),
allowedDeviation = 0.08)
exampleRAD_mapping <- AddGenotypeLikelihood(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping <- EstimateParentalGenotypes(exampleRAD_mapping,
n.gen.backcrossing = 1)

simgenomap <- SimGenotypesMapping(exampleRAD_mapping$likelyGeno_donor[1,],

32 ExportGAPIT

exampleRAD_mapping$likelyGeno_recurrent[1,],
exampleRAD_mapping$alleles2loc,
nsam = 10, ploidy.don = 2, ploidy.rec = 2,
n.gen.backcrossing = 1,
n.gen.selfing = 0)

ExpectedHindHeMapping(exampleRAD_mapping, n.gen.backcrossing = 1, reps = 10)

ExportGAPIT Export RADdata Object for Use by Other R Packages

Description
After a "RADdata" object has been run through a pipeline such as IteratePopStruct, these
functions can be used to export the genotypes to R packages and other software that can per-
form genome-wide association and genomic prediction. ExportGAPIT, Export_rrBLUP_Amat,
Export_rrBLUP_GWAS, Export_GWASpoly, and Export_TASSEL_Numeric all export continuous
numerical genotypes generated by GetWeightedMeanGenotypes. Export_polymapR, Export_Structure,
and Export_adegenet_genind use GetProbableGenotypes to export discrete genotypes. Export_MAPpoly
and Export_polymapR_probs export genotype posterior probabilities.

Usage
ExportGAPIT(object, onePloidyPerAllele = FALSE)

Export_rrBLUP_Amat(object, naIfZeroReads = FALSE,

onePloidyPerAllele = FALSE)

Export_rrBLUP_GWAS(object, naIfZeroReads = FALSE,

onePloidyPerAllele = FALSE)

Export_TASSEL_Numeric(object, file, naIfZeroReads = FALSE,

onePloidyPerAllele = FALSE)

Export_polymapR(object, naIfZeroReads = TRUE,

progeny = GetTaxa(object)[!GetTaxa(object) %in%
c(GetDonorParent(object), GetRecurrentParent(object),
GetBlankTaxa(object))])

Export_polymapR_probs(object, maxPcutoff = 0.9,

correctParentalGenos = TRUE,
multiallelic = "correct")

Export_MAPpoly(object, file, pheno = NULL, ploidyIndex = 1,

progeny = GetTaxa(object)[!GetTaxa(object) %in%
c(GetDonorParent(object), GetRecurrentParent(object),
GetBlankTaxa(object))],
ExportGAPIT 33

digits = 3)

Export_GWASpoly(object, file, naIfZeroReads = TRUE, postmean = TRUE, digits = 3,

splitByPloidy = TRUE)

Export_Structure(object, file, includeDistances = FALSE, extraCols = NULL,

missingIfZeroReads = TRUE)

Export_adegenet_genind(object, ploidyIndex = 1)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object with posterior genotype probabilities already estimated.
onePloidyPerAllele
Logical. If TRUE, for each allele the inheritance mode with the lowest χ2 value
is selected and is assumed to be the true inheritance mode. If FALSE, inheritance
modes are weighted by inverse χ2 values for each allele, and mean genotypes
that have been weighted across inheritance modes are returned.
naIfZeroReads A logical indicating whether NA should be inserted into the output matrix for
any taxa and loci where the total read depth for the locus is zero. If FALSE,
the output for these genotypes is essentially the mode (for Export_polymapR
and Export_GWASpoly) or mean (for others) across prior genotype probabilities,
since prior and posterior genotype probabilities are equal when there are no
reads.
file A character string indicating a file path to which to write.
pheno A data frame or matrix of phenotypic values, with progeny in rows and traits in
columns. Columns should be named.
ploidyIndex Index, within object$possiblePloidies, of the ploidy to be exported.
progeny A character vector indicating which individuals to export as progeny of the cross.
maxPcutoff A cutoff for posterior probabilities, below which genotypes will be reported as
‘NA‘ in the ‘geno‘ column.
correctParentalGenos
Passed to GetProbableGenotypes. If TRUE, parental genotypes are corrected
based on progeny allele frequencies.
multiallelic Passed to GetProbableGenotypes. Under the default, genotypes at multiallelic
loci will be corrected to sum to the ploidy.
digits Number of decimal places to which to round genotype probabilities or posterior
mean genotypes in the output file.
postmean Logical. If TRUE, posterior mean genotypes will be output. If FALSE, discrete
genotypes will be output.
splitByPloidy Logical. If TRUE and there are multiple taxaPloidy values in the dataset, mul-
tiple files are written, one per ploidy.
includeDistances
Logical. If TRUE, the second row of the Structure file will contain distances
between markers, which can be used by the linkage model in Structure.
34 ExportGAPIT

extraCols An optional data frame, with one row per taxon, containing columns of data to
output to the left of the genotypes in the Structure file.
missingIfZeroReads
See naIfZeroReads. If TRUE, a value of -9 will be output for any genotypes
with zero reads, indicating that those genotypes are missing.

Details
GAPIT, FarmCPU, rrBLUP, TASSEL, and GWASpoly allow genotypes to be a continuous nu-
meric variable. MAPpoly and polymapR allow for import of genotype probabilities. GAPIT does
not allow missing data, hence there is no naIfZeroReads argument for ExportGAPIT. Genotypes
are exported on a scale of -1 to 1 for rrBLUP, on a scale of 0 to 2 for GAPIT and FarmCPU, and
on a scale of 0 to 1 for TASSEL.
For all functions except Export_Structure and Export_adegenet_genind, one allele per marker
is dropped. Export_MAPpoly also drops alleles where one or both parental genotypes could not be
determined, and where both parents are homozygotes.
For ExportGAPIT and Export_rrBLUP_GWAS, chromosome and position are filled with dummy data
if they do not exist in object$locTable. For Export_TASSEL_Numeric, allele names are exported,
but no chromosome or position information per se.
If the chromosomes in object$locTable are in character format, ExportGAPIT, Export_MAPpoly,
and Export_GWASpoly will attempt to extract chromosome numbers.
For polymapR there must only be one possible inheritance mode across loci (one value in object$possiblePloidies)
in the RADdata object, although triploid F1 populations derived from diploid and tetraploid parents
are allowed. See SubsetByPloidy for help reducing a RADdata object to a single inheritance mode.
MAPpoly only allows one ploidy, but Export_MAPpoly allows the user to select which inheritance
mode from the RADdata object to use. (This is due to how internal polyRAD functions are coded.)

Value
For ExportGAPIT, a list:

GD A data frame with taxa in the first column and alleles (markers) in subsequent
columns, containing the genotypes. To be passed to the GD argument for GAPIT
or FarmCPU.
GM A data frame with the name, chromosome number, and position of every allele
(marker). To be passed to the GM argument for GAPIT or FarmCPU.

For Export_rrBLUP_Amat, a matrix with taxa in rows and alleles (markers) in columns, containing
genotype data. This can be passed to A.mat in rrBLUP.
For Export_rrBLUP_GWAS, a data frame with alleles (markers) in rows. The first three columns
contain the marker names, chromosomes, and positions, and the remaining columns each represent
one taxon and contain the genotype data. This can be passed to the GWAS function in rrBLUP.
Export_TASSEL_Numeric and Export_MAPpoly write a file but does not return an object.
For Export_polymapR, a matrix of integers indicating the most probable allele copy number, with
markers in rows and individuals in columns. The parents are listed first, followed by all progeny.
ExportGAPIT 35

For Export_polymapR_probs, a data frame suitable to pass to the probgeno_df argument of

checkF1. Note that under default parameters, in some cases the maxP, maxgeno, and geno columns
may not actually reflect the maximum posterior probability if genotype correction was performed.
For Export_adegenet_genind, a "genind" object.
Export_MAPpoly, Export_GWASpoly, and Export_Structure write files but do not return an ob-
ject. Files output by Export_GWASpoly are comma delimited and in numeric format. Sample and
locus names are included in the file output by Export_Structure, and the number of rows for
each sample is equal to the highest ploidy as determined by the taxaPloidy slot and the output of
GetProbableGenotypes.

Note
rrBLUP and polymapR are available through CRAN, and GAPIT and FarmCPU must be down-
loaded from the Zhang lab website. MAPpoly is available on GitHub but not yet on CRAN.
GWASpoly is available from GitHub.
In my experience with TASSEL 5, numerical genotype files that are too large do not load/display
properly. If you run into this problem I recommend using SplitByChromosome to split your
RADdata object into multiple smaller objects, which can then be exported to separate files using
Export_TASSEL_Numeric. If performing GWAS, you may also need to compute a kinship matrix
using separate software such as rrBLUP.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

References
GAPIT and FarmCPU:
https://zzlab.net/GAPIT/
Lipka, A. E., Tian, F., Wang, Q., Peiffer, J., Li, M., Bradbury, P. J., Gore, M. A., Buckler, E. S. and
Zhang, Z. (2012) GAPIT: genome association and prediction integrated tool. Bioinformatics 28,
2397–2399.
https://zzlab.net/FarmCPU/
Liu, X., Huang, M., Fan, B., Buckler, E. S., Zhang, Z. (2016) Iterative usage of fixed and random
effects models for powerful and efficient genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genetics 12,
e1005767.
rrBLUP:
Endelman, J.B. (2011) Ridge Regression and Other Kernels for Genomic Selection with R Package
rrBLUP. The Plant Genome 4, 250–255.
TASSEL:
https://www.maizegenetics.net/tassel
Bradbury, P. J., Zhang, Z., Kroon, D. E., Casstevens, T. M., Ramdoss, Y. and Buckler, E. S. (2007)
TASSEL: Software for association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples. Bioinformatics
23, 2633–2635.
polymapR:
36 ExportGAPIT

Bourke, P., van Geest, G., Voorrips, R. E., Jansen, J., Kranenberg, T., Shahin, A., Visser, R. G. F.,
Arens, P., Smulders, M. J. M. and Maliepaard, C. (2018) polymapR: linkage analysis and genetic
map construction from F1 populations of outcrossing polyploids. Bioinformatics 34, 3496–3502.
MAPpoly:
https://github.com/mmollina/MAPpoly
Mollinari, M. and Garcia, A. A. F. (2018) Linkage analysis and haplotype phasing in experimen-
tal autopolyploid populations with high ploidy level using hidden Markov models. bioRxiv doi:
https://doi.org/10.1101/415232.
GWASpoly:
https://github.com/jendelman/GWASpoly
Rosyara, U. R., De Jong, W. S., Douches, D. S., and Endelman, J. B. (2016) Software for Genome-
Wide Association Studies in Autopolyploids and Its Application to Potato. Plant Genome 9.
Structure:
https://web.stanford.edu/group/pritchardlab/structure.html
Hubisz, M. J., Falush, D., Stephens, M. and Pritchard, J. K. (2009) Inferring weak population
structure with the assistance of sample group information. Molecular Ecology Resources 9, 1322–
1332.
Falush, D., Stephens, M. and Pritchard, J. K. (2007) Inferences of population structure using multi-
locus genotype data: dominant markers and null alleles. Molecular Ecology Notes 7, 574–578
Falush, D., Stephens, M. and Pritchard, J. K. (2003) Inferences of population structure using multi-
locus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics 164, 1567–1587.
Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M. and Donnelly, P. (2000) Inference of population structure using mul-
tilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945–959.

See Also
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes, RADdata2VCF

Examples
# load example dataset
data(exampleRAD)
# get genotype posterior probabilities
exampleRAD <- IterateHWE(exampleRAD)

# export to GAPIT
exampleGAPIT <- ExportGAPIT(exampleRAD)

# export to rrBLUP
example_rrBLUP_A <- Export_rrBLUP_Amat(exampleRAD)
example_rrBLUP_GWAS <- Export_rrBLUP_GWAS(exampleRAD)

# export to TASSEL
outfile <- tempfile() # temporary file for example
Export_TASSEL_Numeric(exampleRAD, outfile)
GetLikelyGen 37

# for mapping populations

data(exampleRAD_mapping)

# specify donor and recurrent parents

exampleRAD_mapping <- SetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent1")
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent2")

# run the pipeline

exampleRAD_mapping <- PipelineMapping2Parents(exampleRAD_mapping)

# convert to polymapR format

examplePMR <- Export_polymapR(exampleRAD_mapping)

examplePMR2 <- Export_polymapR_probs(exampleRAD_mapping)

# export to MAPpoly
outfile2 <- tempfile() # temporary file for example
# generate a dummy phenotype matrix containing random numbers
mypheno <- matrix(rnorm(200), nrow = 100, ncol = 2,
dimnames = list(GetTaxa(exampleRAD_mapping)[-(1:2)],
c("Height", "Yield")))
Export_MAPpoly(exampleRAD_mapping, file = outfile2, pheno = mypheno)

# load data into MAPpoly

# require(mappoly)
# mydata <- read_geno_prob(outfile2)

# export to GWASpoly
outfile3 <- tempfile() # temporary file for example
Export_GWASpoly(SubsetByPloidy(exampleRAD, list(2)), outfile3)

# export to Structure
outfile4 <- tempfile() # temporary file for example
Export_Structure(exampleRAD, outfile4)

# export to adegenet
if(requireNamespace("adegenet", quietly = TRUE)){
mygenind <- Export_adegenet_genind(exampleRAD)
}

GetLikelyGen Output the Most Likely Genotype

Description

For a single taxon in a "RADdata" object, GetLikelyGen returns the most likely genotype (ex-
pressed in allele copy number) for each allele and each possible ploidy. The likelihoods used for
determining genotypes are those stored in object$genotypeLikelihood.
38 GetLikelyGen

Usage

GetLikelyGen(object, taxon, minLikelihoodRatio = 10)

Arguments

object A "RADdata" object.

taxon A character string indicating the taxon for which genotypes should be returned.
minLikelihoodRatio
A number indicating the minimum ratio of the likelihood of the most likely
genotype to the likelihood of the second-most likely genotype for any genotype
to be output for a given allele. If this number is one or less, all of the most
likely genotypes will be output regardless of likelihood ratio. Where filtering is
required so that only high confidence genotypes are retained, this number should
be increased.

Value

A matrix with ploidies in rows (named with ploidies converted to character format) and alleles in
columns. Each value indicates the most likely number of copies of that allele that the taxon has,
assuming that ploidy.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

See Also

AddGenotypeLikelihood

Examples
# load dataset for this example
data(exampleRAD)
# add allele frequencies and genotype likelihoods
exampleRAD <- AddAlleleFreqHWE(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- AddGenotypeLikelihood(exampleRAD)

# get most likely genotypes

GetLikelyGen(exampleRAD, "sample001")
GetLikelyGen(exampleRAD, "sample082")

# try different filtering

GetLikelyGen(exampleRAD, "sample001", minLikelihoodRatio = 1)
GetLikelyGen(exampleRAD, "sample001", minLikelihoodRatio = 100)
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes 39

GetWeightedMeanGenotypes
Export Numeric Genotype Values from Posterior Probabilities

Description
These functions calculate numerical genotype values using posterior probabilities in a "RADdata"
object, and output those values as a matrix of taxa by alleles. GetWeightedMeanGenotypes re-
turns continuous genotype values, weighted by posterior genotype probabilities (i.e. posterior mean
genotypes). GetProbableGenotypes returns discrete genotype values indicating the most prob-
able genotype. If the "RADdata" object includes more than one possible inheritance mode, the
$ploidyChiSq slot is used for selecting or weighting inheritance modes for each allele.

Usage
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes(object, minval = 0, maxval = 1,
omit1allelePerLocus = TRUE,
omitCommonAllele = TRUE,
naIfZeroReads = FALSE,
onePloidyPerAllele = FALSE, ...)

GetProbableGenotypes(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
GetProbableGenotypes(object, omit1allelePerLocus = TRUE,
omitCommonAllele = TRUE,
naIfZeroReads = FALSE,
correctParentalGenos = TRUE,
multiallelic = "correct", ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object. Posterior genotype probabilities should have been added
with AddGenotypePosteriorProb, and if there is more than one possible ploidy,
ploidy chi-squared values should have been added with AddPloidyChiSq.
... Additional arguments, listed below, to be passed to the method for "RADdata".
minval The number that should be used for indicating that a taxon has zero copies of an
allele.
maxval The number that should be used for indicating that a taxon has the maximum
copies of an allele (equal to the ploidy of the locus).
omit1allelePerLocus
A logical indicating whether one allele per locus should be omitted from the
output, in order to reduce the number of variables and prevent singularities for
genome-wide association and genomic prediction. The value for one allele can
be predicted from the values from all other alleles at its locus.
40 GetWeightedMeanGenotypes

omitCommonAllele
A logical, passed to the commonAllele argument of OneAllelePerMarker, in-
dicating whether the most common allele for each locus should be omitted (as
opposed to simply the first allele for each locus). Ignored if omit1allelePerLocus
= FALSE.
naIfZeroReads A logical indicating whether NA should be inserted into the output matrix for any
taxa and loci where the total read depth for the locus is zero. If FALSE, the output
for these genotypes is essentially calculated using prior genotype probabilities,
since prior and posterior genotype probabilities are equal when there are no
reads.
onePloidyPerAllele
Logical. If TRUE, for each allele the inheritance mode with the lowest χ2 value
is selected and is assumed to be the true inheritance mode. If FALSE, inheritance
modes are weighted by inverse χ2 values for each allele, and mean genotypes
that have been weighted across inheritance modes are returned.
correctParentalGenos
Logical. If TRUE and if the dataset was processed with PipelineMapping2Parents,
the parental genotypes that are output are corrected according to the progeny
allele frequencies, using the likelyGeno_donor and likelyGeno_recurrent
slots in object. For the ploidy of the marker, the appropriate ploidy for the
parents is selected using the donorPloidies and recurrentPloidies slots.
multiallelic A string indicating how to handle cases where allele copy number across all
alleles at a locus does not sum to the ploidy. To retain the most probable copy
number for each allele, even if they don’t sum to the ploidy across all alleles,
use "ignore". To be conservative and convert these allele copy numbers to
NA, use "na". To adjust allele copy numbers to match the ploidy (adding or
subtracting allele copies while maximizing the product of posterior probabilities
across alleles), use "correct".

Details
For each inheritance mode m, taxon t, allele a, allele copy number i, total ploidy k, and posterior
genotype probability pi,t,a,m , posterior mean genotype gt,a,m is estimated by GetWeightedMeanGenotypes
as:

k
X i
gt,a,m = pi,t,a,m ∗
i=0
k

For GetProbableGenotypes, the genotype is the one with the maximum posterior probability:

k
gt,a,m = i| max pi,t,a,m
i=0

When there are multiple inheritance modes and onePloidyPerAllele = FALSE, the weighted geno-
type is estimated by GetWeightedMeanGenotypes as:

X 1 X 1
gt,a = [gt,a,m ∗ / ]
m
χ2m,a m
χ2m,a
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes 41

In GetProbableGenotypes, or GetWeightedMeanGenotypes when there are multiple inheritance

modes and onePloidyPerAllele = TRUE, the genotype is simply the one corresponding to the in-
heritance mode with the minimum χ2 value:

gt,a = gt,a,m | min χ2m,a

m

Value

For GetWeightedMeanGenotypes, a named matrix, with taxa in rows and alleles in columns, and
values ranging from minval to maxval. These values can be treated as continuous genotypes.
For GetProbableGenotypes, a list:

genotypes A named integer matrix, with taxa in rows and alleles in columns, and values
ranging from zero to the maximum ploidy for each allele. These values can be
treated as discrete genotypes.
ploidy_index A vector with one value per allele. It contains the index of the most likely
inheritance mode of that allele in object$priorProbPloidies.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

Examples
# load dataset
data(exampleRAD_mapping)

# run a genotype calling pipeline;

# substitute with any pipeline and parameters
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent1")
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent2")
exampleRAD_mapping <- PipelineMapping2Parents(exampleRAD_mapping,
n.gen.backcrossing = 1, useLinkage = FALSE)

# get weighted mean genotypes

wmg <- GetWeightedMeanGenotypes(exampleRAD_mapping)
# examine the results
wmg[1:10,]

# get most probable genotypes

pg <- GetProbableGenotypes(exampleRAD_mapping, naIfZeroReads = TRUE)
# examine the results
pg$genotypes[1:10,]
42 HindHe

HindHe Identify Non-Mendelian Loci and Taxa that Deviate from Ploidy Ex-
pectations

Description
HindHe and HindHeMapping both generate a matrix of values, with taxa in rows and loci in columns.
The mean value of the matrix is expected to be a certain value depending on the ploidy and, in the
case of natural populations and diversity panels, the inbreeding coefficient. colMeans of the matrix
can be used to filter non-Mendelian loci from the dataset. rowMeans of the matrix can be used to
identify taxa that are not the expected ploidy, are interspecific hybrids, or are a mix of multiple
samples.

Usage
HindHe(object, ...)

## S3 method for class 'RADdata'

HindHe(object, omitTaxa = GetBlankTaxa(object), ...)

HindHeMapping(object, ...)

## S3 method for class 'RADdata'

HindHeMapping(object, n.gen.backcrossing = 0, n.gen.intermating = 0,
n.gen.selfing = 0, ploidy = object$possiblePloidies[[1]],
minLikelihoodRatio = 10,
omitTaxa = c(GetDonorParent(object), GetRecurrentParent(object),
GetBlankTaxa(object)), ...)

Arguments
object A RADdata object. Genotype calling does not need to have been performed yet.
If the population is a mapping population, SetDonorParent and SetRecurrentParent
should have been run already.
omitTaxa A character vector indicating names of taxa not to be included in the output. For
HindHe, these taxa will also be omitted from allele frequency estimations.
n.gen.backcrossing
The number of generations of backcrossing performed in a mapping population.
n.gen.intermating
The number of generations of intermating performed in a mapping population.
Included for consistency with PipelineMapping2Parents, but currently will
give an error if set to any value other than zero. If the most recent generation
in your mapping population was random mating among all progeny, use HindHe
instead of HindHeMapping.
n.gen.selfing The number of generations of self-fertilization performed in a mapping popula-
tion.
HindHe 43

ploidy A single value indicating the assumed ploidy to test. Currently, only autopoly-
ploid and diploid inheritance modes are supported.
minLikelihoodRatio
Used internally by EstimateParentalGenotypes as a threshold for certainty of
parental genotypes. Decrease this value if too many markers are being discarded
from the calculation.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Details
These functions are especially useful for highly duplicated genomes, in which RAD tag alignments
may have been incorrect, resulting in groups of alleles that do not represent true Mendelian loci. The
statistic that is calculated is based on the principle that observed heterozygosity will be higher than
expected heterozygosity if a "locus" actually represents two or more collapsed paralogs. However,
the statistic uses read depth in place of genotypes, eliminating the need to perform genotype calling
before filtering.
For a given taxon * locus, Hind is the probability that two sequencing reads, sampled without
replacement, are different alleles (RAD tags).
In HindHe, HE is the expected heterozygosity, estimated from allele frequencies by taking the
column means of object$depthRatios. This is also the estimated probability that if two alleles
were sampled at random from the population at a given locus, they would be different alleles.
In HindHeMapping, HE is the average probability that in a random progeny, two alleles sampled
without replacement would be different. The number of generations of backcrossing and self-
fertilization, along with the ploidy and estimated parental genotypes, are needed to make this cal-
culation. The function essentially simulates the mapping population based on parental genotypes to
determine HE .
The expectation is that

ploidy − 1
Hind /HE = ∗ (1 − F )
ploidy
in a diversity panel, where F is the inbreeding coefficient, and

ploidy − 1
Hind /HE =
ploidy
in a mapping population. Loci that have much higher average values likely represent collapsed
paralogs that should be removed from the dataset. Taxa with much higher average values may be
higher ploidy than expected, interspecific hybrids, or multiple samples mixed together.

Value
A named matrix, with taxa in rows and loci in columns. For HindHeMapping, loci are omitted if
consistent parental genotypes could not be determined across alleles.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark
44 InbreedingFromHindHe

References
Clark, L. V., Mays, W., Lipka, A. E. and Sacks, E. J. (2022) A population-level statistic for assess-
ing Mendelian behavior of genotyping-by-sequencing data from highly duplicated genomes. BMC
Bioinformatics 23, 101, doi:10.1186/s12859-022-04635-9.
A seminar describing Hind /HE is available at https://youtu.be/Z2xwLQYc8OA?t=1678.

See Also
InbreedingFromHindHe, ExpectedHindHe

Examples
data(exampleRAD)

hhmat <- HindHe(exampleRAD)

colMeans(hhmat, na.rm = TRUE) # near 0.5 for diploid loci, 0.75 for tetraploid loci

data(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent1")
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent2")

hhmat2 <- HindHeMapping(exampleRAD_mapping, n.gen.backcrossing = 1)

colMeans(hhmat2, na.rm = TRUE) # near 0.5; all loci diploid

InbreedingFromHindHe Estimate Inbreeding from Hind/He for a Given Ploidy

Description
After running HindHe and examining the distribution of values across taxa and loci, InbreedingFromHindHe
can be used to estimate the inbreeding statistic F from the median or mode value of Hind /HE . The
statistic estimated encompasses inbreeding from all sources, including population structure, self-
fertilization, and preferential mating among relatives. It is intended to be used as input to the
process_isoloci.py script.

Usage
InbreedingFromHindHe(hindhe, ploidy)

Arguments
hindhe A value for Hind /HE . It should generally range from zero to one.
ploidy A single integer indicating the ploidy of the population.

Value
A number indicating the inbreeding statistic F . This is calculated as:

1 − hindhe ∗ ploidy/(ploidy − 1)
IterateHWE 45

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

See Also

HindHe, ExpectedHindHe, readProcessSamMulti, readProcessIsoloci

Examples
InbreedingFromHindHe(0.5, 2)
InbreedingFromHindHe(0.4, 2)
InbreedingFromHindHe(0.5, 4)

IterateHWE Iteratively Estimate Population Parameters and Genotypes In a Diver-

sity Panel

Description

These are wrapper function that iteratively run other polyRAD functions until allele frequencies
stabilize to within a user-defined threshold. Genotype posterior probabilities can then be exported
for downstream analysis.

Usage

IterateHWE(object, selfing.rate = 0, tol = 1e-05,

excludeTaxa = GetBlankTaxa(object),
overdispersion = 9)

IterateHWE_LD(object, selfing.rate = 0, tol = 1e-05,

excludeTaxa = GetBlankTaxa(object),
LDdist = 1e4, minLDcorr = 0.2,
overdispersion = 9)

IteratePopStruct(object, selfing.rate = 0, tol = 1e-03,

excludeTaxa = GetBlankTaxa(object),
nPcsInit = 10, minfreq = 0.0001,
overdispersion = 9, maxR2changeratio = 0.05)

IteratePopStructLD(object, selfing.rate = 0, tol = 1e-03,

excludeTaxa = GetBlankTaxa(object),
nPcsInit = 10, minfreq = 0.0001, LDdist = 1e4,
minLDcorr = 0.2,
overdispersion = 9, maxR2changeratio = 0.05)
46 IterateHWE

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object.
selfing.rate A number ranging from zero to one indicating the frequency of self-fertilization
in the species. For individuals with odd ploidy (e.g. triploids), the selfing rate is
always treated as zero and a warning is printed if a value above zero is provided.
tol A number indicating when the iteration should end. It indicates the maximum
mean difference in allele frequencies between iterations that is tolerated. Larger
numbers will lead to fewer iterations.
excludeTaxa A character vector indicating names of taxa that should be excluded from allele
frequency estimates and chi-squared estimates.
nPcsInit An integer indicating the number of principal component axes to initially esti-
mate from object$depthRatio. Passed to AddPCA.
minfreq A number indicating the minimum allele frequency allowed. Passed to AddAlleleFreqByTaxa.
LDdist The distance, in basepairs, within which to search for alleles that may be in
linkage disequilibrium with a given allele.
minLDcorr The minimum correlation coefficient between two alleles for linkage disequilib-
rium between those alleles to be used by the pipeline for genotype estimation;
see AddAlleleLinkages.
overdispersion Overdispersion parameter; see AddGenotypeLikelihood.
maxR2changeratio
This number determines how many principal component axes are retained. The
difference in R2 values between the first and second axes is multiplied by maxR2changeratio.
The last axis retained is the first axis after which the R2 value changes by less
than this value. Lower values of maxR2changeratio will result in more axes
being retained.

Details
For IterateHWE, the following functions are run iteratively, assuming no population structure:
AddAlleleFreqHWE, AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE, AddGenotypeLikelihood, AddPloidyChiSq,
and AddGenotypePosteriorProb.
IterateHWE_LD runs each of the functions listed for IterateHWE once, then runs AddAlleleLinkages.
It then runs AddAlleleFreqHWE, AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE, AddGenotypePriorProb_LD, AddGenotypeLikelihood,
AddPloidyChiSq, and AddGenotypePosteriorProb iteratively until allele frequencies converge.
For IteratePopStruct, the following functions are run iteratively, modeling population structure:
AddPCA, AddAlleleFreqByTaxa, AddAlleleFreqHWE, AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa, AddGenotypeLikelihood,
AddPloidyChiSq, and AddGenotypePosteriorProb. After the first PCA analysis, the number of
principal component axes is not allowed to decrease, and can only increase by one from one round
to the next, in order to help the algorithm converge.
IteratePopStructLD runs each of the functions listed for IteratePopStruct once, then runs
AddAlleleLinkages. It then runs AddAlleleFreqHWE, AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa, AddGenotypePriorProb_LD,
AddGenotypeLikelihood, AddPloidyChiSq, AddGenotypePosteriorProb, AddPCA, and AddAlleleFreqByTaxa
iteratively until convergence of allele frequencies.
IterateHWE 47

Value
A "RADdata" object identical to that passed to the function, but with $alleleFreq, $priorProb,
$depthSamplingPermutations, $genotypeLikelihood, $ploidyChiSq, and $posteriorProb
slots added. For IteratePopStruct and IteratePopStructLD, $alleleFreqByTaxa and $PCA are
also added. For IteratePopStructLD and IterateHWE_LD, $alleleLinkages and $priorProbLD
are also added.

Note
If you see the error
Error in if (rel_ch < threshold & count > 5) { : missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed
try lowering nPcsInit.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes for outputting genotypes in a useful format after iteration is com-
pleted.
StripDown to remove memory-hogging slots that are no longer needed after the pipeline has been
run.
PipelineMapping2Parents for mapping populations.

Examples
# load dataset
data(exampleRAD)

# iteratively estimate parameters

exampleRAD <- IterateHWE(exampleRAD)

# export results
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes(exampleRAD)

# re-load to run pipeline assuming population structure

data(exampleRAD)

# run pipeline
exampleRAD <- IteratePopStruct(exampleRAD, nPcsInit = 3)

# export results
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes(exampleRAD)

# dataset for LD pipeline

data(Msi01genes)

# run HWE + LD pipeline

48 LocusInfo

mydata1 <- IterateHWE_LD(Msi01genes)

# run pop. struct + LD pipeline

# (tolerance raised to make example run faster)
mydata2 <- IteratePopStructLD(Msi01genes, tol = 0.01)

LocusInfo Get Information about a Single Locus

Description

This function returns, and optionally prints, information about a single locus with a RADdata object,
including alignment position, allele sequences, and genes overlapping the site.

Usage

LocusInfo(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
LocusInfo(object, locus, genome = NULL,
annotation = NULL, verbose = TRUE, ...)

Arguments

object A RADdata object.

locus A character string indicating the name of the locus to display. Alternatively, a
character string indicating the name of an allele, for which the corresponding
locus will be identified.
genome An optional FaFile or BSgenome object containing the reference genome se-
quence.
annotation An optional TxDb object containing the genome annotation.
verbose If TRUE, results will be printed to the console.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Details

The locus name, allele names, and allele sequences are always returned (although allele names are
not printed with verbose). If the chromosome and position are known, those are also returned and
printed. If annotation is provided, the function will return and print genes that overlap the locus. If
annotation and genome are provided, the function will attempt to identify any amino acid changes
caused by the alleles, using predictCoding internally. Identification of amino acid changes will
work if the RADdata object was created with VCF2RADdata using the refgenome argument to fill in
non-variable sites, and/or if the alleles are only one nucleotide long.
MakeTasselVcfFilter 49

Value

A list containing:

Locus The name of the locus.

Chromosome The chromosome name, if present.
Position The position in base pairs on the chromosome, if present.
Alleles Allele names for the locus.
Haplotypes Allele sequences for the locus, in the same order.
Frequencies Allele frequencies, if present, in the same order.
Transcripts Transcripts overlapping the locus, if an annotation was provided but it wasn’t
possible to predict amino acid changes.
PredictCoding The output of predictCoding, if it was run.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

See Also

makeTxDbFromGFF, GetLoci

Examples
data(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- AddAlleleFreqHWE(exampleRAD)
loc2info <- LocusInfo(exampleRAD, "loc2")

MakeTasselVcfFilter Filter Lines of a VCF File By Call Rate and Allele Frequency

Description

This function creates another function that can be used as a prefilter by the function filterVcf in
the package VariantAnnotation. The user can set a minimum number of indiviuals with reads and
a minimum number of individuals with the minor allele (either the alternative or reference allele).
The filter can be used to generate a smaller VCF file before reading with VCF2RADdata.

Usage

MakeTasselVcfFilter(min.ind.with.reads = 200, min.ind.with.minor.allele = 10)

50 MakeTasselVcfFilter

Arguments
min.ind.with.reads
An integer indicating the minimum number of individuals that must have reads
in order for a marker to be retained.
min.ind.with.minor.allele
An integer indicating the minimum number of individuals that must have the
minor allele in order for a marker to be retained.

Details
This function assumes the VCF file was output by the TASSEL GBSv2 pipeline. This means that
each genotype field begins with two digits ranging from zero to three separated by a forward slash
to indicate the called genotype, followed by a colon.

Value
A function is returned. The function takes as its only argument a character vector representing a set
of lines from a VCF file, with each line representing one SNP. The function returns a logical vector
the same length as the character vector, with TRUE if the SNP meets the threshold for call rate and
minor allele frequency, and FALSE if it does not.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

References
https://bitbucket.org/tasseladmin/tassel-5-source/wiki/Tassel5GBSv2Pipeline

Examples
# make the filtering function
filterfun <- MakeTasselVcfFilter(300, 15)

# Executable code excluded from CRAN testing for taking >10 s:

require(VariantAnnotation)
# get the example VCF installed with polyRAD
exampleVCF <- system.file("extdata", "Msi01genes.vcf", package = "polyRAD")
exampleBGZ <- paste(exampleVCF, "bgz", sep = ".")

# zip and index the file using Tabix (if not done already)
if(!file.exists(exampleBGZ)){
exampleBGZ <- bgzip(exampleVCF)
indexTabix(exampleBGZ, format = "vcf")
}

# make a temporary file

# (for package checks; you don't need to do this in your own code)
outfile <- tempfile(fileext = ".vcf")
MergeIdenticalHaplotypes 51

# filter to a new file

filterVcf(exampleBGZ, destination = outfile,
prefilters = FilterRules(list(filterfun)))

MergeIdenticalHaplotypes
Merge Alleles with Identical DNA Sequences

Description
If any alleles within a locus have identical alleleNucleotides values (including those identical
based on IUPAC ambiguity codes), this function merges those alleles, summing their read depths.
This function is primarily intended to be used internally in cases where tags vary in length within a
locus, resulting in truncated alleleNucleotides.

Usage
MergeIdenticalHaplotypes(object, ...)

Arguments
object A RADdata object.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Value
A RADdata object identical to object, but with alleles merged.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
MergeRareHaplotypes, readProcessIsoloci

Examples
data(exampleRAD)
# change a haplotype for this example
exampleRAD$alleleNucleotides[5] <- "GY"

nAlleles(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- MergeIdenticalHaplotypes(exampleRAD)
nAlleles(exampleRAD)
52 MergeRareHaplotypes

MergeRareHaplotypes Consolidate Reads from Rare Alleles

Description
MergeRareHaplotypes searches for rare alleles in a "RADdata" object, and merges them into
the most similar allele at the same locus based on nucleotide sequence (or the most common
allele if multiple are equally similar). Read depth is summed across merged alleles, and the
alleleNucleotides slot of the "RADdata" object contains IUPAC ambiguity codes to indicate
nucleotide differences across merged alleles. This function is designed to be used immediately
after data import.

Usage
MergeRareHaplotypes(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
MergeRareHaplotypes(object, min.ind.with.haplotype = 10, ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object.
min.ind.with.haplotype
The minimum number of taxa having reads from a given allele for that allele to
not be merged.
... Additional arguments; none implemented.

Details
Alleles with zero reads across the entire dataset are removed by MergeRareHaplotypes without
merging nucleotide sequences. After merging, at least one allele is left, even if it has fewer than
min.ind.with.haplotype taxa with reads, as long as it has more than zero taxa with reads.

Value
A "RADdata" object identical to object, but with its $alleleDepth, $antiAlleleDepth, $depthRatio,
$depthSamplingPermutations, $alleleNucleotides, and $alleles2loc arguments adjusted
after merging alleles.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
SubsetByLocus, VCF2RADdata, readStacks
MergeTaxaDepth 53

Examples
data(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD2 <- MergeRareHaplotypes(exampleRAD,
min.ind.with.haplotype = 20)
exampleRAD$alleleDepth[21:30,6:7]
exampleRAD2$alleleDepth[21:30,6,drop=FALSE]
exampleRAD$alleleNucleotides
exampleRAD2$alleleNucleotides

MergeTaxaDepth Combine Read Depths from Multiple Taxa into One Taxon

Description
This function should be used in situations where data that were imported as separate taxa should be
merged into a single taxon. The function should be used before any of the pipeline functions for
genotype calling. Read depths are summed across duplicate taxa and output as a single taxon.

Usage
MergeTaxaDepth(object, ...)

## S3 method for class 'RADdata'

MergeTaxaDepth(object, taxa, ...)

Arguments
object A RADdata object.
taxa A character vector indicating taxa to be merged. The first taxon in the vector
will be used to name the combined taxon in the output.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Details
Examples of reasons to use this function:
• Duplicate samples across different libraries were given different names so that preliminary
analysis could confirm that they were truly the same (i.e. no mix-ups) before combining them.
• Typos in the key file for the SNP mining software (TASSEL, Stacks, etc.) caused duplicate
samples to have different names when they really should have had the same name.
To merge multiple sets of taxa into multiple combined taxa, this function can be run multiple times
or in a loop.

Value
A RADdata object derived from object. The alleleDepth, antiAlleleDepth, locDepth, depthRatio,
and depthSamplingPermutation slots, and "taxa" and "nTaxa" attributes, have been changed ac-
cordingly to reflect the merge.
54 OneAllelePerMarker

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
SubsetByTaxon

Examples
# dataset for this example
data(exampleRAD)

# merge the first three taxa into one

exampleRADm <- MergeTaxaDepth(exampleRAD, c("sample001", "sample002", "sample003"))

# inspect read depth

exampleRAD$alleleDepth[1:3,]
exampleRADm$alleleDepth[1:3,]

OneAllelePerMarker Return the Index of One Allele for Each Locus

Description
This function exists primarily to be called by functions such as AddPCA and GetWeightedMeanGenotypes
that may need to exclude one allele per locus to avoid mathematical singularities. For a "RADdata"
object, it returns the indices of one allele per locus.

Usage
OneAllelePerMarker(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
OneAllelePerMarker(object, commonAllele = FALSE, ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object.
commonAllele If TRUE, the index of the most common allele for each locus is returned, accord-
ing to object$alleleFreq. If FALSE, the index of the first allele for each locus
is returned.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Value
An integer vector indicating the index of one allele for each locus in object.
PipelineMapping2Parents 55

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
GetTaxa for a list of accessors.

Examples
data(exampleRAD)

OneAllelePerMarker(exampleRAD)

OneAllelePerMarker(exampleRAD, commonAllele = TRUE)

PipelineMapping2Parents
Run polyRAD Pipeline on a Mapping Population

Description
This function is a wrapper for AddAlleleFreqMapping, AddGenotypeLikelihood, AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Pare
AddPloidyChiSq, and AddGenotypePosteriorProb. It covers the full pipeline for estimating
genotype posterior probabilities from read depth in a "RADdata" object containing data from a
mapping population.

Usage
PipelineMapping2Parents(object, n.gen.backcrossing = 0,
n.gen.intermating = 0, n.gen.selfing = 0,
minLikelihoodRatio = 10, freqAllowedDeviation = 0.05,
freqExcludeTaxa = c(GetDonorParent(object),
GetRecurrentParent(object),
GetBlankTaxa(object)),
useLinkage = TRUE, linkageDist = 1e7,
minLinkageCorr = 0.5, overdispersion = 9)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object.
n.gen.backcrossing
An integer, zero or greater, indicating how many generations of backcrossing to
the recurrent parent were performed.
n.gen.intermating
An integer, zero or greater, indicating how many generations of intermating
within the population were performed.
56 PipelineMapping2Parents

n.gen.selfing An integer, zero or greater, indicating how many generations of selfing were
performed.
minLikelihoodRatio
The minimum likelihood ratio for determining parental genotypes with confi-
dence, to be passed to GetLikelyGen for both parental taxa.
freqAllowedDeviation
For AddAlleleFreqMapping, the amount by which an allele frequency can de-
viate from an expected allele frequency in order to be counted as that allele
frequency.
freqExcludeTaxa
A character vector indicating taxa to exclude from allele frequency estimates
and ploidy χ2 estimates.
useLinkage Boolean. Should genotypes at nearby loci (according to genomic alignment
data) be used for updating genotype priors?
linkageDist A number, in basepairs, indicating the maximum distance for linked loci. Ig-
nored if useLinkage = FALSE.
minLinkageCorr A number ranging from zero to one. Indicates the minimum correlation co-
effienct between weighted mean genotypes at two alleles in order for linkage
data to be used for updating genotype priors. Ignored if useLinkage = FALSE.
overdispersion Overdispersion parameter; see AddGenotypeLikelihood.

Details
Unlike IterateHWE and IteratePopStruct, PipelineMapping2Parents only runs through each
function once, rather than iteratively until convergence.

Value
A "RADdata" object identical to that passed to the function, with the following slots added: $alleleFreq,
depthSamplingPermutations, $genotypeLikelihood, likelyGeno_donor, likelyGeno_recurrent,
$priorProb, $ploidyChiSq, $posteriorProb, and if useLinkage = TRUE, $alleleLinkages and
$priorProbLD. See the documentation for the functions listed in the description for more details
on the data contained in these slots.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
SetDonorParent and SetRecurrentParent to indicate which individuals are the parents before
running the function.
AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents for how ploidy of parents and progeny is interpreted.
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes or Export_polymapR for exporting genotypes from the resulting ob-
ject.
StripDown to remove memory-hogging slots that are no longer needed after the pipeline has been
run.
RADdata 57

Examples
# load data for the example
data(exampleRAD_mapping)

# specify donor and recurrent parents

exampleRAD_mapping <- SetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent1")
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent2")

# run the pipeline

exampleRAD_mapping <- PipelineMapping2Parents(exampleRAD_mapping,
n.gen.backcrossing = 1)

# export results
wmgeno <- GetWeightedMeanGenotypes(exampleRAD_mapping)[-(1:2),]
wmgeno

RADdata RADdata object constructor

Description
RADdata is used internally to generate objects of the S3 class “RADdata” by polyRAD functions
for importing read depth data. It is also available at the user level for cases where the data for import
are not already in a format supported by polyRAD.

Usage
RADdata(alleleDepth, alleles2loc, locTable, possiblePloidies, contamRate,
alleleNucleotides, taxaPloidy)

## S3 method for class 'RADdata'

plot(x, ...)

Arguments
alleleDepth An integer matrix, with taxa in rows and alleles in columns. Taxa names should
be included as row names. Each value indicates the number of reads for a given
allele in a given taxon. There should be no NA values; use zero to indicate no
reads.
alleles2loc An integer vector with one value for each column of alleleDepth. The number
indicates the identity of the locus to which the allele belongs. A locus can have
any number of alleles assigned to it (including zero).
locTable A data frame, where locus names are row names. There must be at least as
many rows as the highest value of alleles2loc; each number in alleles2loc
corresponds to a row index in locTable. No columns are required, although if
provided a column named “Chr” will be used for indicating chromosome iden-
tities, a column named “Pos” will be used for indicating physical position, and
a column named “Ref” will be used to indicate the reference sequence.
58 RADdata

possiblePloidies
A list, where each item in the list is an integer vector (or a numeric vector that
can be converted to integer). Each vector indicates an inheritance pattern that
markers in the dataset might obey. 2 indicates diploid, 4 indicates autotetraploid,
c(2, 2) indicates allotetraploid, etc.
contamRate A number ranging from zero to one (although in practice probably less than
0.01) indicating the expected sample cross-contamination rate.
alleleNucleotides
A character vector with one value for each column of alleleDepth, indicating
the DNA sequence for that allele. Typically only the sequence at variable sites
is provided, although intervening non-variable sequence can also be provided.
taxaPloidy An integer vector indicating ploidies of taxa. If a single value is provided, it
will be assumed that all taxa are the same ploidy. Otherwise, one value must
be provided for each taxon. If unnamed, it is assumed that taxa are in the same
order as the rows of alleleDepth. If named, names must match the row names
of alleleDepth but do not need to be in the same order. This value is used as a
multiplier with possiblePloidies; see Details.
x A “RADdata” object.
... Additional arguments to pass to plot, for example col or pch.

Details
For a single locus, ideally the string provided in locTable$Ref and all strings in alleleNucleotides
are the same length, so that SNPs and indels may be matched by position. The character “-” in-
dicates a deletion with respect to the reference, and can be used within alleleNucleotides. The
character “.” is a placeholder where other alleles have an insertion with respect to the reference, and
may be used in locTable$Ref and alleleNucleotides. Note that it is possible for the sequence
in locTable$Ref to be absent from alleleNucleotides if the reference haplotype is absent from
the dataset, as may occur if the reference genome is that of a related species and not the actual
study species. For the alleleNucleotides vector, the attribute "Variable_sites_only" indi-
cates whether non-variable sequence in between variants is included; this needs to be FALSE for
other functions to determine the position of each variant within the set of tags.
Inheritance mode is determined by multiplying the values in possiblePloidies by the values in
taxaPloidy and dividing by two. For example, if you wanted to assume autotetraploid inheritance
across the entire dataset, you could set possiblePloidies = list(4) and taxaPloidy = 2, or al-
ternatively possiblePloidies = list(2) and taxaPloidy = 4. To indicate a mix of diploid and
allotetraploid inheritance across loci, set possiblePloidies = list(2, c(2, 2)) and taxaPloidy
= 2. If taxa themselves vary in ploidy, provide one value of taxaPloidy for each taxon. All inher-
itance modes listed in possiblePloidies apply equally to all taxa, even when ploidy varies by
taxon.

Value
An object of the S3 class “RADdata”. The following slots are available using the $ operator:

alleleDepth Identical to the argument provided to the function.

alleles2loc Identical to the argument provided to the function.
RADdata 59

locTable Identical to the argument provided to the function.

possiblePloidies
The possiblePloidies argument, converted to integer.
locDepth A matrix with taxa in rows and loci in columns, with read depth summed across
all alleles for each locus. Column names are locus numbers rather than locus
names. See GetLocDepth for retrieving the same matrix but with locus names
as column names.
depthSamplingPermutations
A numeric matrix with taxa in rows and alleles in columns. It is calculated as
log(locDepthchoosealleleDepth). This is used as a coefficient for likelihood
estimations done by other polyRAD functions (i.e. AddGenotypeLikelihood).
depthRatio A numeric matrix with taxa in rows and alleles in columns. Calculated as
alleleDepth/locDepth. Used by other polyRAD functions for rough estima-
tion of genotypes and allele frequency.
antiAlleleDepth
An integer matrix with taxa in rows and alleles in columns. For each allele, the
number of reads from the locus that do NOT belong to that allele. Calculated as
locDepth − alleleDepth. Used for likelihood estimations by other polyRAD
functions.
alleleNucleotides
Identical to the argument provided to the function.
taxaPloidy A named integer vector with one value per taxon, indicating the ploidy of taxa.

The object additionally has several attributes (see attr):

taxa A character vector listing all taxa names, in the same order as the rows of
alleleDepth.
nTaxa An integer indicating the number of taxa.
nLoc An integer indicating the number of loci in locTable.
contamRate Identical to the argument provided to the function.

The plot method performs a principal components analysis with AddPCA if not already done, then
plots the first two axes. Points represent individuals (taxa). If mapping population parents have
been noted in the object (see SetDonorParent), they are indicated in the plot.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

See Also

Data import functions that internally call RADdata:

readHMC, readTagDigger, VCF2RADdata, readStacks, readTASSELGBSv2, readProcessSamMulti,
readProcessIsoloci
60 RADdata2VCF

Examples
# create the dataset
mydepth <- matrix(sample(100, 16), nrow = 4, ncol = 4,
dimnames = list(paste("taxon", 1:4, sep = ""),
paste("loc", c(1,1,2,2), "_", c(0,1,0,1), sep = "")))
mydata <- RADdata(mydepth, c(1L,1L,2L,2L),
data.frame(row.names = c("loc1", "loc2"), Chr = c(1,1),
Pos = c(2000456, 5479880)),
list(2, c(2,2)), 0.001, c("A", "G", "G", "T"), 6)

# inspect the dataset

mydata
mydata$alleleDepth
mydata$locDepth
mydata$depthRatio
mydata$taxaPloidy

# the S3 class structure is flexible; other data can be added

mydata$GPS <- data.frame(row.names = attr(mydata, "taxa"),
Lat = c(43.12, 43.40, 43.05, 43.27),
Long = -c(70.85, 70.77, 70.91, 70.95))
mydata$GPS

# If you have NA in your alleleDepth matrix to indicate zero reads,

# perform the following before running the RADdata constructor:
mydepth[is.na(mydepth)] <- 0L

# plotting a RADdata object

plot(mydata)

RADdata2VCF Export RADdata Genotypes to VCF

Description
Converts genotype calls from polyRAD into VCF format. The user may send the results directly to
a file, or to a CollapsedVCF for further manipulation.

Usage
RADdata2VCF(object, file = NULL, asSNPs = TRUE, hindhe = TRUE,
sampleinfo = data.frame(row.names = GetTaxa(object)),
contigs = data.frame(row.names = unique(object$locTable$Chr)))

Arguments
object A RADdata object in which genotype calling has been performed. It is also
important for the data to have been imported in a way that preserves variant
positions (i.e. readProcessIsoloci, readTASSELGBSv2, VCF2RADdata using
the refgenome argument).
RADdata2VCF 61

file An optional character string or connection indicating where to write the file.
Append mode may be used with connections if multiple RADdata objects need
to be written to one VCF.
asSNPs Boolean indicating whether to convert haplotypes to individual SNPs and indels.
hindhe Boolean indicating whether to export a mean value of Hind/He (see HindHe) for
every sample and locus.
sampleinfo A data frame with optional columns indicating any sample metadata to export
to "SAMPLE" header lines.
contigs A data frame with optional columns providing information about contigs to ex-
port to "contig" header lines.

Details
Currently, the FORMAT fields exported are GT (genotype), AD (allelic read depth), and DP (read
depth). Genotype posterior probabilities are not exported due to the mathematical intractability of
converting pseudo-biallelic probabilities to multiallelic probabilities.
Genotypes exported to the GT field are obtained internally using GetProbableGenotypes.
INFO fields exported include the standard fields NS (number of samples with more than zero reads)
and DP (total depth across samples) as well as the custom fields LU (index of the marker in the
original RADdata object) and HH (Hind/He statistic for the marker).
This function requires the BioConductor package VariantAnnotation. See https://bioconductor.
org/packages/release/bioc/html/VariantAnnotation.html for installation instructions.

Value
A CollapsedVCF object.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

References
https://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/VCFv4.3.pdf

See Also
VCF2RADdata, ExportGAPIT

Examples
# Set up example dataset for export.
# You DO NOT need to adjust attr or locTable in your own dataset.
data(exampleRAD)
attr(exampleRAD$alleleNucleotides, "Variable_sites_only") <- FALSE
exampleRAD$locTable$Ref <-
exampleRAD$alleleNucleotides[match(1:nLoci(exampleRAD), exampleRAD$alleles2loc)]
exampleRAD <- IterateHWE(exampleRAD)
62 readDArTag

# An optional table of sample data

sampleinfo <- data.frame(row.names = GetTaxa(exampleRAD),
Population = rep(c("North", "South"), each = 50))

# Add contig information (fill in with actual data rather than random)
mycontigs <- data.frame(row.names = c("1", "4", "6", "9"), length = sample(1e8, 4),
URL = rep("ftp://mygenome.com/mygenome.fa", 4))

# Set up a file destination for this example

# (It is not necessary to use tempfile with your own data)
outfile <- tempfile(fileext = ".vcf")

# Export VCF
testvcf <- RADdata2VCF(exampleRAD, file = outfile, sampleinfo = sampleinfo,
contigs = mycontigs)

readDArTag Import Data from DArT Sequencing

Description
Diversity Array Technologies (DArT) provides a tag-based genotyping-by-sequencing service. To-
gether with Breeding Insight, a format was developed indicting haplotype sequence and read depth,
and that format is imported by this function to make a RADdata object. The target SNP and all
off-target SNPs within the amplicon are imported as haplotypes. Because the file format does not
indicate strandedness of the tag, BLAST results are used so that sequence and position are ac-
curately stored in the RADdata object. See the “extdata” folder of the polyRAD installation for
example files.

Usage
readDArTag(file, botloci = NULL, blastfile = NULL, excludeHaps = NULL,
includeHaps = NULL, n.header.rows = 0, sample.name.row = 1,
trim.sample.names = "_[^_]+_[ABCDEFGH][[:digit:]][012]?$",
sep.counts = ",", sep.blast = "\t", possiblePloidies = list(2),
taxaPloidy = 2L, contamRate = 0.001)

Arguments
file The file name of a spreadsheet from DArT indicating haplotype sequence and
read depth.
botloci A character vector indicating the names of loci for which the sequence is on
the bottom strand with respect to the reference genome. All other loci are as-
sumed to be on the top strand. Only one of blastfile and botloci should be
provided.
readDArTag 63

blastfile File name for BLAST results for haplotypes. The file should be in tabular for-
mat with qseqid, sseqid, sstart, send, and pident columns, indicated with
column headers. Only one of blastfile and botloci should be provided.
excludeHaps Optional. Character vector with names of haplotypes (from the “AlleleID” col-
umn) that should not be imported. Should not be used if includeHaps is pro-
vided.
includeHaps Optional. Character vector with names of haplotypes (from the “AlleleID” col-
umn) that should be imported. Should not be used if excludeHaps is provided.
n.header.rows Integer. The number of header rows in file, not including the full row of col-
umn headers.
sample.name.row
Integer. The row within file from which sample names should be derived.
trim.sample.names
A regular expression indicating text to trim off of sample names. Use "" if no
trimming should be performed.
sep.counts The field separator character for file. The default assumes CSV.
sep.blast The field separator character for the BLAST results. The default assumes tab-
delimited.
possiblePloidies
A list indicating possible inheritance modes. See RADdata.
taxaPloidy A single integer, or an integer vector with one value per taxon, indicating ploidy.
See RADdata.
contamRate Expected sample cross-contamination rate. See RADdata.

Details

The “CloneID” column is used for locus names, and is assumed to contain the chromosome (or
scaffold) name and position, separated by an underscore. The position is assumed to refer to the
target SNP, which is identified by comparing the “Ref_001” and “Alt_002” sequences. The position
is then converted to refer to the beginning of the tag (which may have been reverse complemented
depending on BLAST results), since additional SNPs may be present. This facilitates accurate
export to VCF using RADdata2VCF.
Column names for the BLAST file can be “Query”, “Subject”, “S_start”, “S_end”, and “%Identity”,
for compatibility with Breeding Insight formats.

Value

A RADdata object ready for QC and genotype calling. Assuming the “Ref_001” and “Alt_002”
alleles were not excluded, the locTable slot will include columns for chromosome, position, strand,
and reference sequence.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark
64 readHMC

References
https://www.diversityarrays.com/
https://breedinginsight.org/

See Also
reverseComplement
readTagDigger, VCF2RADdata, readStacks, readTASSELGBSv2, readHMC
RADdata2VCF

Examples
## Older Excellence in Breeding version
# Example files installed with polyRAD
dartfile <- system.file("extdata", "DArTag_example.csv", package = "polyRAD")
blastfile <- system.file("extdata", "DArTag_BLAST_example.txt",
package = "polyRAD")

# One haplotype doesn't seem to have correct alignment (see BLAST results)
exclude_hap <- c("Chr1_30668472|RefMatch_004")

# Import data
mydata <- readDArTag(dartfile, blastfile = blastfile,
excludeHaps = exclude_hap,
possiblePloidies = list(4),
n.header.rows = 7, sample.name.row = 7)

## Newer Excellence in Breeding version (2022)

# Example files installed with polyRAD
dartfile <- system.file("extdata", "DArTag_example2.csv", package = "polyRAD")
blastfile <- system.file("extdata", "DArTag_BLAST_example2.txt",
package = "polyRAD")

# One haplotype doesn't seem to have correct alignment (see BLAST results)
exclude_hap <- c("Chr1_30668472|RefMatch_0004")

# Import data
mydata <- readDArTag(dartfile, blastfile = blastfile,
excludeHaps = exclude_hap,
possiblePloidies = list(4),
n.header.rows = 0, sample.name.row = 1)

readHMC Import read depth from UNEAK

Description
This function reads the “HapMap.hmc.txt” and “HapMap.fas.txt” files output by the UNEAK pipeline
and uses the data to generate a “RADdata” object.
readHMC 65

Usage
readHMC(file, includeLoci = NULL, shortIndNames = TRUE,
possiblePloidies = list(2), taxaPloidy = 2L, contamRate = 0.001,
fastafile = sub("hmc.txt", "fas.txt", file, fixed = TRUE))

Arguments
file Name of the file containing read depth (typically “HapMap.hmc.txt”).
includeLoci An optional character vector of loci to be included in the output.
shortIndNames Boolean. If TRUE, taxa names will be shortened with respect to those in the
file, eliminating all text after and including the first underscore.
possiblePloidies
A list of numeric vectors indicating potential inheritance modes of SNPs in the
dataset. See RADdata.
taxaPloidy A single integer, or an integer vector with one value per taxon, indicating ploidy.
See RADdata.
contamRate A number ranging from zero to one (typically small) indicating the expected rate
of sample cross-contamination.
fastafile Name of the file containing tag sequences (typically “HapMap.fas.txt”).

Value
A RADdata object containing read depth, taxa and locus names, and nucleotides at variable sites.

Note
UNEAK is not able to report read depths greater than 127, which may be problematic for high depth
data on polyploid organisms. The UNEAK pipeline is no longer being updated and is currently only
available with archived versions of TASSEL.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

References
Lu, F., Lipka, A. E., Glaubitz, J., Elshire, R., Cherney, J. H., Casler, M. D., Buckler, E. S. and
Costich, D. E. (2013) Switchgrass genomic diversity, ploidy, and evolution: novel insights from a
network-based SNP discovery protocol. PLoS Genetics 9, e1003215.
https://www.maizegenetics.net/tassel
https://tassel.bitbucket.io/TasselArchived.html

See Also
readTagDigger, VCF2RADdata, readStacks, readTASSELGBSv2, readDArTag
66 readProcessIsoloci

Examples
# for this example we'll create dummy files rather than using real ones
hmc <- tempfile()
write.table(data.frame(rs = c("TP1", "TP2", "TP3"),
ind1_merged_X3 = c("15|0", "4|6", "13|0"),
ind2_merged_X3 = c("0|0", "0|1", "0|5"),
HetCount_allele1 = c(0, 1, 0),
HetCount_allele2 = c(0, 1, 0),
Count_allele1 = c(15, 4, 13),
Count_allele2 = c(0, 7, 5),
Frequency = c(0, 0.75, 0.5)), row.names = FALSE,
quote = FALSE, col.names = TRUE, sep = "\t", file = hmc)
fas <- tempfile()
writeLines(c(">TP1_query_64",
"TGCAGAAAAAAAACGCTCGATGCCCCCTAATCCGTTTTCCCCATTCCGCTCGCCCCATCGGAGT",
">TP1_hit_64",
"TGCAGAAAAAAAACGCTCGATGCCCCCTAATCCGTTTTCCCCATTCCGCTCGCCCCATTGGAGT",
">TP2_query_64",
"TGCAGAAAAACAACACCCTAGGTAACAACCATATCTTATATTGCCGAATAAAAAACAACACCCC",
">TP2_hit_64",
"TGCAGAAAAACAACACCCTAGGTAACAACCATATCTTATATTGCCGAATAAAAAATAACACCCC",
">TP3_query_64",
"TGCAGAAAACATGGAGAGGGAGATGGCACGGCAGCACCACCGCTGGTCCGCTGCCCGTTTGCGG",
">TP3_hit_64",
"TGCAGAAAACATGGAGATGGAGATGGCACGGCAGCACCACCGCTGGTCCGCTGCCCGTTTGCGG"),
fas)

# now read the data

mydata <- readHMC(hmc, fastafile = fas)

# inspect the results

mydata
mydata$alleleDepth
mydata$alleleNucleotides
row.names(mydata$locTable)

readProcessIsoloci Import Read Depth from Output of process_isoloci.py

Description
After process_isoloci.py is used to assign RAD tags to alignment locations within a highly dupli-
cated genome, readProcessIsoloci imports the resulting CSV to a "RADdata" object.

Usage
readProcessIsoloci(sortedfile, min.ind.with.reads = 200,
min.ind.with.minor.allele = 10,
min.median.read.depth = 10,
readProcessIsoloci 67

possiblePloidies = list(2), taxaPloidy = 2L,

contamRate = 0.001,
nameFromTagStart = TRUE, mergeRareHap = TRUE)

Arguments
sortedfile File path to a CSV output by process_isoloci.py.
min.ind.with.reads
Minimum number of individuals with reads needed to retain a locus.
min.ind.with.minor.allele
Minimum number of individuals with reads in a minor allele needed to retain a
locus.
min.median.read.depth
Minimum median read depth across individuals (including individuals with depth
0) needed to retain a locus.
possiblePloidies
A list indicating possible inheritance modes of loci. See RADdata.
taxaPloidy A single integer, or an integer vector with one value per taxon, indicating ploidy.
See RADdata.
contamRate Approximate rate of cross-contamination among samples.
nameFromTagStart
If TRUE loci will be named based on the alignment position and strand of the
RAD tag itself. If FALSE, loci will be named based on the leftmost position of
the variable region of the RAD tag. In either case, locTable$Pos within the
output will indicate the position of the variable region of the tag.
mergeRareHap Boolean indicating whether to run MergeRareHaplotypes after building the
"RADdata" object.

Details
MergeIdenticalHaplotypes is used internally by this function to merge alleles with identical
sequence for the region shared by all tags, in cases where tags vary in length within a locus.

Value
A "RADdata" object containing read depth and alignment positions from sortedfile.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
readProcessSamMulti
68 readProcessSamMulti

readProcessSamMulti Import Preliminary Data to Determine Parameters for Isolocus Sort-

ing

Description
This function imports the files output by process_sam_multi.py to a "RADdata" object so that
HindHe can be run to filter samples and determine optimal parameters for process_isoloci.py.

Usage
readProcessSamMulti(alignfile,
depthfile = sub("align", "depth", alignfile),
expectedLoci = 1000,
min.ind.with.reads = 200,
min.ind.with.minor.allele = 10,
possiblePloidies = list(2), taxaPloidy = 2L,
contamRate = 0.001,
expectedAlleles = expectedLoci * 15,
maxLoci = expectedLoci)

Arguments
alignfile A file output by process_sam_multi.py, generally in the format prefix_1_align.csv.
depthfile A file output by process_sam_multi.py, generally in the format prefix_1_depth.csv.
expectedLoci The number of loci expected in the final object. The default, 1000, is fairly small
because this function is intended to be used for preliminary analysis only.
min.ind.with.reads
The minimum number of taxa with reads needed in order for a locus to be re-
tained in the output.
min.ind.with.minor.allele
The minimum number of taxa with the same minor allele needed in order for a
locus to be retained in the output.
possiblePloidies
A list indicating expected inheritance modes for markers. See RADdata.
taxaPloidy A single integer, or an integer vector with one value per taxon, indicating ploidy.
See RADdata.
contamRate A number ranging from zero to one (although in practice probably less than
0.01) indicating the expected sample cross-contamination rate.
expectedAlleles
The expected number of alleles in the dataset.
maxLoci The maximum number of loci to import before ceasing to read the file. Set to
Inf if you want to read the entire file.
readStacks 69

Value
A "RADdata" object.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
readProcessIsoloci

Examples
## Not run:
myRAD <- readProcessSamMulti("mydata_2_align.csv")

## End(Not run)

readStacks Import Read Depth from Stacks

Description
Using the catalog files output by cstacks and matches file output by sstacks, this function imports
read depth into a RADdata object. If genomic alignments were used, alignment data can optionally
be imported.

Usage
readStacks(allelesFile, matchesFolder, version = 2,
min.ind.with.reads = 200,
min.ind.with.minor.allele = 10, readAlignmentData = FALSE,
sumstatsFile = "populations.sumstats.tsv",
possiblePloidies = list(2), taxaPloidy = 2L, contamRate = 0.001)

Arguments
allelesFile Path to the "alleles" file from the Stacks catalog.
matchesFolder Path to the folder containing "matches" files to import.
version Either the number 1 or 2, indicating the version of Stacks.
min.ind.with.reads
For filtering loci. A locus must have at least this many samples with reads in
order to be retained.
70 readStacks

min.ind.with.minor.allele
For filtering loci. A locus must have at least this many samples with reads for
the minor allele in order to be retained. For loci with more than two alleles,
at least two alleles must be present in at least this many individuals. This ar-
gument is also passed internally to the min.ind.with.haplotype argument of
MergeRareHaplotypes to consolidate reads from rare alleles.
readAlignmentData
If TRUE and version = 1, the "tags" file from the Stacks catalog will be read,
and chromosome, position, and strand will be imported to the locTable slot
of the output. It is assumed that the "tags" file is in the same directory as the
"alleles" file. If TRUE and version = 2, sumstatsFile will be used for import
of chromosome and position data.
sumstatsFile The name of the file containing summary statistics for loci. Ignored unless
version = 2 and readAlignmentData = TRUE.
possiblePloidies
A list indicating possible inheritance modes in the dataset. See RADdata.
taxaPloidy A single integer, or an integer vector with one value per taxon, indicating ploidy.
See RADdata.
contamRate A number from 0 to 1 (generally very small) indicating the expected rate of cross
contamination between samples.

Value
A RADdata object.

Note
This function has been tested with output from Stacks 1.47.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

References
Stacks website: http://catchenlab.life.illinois.edu/stacks/
Rochette, N. and Catchen, J. (2017) Deriving genotypes from RAD-seq short-read data using
Stacks. Nature Protocols 12, 2640–2659.
Catchen, J., Hohenlohe, P. A., Bassham, S., Amores, A., and Cresko., W. A. (2013) Stacks: an
analysis tool set for population genomics. Molecular Ecology 22, 3124–3140.
Catchen, J. M., Amores, A., Hohenlohe, P., Cresko, W., and Postlethwait, J. H. (2011) Stacks:
building and genotyping loci de novo from short-read sequences. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
1, 171–182.

See Also
VCF2RADdata, readTagDigger, readHMC, readTASSELGBSv2, readDArTag
readTagDigger 71

Examples
## Not run:

# Assuming the working directory contains the catalog and all matches files:

myStacks <- readStacks("batch_1.catalog.alleles.tsv", ".",

version = 1,
readAlignmentData = TRUE)

## End(Not run)

readTagDigger Import Read Counts from TagDigger

Description
readTagDigger reads the CSV output containing read counts from TagDigger and generates a
"RADdata" object. Optionally, it can also import a tag database generated by the Tag Manager
program within TagDigger, containing information such as alignment position, to be stored in the
$locTable slot of the "RADdata" object.

Usage
readTagDigger(countfile, includeLoci = NULL,
possiblePloidies = list(2), taxaPloidy = 2L,
contamRate = 0.001,
dbfile = NULL, dbColumnsToKeep = NULL,
dbChrCol = "Chr", dbPosCol = "Pos",
dbNameCol = "Marker name")

Arguments
countfile Name of the file containing read counts.
includeLoci An optional character vector containing names of loci to retain in the output.
possiblePloidies
A list of numeric vectors indicating potential inheritance modes of SNPs in the
dataset. See RADdata.
taxaPloidy A single integer, or an integer vector with one value per taxon, indicating ploidy.
See RADdata.
contamRate A number ranging from zero to one (typically small) indicating the expected rate
of sample cross-contamination.
dbfile Optionally, name of the Tag Manager database file.
dbColumnsToKeep
Optionally, a character vector indicating the names of columns to keep from the
database file.
72 readTagDigger

dbChrCol The name of the column containing the chromosome number in the database
file.
dbPosCol The name of the column indicating alignment position in the database file.
dbNameCol The name of the column containing marker names in the database file.

Details

Nucleotides associated with the alleles, to be stored in the $alleleNucleotides slot, are extracted
from the allele names in the read counts file. It is assumed that the allele names first contain the
marker name, followed by an underscore, followed by the nucleotide(s) at any variable positions.

Value

A "RADdata" object.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

References

https://github.com/lvclark/tagdigger
Clark, L. V. and Sacks, E. J. (2016) TagDigger: User-friendly extraction of read counts from GBS
and RAD-seq data. Source Code for Biology and Medicine 11, 11.

See Also

readHMC, readStacks, VCF2RADdata, readTASSELGBSv2, readDArTag

Examples
# for this example we'll create dummy files
countfile <- tempfile()
write.csv(data.frame(row.names = c("Sample1", "Sample2", "Sample3"),
Mrkr1_A_0 = c(0, 20, 4),
Mrkr1_G_1 = c(7, 0, 12)),
file = countfile, quote = FALSE)
dbfile <- tempfile()
write.csv(data.frame(Marker.name = "Mrkr1", Chr = 5, Pos = 66739827),
file = dbfile, row.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE)

# read the data

myrad <- readTagDigger(countfile, dbfile = dbfile)
readTASSELGBSv2 73

readTASSELGBSv2 Import Read Depth and Alignment from TASSEL GBS v2

Description
This function reads TagTaxaDist and SAM files output by the TASSEL 5 GBS v2 pipeline, and
generates a RADdata object suitable for downstream processing for genotype estimation. It elim-
intes the need to run the DiscoverySNPCallerPluginV2 or the ProductionSNPCallerPluginV2, since
polyRAD operates on haplotypes rather than SNPs.

Usage
readTASSELGBSv2(tagtaxadistFile, samFile, min.ind.with.reads = 200,
min.ind.with.minor.allele = 10, possiblePloidies = list(2),
taxaPloidy = 2L, contamRate = 0.001, chromosomes = NULL)

Arguments
tagtaxadistFile
File name or path to a tab-delimited text file of read depth generated by the
GetTagTaxaDistFromDBPlugin in TASSEL.
samFile File name or path to the corresponding SAM file containing alignment informa-
tion for the same set of tags. This file is obtained by running the TagExportTo-
FastqPlugin in TASSEL, followed by alignment using Bowtie2 or BWA.
min.ind.with.reads
Integer used for marker filtering. The minimum number of individuals that must
have read depth above zero for a locus to be retained in the output.
min.ind.with.minor.allele
Integer used for marker filtering. The minimum number of individuals possess-
ing reads for the minor allele for a locus to be retained in the output. This value is
also passed to the min.ind.with.haplotype argument of MergeRareHaplotypes.
possiblePloidies
A list indicating inheritance modes that might be encountered in the dataset. See
RADdata.
taxaPloidy A single integer, or an integer vector with one value per taxon, indicating ploidy.
See RADdata.
contamRate A number indicating the expected sample cross-contamination rate. See RADdata.
chromosomes A character vector of chromosome names, indicating chromosomes to be re-
tained in the output. If NULL, all chromosomes to be retained. This argument is
intended to be used for reading data in a chromosome-wise fashion in order to
conserve computer memory.

Value
A RADdata object containing read depth and alignment infomation from the two input files.
74 reverseComplement

Note
Sequence tags must be identical in length to be assigned to the same locus by this function. This is
to prevent errors with MergeRareHaplotypes.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

References
TASSEL GBSv2 pipeline: https://bitbucket.org/tasseladmin/tassel-5-source/wiki/Tassel5GBSv2Pipeline
Bowtie2: https://bowtie-bio.sourceforge.net/bowtie2/index.shtml
BWA: https://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net/

See Also
Other data import functions: readStacks, readHMC, readTagDigger, VCF2RADdata, readDArTag

Examples
# get files for this example
samfile <- system.file("extdata", "exampleTASSEL_SAM.txt",
package = "polyRAD")
ttdfile <- system.file("extdata", "example_TagTaxaDist.txt",
package = "polyRAD")

# import data
myrad <- readTASSELGBSv2(ttdfile, samfile, min.ind.with.reads = 8,
min.ind.with.minor.allele = 2)

reverseComplement Reverse Complement of DNA Sequence Stored as Character String

Description
Whereas the reverseComplement function available in Biostrings only functions on XString and
XStringSet objects, the version in polyRAD also works on character strings. It is written as an
S4 method in order to avoid conflict with Biostrings. It is primarily included for internal use by
polyRAD, but may be helpful at the user level as well.

Usage
reverseComplement(x, ...)

Arguments
x A vector of character strings indicating DNA sequence using IUPAC codes.
... Additional arguments (none implemented)
SetBlankTaxa 75

Value
A character vector.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
readDArTag uses this function internally.

Examples
reverseComplement(c("AAGT", "CCA"))

SetBlankTaxa Functions to Assign Taxa to Specific Roles

Description
These functions are used for assigning and retrieving taxa from a "RADdata" object that serve
particular roles in the dataset. Blank taxa can be used for estimating the contamination rate (see
EstimateContaminationRate), and the donor and recurrent parents are used for determining ex-
pected genotype distributions in mapping populations. Many functions in polyRAD will automati-
cally exclude taxa from analysis if they have been assigned to one of these roles.

Usage
SetBlankTaxa(object, value)
GetBlankTaxa(object, ...)
SetDonorParent(object, value)
GetDonorParent(object, ...)
SetRecurrentParent(object, value)
GetRecurrentParent(object, ...)

Arguments
object A "RADdata" object.
value A character string (or a character vector for SetBlankTaxa) indicating the taxon
or taxa to be assigned to the role.
... Other arguments (none currently supported).

Value
For the “Get” functions, a character vector indicating the taxon or taxa that have been assigned to
that role. For the “Set” functions, a "RADdata" object identical to the one passed to the function,
but with new taxa assigned to that role.
76 StripDown

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents

Examples
# assign parents in a mapping population
data(exampleRAD_mapping)
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent1")
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping, "parent2")
GetDonorParent(exampleRAD_mapping)
GetRecurrentParent(exampleRAD_mapping)

# assign blanks
exampleRAD_mapping <- SetBlankTaxa(exampleRAD_mapping,
c("progeny019", "progeny035"))
GetBlankTaxa(exampleRAD_mapping)

StripDown Remove Unneeded Slots to Conserve Memory

Description
This function is designed to be used after a RADdata object has been processed by one of the pipeline
functions. Slots that are no longer needed are removed in order to conserve memory.

Usage
StripDown(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
StripDown(object,
remove.slots = c("depthSamplingPermutations",
"depthRatio", "antiAlleleDepth",
"genotypeLikelihood", "priorProb",
"priorProbLD"),
...)

Arguments
object A RADdata object.
remove.slots A character vector listing slots that will be removed.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).
StripDown 77

Details

The default slots that are removed take up a lot of memory but are not used by the export func-
tions. Other slots to consider removing are alleleFreq, alleleFreqByTaxa, PCA, locDepth,
alleleDepth, and alleleLinkages. Of course, if you have custom uses for some of the slots
that are removed by default, you can change the remove.slots vector to not include them.
The function will throw an error if the user attempts to remove key slots that are needed for export
and downstream analysis, including:

• alleles2loc
• alleleNucleotides
• locTable
• possiblePloidies
• ploidyChiSq
• posteriorProb

Value

A RADdata object

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

See Also

SubsetByTaxon, SubsetByLocus

Examples
# load a dataset for this example
data(exampleRAD)

# run a pipeline
exampleRAD <- IterateHWE(exampleRAD)

# check the size of the resulting object

object.size(exampleRAD)

# remove unneeded slots

exampleRAD <- StripDown(exampleRAD)

# check object size again

object.size(exampleRAD)
78 SubsetByLocus

SubsetByLocus Create RADdata Objects with a Subset of Loci

Description
These functions take a RADdata object as input and generate smaller RADdata objects containing
only the specified loci. SubsetByLocus allows the user to specify which loci are kept, whereas
SplitByChromosome creates multiple RADdata objects representing chromosomes or sets of chro-
mosomes. RemoveMonomorphicLoci eliminates any loci with fewer than two alleles. RemoveHighDepthLoci
eliminates loci that have especially high read depth in order to eliminate false loci originating from
repetitive sequence. RemoveUngenotypedLoci is intended for datasets that have been run through
PipelineMapping2Parents and may have some genotypes that are missing or non-variable due to
how priors were determined.

Usage
SubsetByLocus(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
SubsetByLocus(object, loci, ...)

SplitByChromosome(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
SplitByChromosome(object, chromlist = NULL, chromlist.use.regex = FALSE,
fileprefix = "splitRADdata", ...)

RemoveMonomorphicLoci(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
RemoveMonomorphicLoci(object, verbose = TRUE, ...)

RemoveHighDepthLoci(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
RemoveHighDepthLoci(object, max.SD.above.mean = 2, verbose = TRUE, ...)

RemoveUngenotypedLoci(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
RemoveUngenotypedLoci(object, removeNonvariant = TRUE, ...)

Arguments
object A RADdata object.
loci A character or numeric vector indicating which loci to include in the output
RADdata object. If numeric, it refers to row numbers in object$locTable. If
character, it refers to row names in object$locTable.
chromlist An optional list indicating how chromosomes should be split into separate RADdata
objects. Each item in the list is a vector of the same class as object$locTable$Chr
(character or numeric) containing the names of chromosomes that should go into
SubsetByLocus 79

one group. If not provided, each chromosome will be sent to a separate RADdata
object.
chromlist.use.regex
If TRUE, the character strings in chromlist will be treated as regular expres-
sions for searching chromosome names. For example, if one wanted all chro-
mosomes beginning with the string "scaffold" to go into one RADdata object,
one could include the string "^scaffold" as an item in chromlist and set
chromlist.use.regex = TRUE. If FALSE, exact matches to chromosome names
will be used.
fileprefix A character string indicating the prefix of .RData files to export.
max.SD.above.mean
The maximum number of standard deviations above the mean read depth that a
locus can be in order to be retained.
verbose If TRUE, print out information about the original number of loci and the num-
ber of loci that were retained. For RemoveHighDepthLoci, a histogram is also
plotted showing mean depth per locus, and the cutoff for removing loci.
removeNonvariant
If TRUE, in addition to removing loci where posterior probabilities are missing,
loci will be removed where posterior probabilities are uniform across the popu-
lation.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Details
SubsetByLocus may be useful if the user has used their own filtering criteria to determine a set of
loci to retain, and wants to create a new dataset with only those loci. It can be used at any point in
the analysis process.
SplitByChromosome is intended to make large datasets more manageable by breaking them into
smaller datasets that can be processed independently, either in parallel computing jobs on a cluster,
or one after another on a computer with limited RAM. Generally it should be used immediately
after data import. Rather than returning new RADdata objects, it saves them individually to separate
workspace image files, which can than be loaded one at a time to run analysis pipelines such as
IteratePopStruct. GetWeightedMeanGenotypes or one of the export functions can be run on
each resulting RADdata object, and the resulting matrices concatenated with cbind.
SplitByChromosome, RemoveMonomorphicLoci, and RemoveHighDepthLoci use SubsetByLocus
internally.

Value
SubsetByLocus, RemoveMonomorphicLoci, RemoveHighDepthLoci, and RemoveUngenotypedLoci
return a RADdata object with all the slots and attributes of object, but only containing the loci listed
in loci, only loci with two or more alleles, only loci without abnormally high depth, or only loci
where posterior probabilities are non-missing and variable, respectively.
SplitByChromosome returns a character vector containing file names where .RData files have been
saved. Each .RData file contains one RADdata object named splitRADdata.
80 SubsetByPloidy

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
VCF2RADdata, SubsetByTaxon

Examples
# load a dataset for this example
data(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD

# just keep the first and fourth locus

subsetRAD <- SubsetByLocus(exampleRAD, c(1, 4))
subsetRAD

# split by groups of chromosomes

exampleRAD$locTable
tf <- tempfile()
splitfiles <- SplitByChromosome(exampleRAD, list(c(1, 4), c(6, 9)),
fileprefix = tf)
load(splitfiles[1])
splitRADdata

# filter out monomorphic loci (none removed in example)

filterRAD <- RemoveMonomorphicLoci(exampleRAD)

# filter out high depth loci (none removed in this example)

filterRAD2 <- RemoveHighDepthLoci(filterRAD)

# filter out loci with missing or non-variable genotypes

# (none removed in this example)
filterRAD3 <- IterateHWE(filterRAD2)
filterRAD3 <- RemoveUngenotypedLoci(filterRAD3)

SubsetByPloidy Create a RADdata object with a Subset of Possible Ploidies

Description
This function is used for removing some of the ploidies (i.e. inheritance modes possible across loci)
stored in a RADdata object. If genotype calling has already been performed, all of the relevant slots
will be subsetted to only keep the ploidies that the user indicates.

Usage
SubsetByPloidy(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
SubsetByPloidy(object, ploidies, ...)
SubsetByPloidy 81

Arguments

object A RADdata object.

ploidies A list, formatted like object$possiblePloidies, indicating ploidies to retain.
Each item in the list is a vector, where 2 indicates diploid, c(2, 2) allotetraploid,
4 autotetraploid, etc.
... Other arguments (none implemented).

Details

Note that slots of object are subsetted but not recalculated. For example, GetWeightedMeanGenotypes
takes a weighted mean across ploidies, which is in turn used for estimating allele frequencies and
performing PCA. If the values in object$ploidyChiSq are considerably higher for the ploidies
being removed than for the ploidies being retained, this difference is likely to be small and not sub-
stantially impact genotype calling. Otherwise, it may be advisable to re-run genotype calling after
running SubsetByPloidy.

Value

A RADdata object identical to object, but only containing data relevant to the inheritance modes
listed in ploidies.

Note

If you only wish to retain taxa of a certain ploidy, instead do

object <- SubsetByTaxon(object, GetTaxaByPloidy(object, 4))
to, for example, only retain tetraploid taxa.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

See Also

SubsetByTaxon, SubsetByLocus

Examples
# Example dataset assuming diploidy or autotetraploidy
data(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD <- IterateHWE(exampleRAD)
# Subset to only keep tetraploid results
exampleRAD <- SubsetByPloidy(exampleRAD, ploidies = list(4))
82 SubsetByTaxon

SubsetByTaxon Create RADdata Object with a Subset of Taxa

Description
This function is used for removing some of the taxa from a dataset stored in a RADdata object.

Usage
SubsetByTaxon(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'RADdata'
SubsetByTaxon(object, taxa, ...)

Arguments
object A RADdata object.
taxa A character or numeric vector indicating which taxa to retain in the output.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Details
This function may be used for subsetting a RADdata object either immediately after data import, or
after additional analysis has been performed. Note however that estimation of allele frequencies,
genotype prior probabilities, PCA, etc. are very dependent on what samples are included in the
dataset. If those calculations have already been performed, the results will be transferred to the new
object but not recalculated.

Value
A RADdata object containing only the taxa listed in taxa.

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

See Also
SubsetByLocus

Examples
# load data for this example
data(exampleRAD)
exampleRAD

# just keep the first fifty taxa

subsetRAD <- SubsetByTaxon(exampleRAD, 1:50)
subsetRAD
TestOverdispersion 83

TestOverdispersion Test the Fit of Read Depth to Beta-Binomial Distribution

Description
This function is intended to help the user select a value to pass to the overdispersion argument of
AddGenotypeLikelihood, generally via pipeline functions such as IterateHWE or PipelineMapping2Parents.

Usage
TestOverdispersion(object, ...)

## S3 method for class 'RADdata'

TestOverdispersion(object, to_test = seq(6, 20, by = 2), ...)

Arguments
object A RADdata object. Genotype calling does not need to have been performed,
although for mapping populations it might be helpful to have done a preliminary
run of PipelineMapping2Parents without linkage.
to_test A vector containing values to test. These are values that will potentially be used
for the overdispersion argument of a pipeline function. They should all be
positive numbers.
... Additional arguments (none implemented).

Details
If no genotype calling has been performed, a single iteration under HWE using default parameters
will be done. object$ploidyChiSq is then examined to determine the most common/most likely
inheritance mode for the whole dataset. The alleles that are examined are only those where this
inheritance mode has the lowest chi-squared value.
Within this inheritance mode and allele set, genotypes are selected where the posterior probability
of having a single copy of the allele is at least 0.95. Read depth for these genotypes is then analyzed.
For each genotype, a two-tailed probability is calculated for the read depth ratio to deviate from the
expected ratio by at least that much under the beta-binomial distribution. This test is performed for
each overdispersion value provided in to_test.

Value
A list of the same length as to_test plus one. The names of the list are to_test converted to
a character vector. Each item in the list is a vector of p-values, one per examined genotype, of
the read depth ratio for that genotype to deviate that much from the expected ratio. The last item,
named "optimal", is a single number indicating the optimal value for the overdispersion parameter
based on the p-value distributions. If the optimal value was the minimum or maximum tested, NA is
returned in the "optimal" slot to encourage the user to test other values.
84 VCF2RADdata

Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark

Examples
# dataset with overdispersion
data(Msi01genes)

# test several values for the overdispersion parameter

myP <- TestOverdispersion(Msi01genes, to_test = 8:10)

# view results as quantiles

sapply(myP[names(myP) != "optimal"],
quantile, probs = c(0.01, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.99))

VCF2RADdata Create a RADdata Object from a VCF File

Description
This function reads a Variant Call Format (VCF) file containing allelic read depth and SNP align-
ment positions, such as can be produced by TASSEL or GATK, and generates a RADdata dataset to
be used for genotype calling in polyRAD.

Usage
VCF2RADdata(file, phaseSNPs = TRUE, tagsize = 80, refgenome = NULL,
tol = 0.01, al.depth.field = "AD", min.ind.with.reads = 200,
min.ind.with.minor.allele = 10, possiblePloidies = list(2),
taxaPloidy = 2L, contamRate = 0.001,
samples = VariantAnnotation::samples(VariantAnnotation::scanVcfHeader(file)),
svparam = VariantAnnotation::ScanVcfParam(fixed = "ALT", info = NA,
geno = al.depth.field,
samples = samples),
yieldSize = 5000, expectedAlleles = 5e+05, expectedLoci = 1e+05,
maxLoci = NA)

Arguments
file The path to a VCF file to be read. This can be uncompressed, bgzipped using
Samtools or Bioconductor, or a TabixFile object from Bioconductor.
phaseSNPs If TRUE, markers that appear to have come from the same set of reads will be
phased and grouped into haplotypes. Otherwise, each row of the file will be
kept as a distinct marker.
tagsize The read length, minus any barcode sequence, that was used for genotyping. In
TASSEL, this is the same as the kmerLength option. This argument is used for
grouping SNPs into haplotypes and is ignored if phaseSNPs = FALSE.
VCF2RADdata 85

refgenome Optional. The name of a FASTA file, or an FaFile object, containing the ref-
erence genome. When grouping SNPs into haplotypes, if provided this refer-
ence genome is used to insert non-variable nucleotides between the variable
nucleotides in the alleleNucleotides slot of the RADdata output. Ignored if
phaseSNPs = FALSE. Useful if exact SNP positions need to be retained for down-
stream analysis after genotype calling in polyRAD. In particular this argument
is necessary if you plan to export genotype calls back to VCF.
tol The proportion by which two SNPs can differ in read depth and still be merged
into one group for phasing. Ignored if phaseSNPs = FALSE.
al.depth.field The name of the genotype field in the VCF file that contains read depth at each
allele. This should be "AD" unless your format is very unusual.
min.ind.with.reads
Integer used for filtering SNPs. To be retained, a SNP must have at least this
many samples with reads.
min.ind.with.minor.allele
Integer used for filtering SNPs. To be retained, a SNP must have at least this
many samples with the minor allele. When there are more than two alleles, at
least two alleles must have at least this many samples with reads for the SNP to
be retained.
possiblePloidies
A list indicating inheritance modes that might be encountered in the dataset. See
RADdata.
taxaPloidy A single integer, or an integer vector with one value per taxon, indicating ploidy.
See RADdata.
contamRate A number indicating the expected sample cross-contamination rate. See RADdata.
samples A character vector containing the names of samples from the file to export to the
RADdata object. The default is all samples. If a subset is provided, filtering with
min.ind.with.reads and min.ind.with.minor.allele is performed within
that subset. Ignored if a different samples argument is provided within svparam.
svparam A ScanVcfParam object to be used with readVcf. The primary reasons to
change this from the default would be 1) if you want additional FIXED or INFO
fields from the file to be exported to the locTable slot of the RADdata object,
and/or 2) if you only want to import particular regions of the genome, as speci-
fied with the which argument of ScanVcfParam.
yieldSize An integer indicating the number of lines of the file to read at once. Increasing
this number will make the function faster but consume more RAM.
expectedAlleles
An integer indicating the approximate number of alleles that are expected to be
imported after filtering and phasing. If this number is too low, the function may
slow down considerably. Increasing this number increases the amount of RAM
used by the function.
expectedLoci An integer indicating the approximate number of loci that are expected to be
imported after filtering and phasing. If this number is too low, the function may
slow down considerably. Increasing this number increases the amount of RAM
used by the function.
86 VCF2RADdata

maxLoci An integer indicating the approximate maximum number of loci to return. If

provided, the function will stop reading the file once it has found at least this
many loci that pass filtering and phasing. This argument is intended to be used
for generating small RADdata objects for testing purposes, and should be left NA
under normal circumstances.

Details

This function requires the BioConductor package VariantAnnotation. See https://bioconductor.

org/packages/release/bioc/html/VariantAnnotation.html for installation instructions.
If you anticipate running VCF2RADdata on the same file more than once, it is recommended to
run bgzip and indexTabix from the package Rsamtools once before running VCF2RADdata. See
examples.
min.ind.with.minor.allele is used for filtering SNPs as the VCF file is read. Additionally,
because phasing SNPs into haplotypes can cause some haplotypes to fail to pass this threshold,
VCF2RADdata internally runs MergeRareHaplotypes with min.ind.with.haplotype = min.ind.with.minor.allele,
then RemoveMonomorphicLoci, before returning the final RADdata object.

Value

A RADdata object.

Note

In the python directory of the polyRAD installation, there is a script called tassel_vcf_tags.py
that can identify the full tag sequence(s) for every allele imported by VCF2RADdata.

Author(s)

Lindsay V. Clark

References

Variant Call Format specification: http://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/

TASSEL GBSv2 pipeline: https://bitbucket.org/tasseladmin/tassel-5-source/wiki/Tassel5GBSv2Pipeline
GATK: https://gatk.broadinstitute.org/hc/en-us
Tassel4-Poly: https://github.com/guilherme-pereira/tassel4-poly

See Also

MakeTasselVcfFilter for filtering to a smaller VCF file before reading with VCF2RADdata.
To export to VCF: RADdata2VCF
Other data import functions: readStacks, readHMC, readTagDigger, readTASSELGBSv2, readProcessIsoloci,
readDArTag
VCF2RADdata 87

Examples
# get the example VCF installed with polyRAD
exampleVCF <- system.file("extdata", "Msi01genes.vcf", package = "polyRAD")

# loading VariantAnnotation namespace takes >10s,

# so is excluded from CRAN checks

require(VariantAnnotation)

# Compress and index the VCF before reading, if not already done
if(!file.exists(paste(exampleVCF, "bgz", sep = "."))){
vcfBG <- bgzip(exampleVCF)
indexTabix(vcfBG, "vcf")
}

# Read into RADdata object

myRAD <- VCF2RADdata(exampleVCF, expectedLoci = 100, expectedAlleles = 500)

# Example of subsetting by genomic region (first 200 kb on Chr01)

mysv <- ScanVcfParam(fixed = "ALT", info = NA, geno = "AD",
samples = samples(scanVcfHeader(exampleVCF)),
which = GRanges("01", IRanges(1, 200000)))
myRAD2 <- VCF2RADdata(exampleVCF, expectedLoci = 100, expectedAlleles = 500,
svparam = mysv, yieldSize = NA_integer_)
Index

∗ arith MergeIdenticalHaplotypes, 51
AddAlleleFreqHWE, 6 MergeRareHaplotypes, 52
AddAlleleFreqMapping, 7 MergeTaxaDepth, 53
InbreedingFromHindHe, 44 StripDown, 76
∗ array SubsetByLocus, 78
AddAlleleLinkages, 8 SubsetByPloidy, 80
AddGenotypePosteriorProb, 12 SubsetByTaxon, 82
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes, 39 ∗ methods
∗ datagen Accessors, 3
ExpectedHindHe, 29 AddAlleleFreqByTaxa, 4
∗ datasets AddAlleleFreqHWE, 6
exampleRAD, 28 AddAlleleFreqMapping, 7
∗ distribution AddGenotypeLikelihood, 10
AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa, 13 AddGenotypePosteriorProb, 12
AddGenotypePriorProb_Even, 15 AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa, 13
AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE, 16 AddGenotypePriorProb_Even, 15
AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents, AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE, 16
18 AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents,
AddPloidyChiSq, 22 18
AddPloidyLikelihood, 23 AddPCA, 20
HindHe, 42 AddPloidyChiSq, 22
TestOverdispersion, 83 CanDoGetWeightedMeanGeno, 24
∗ file GetLikelyGen, 37
ExportGAPIT, 32 GetWeightedMeanGenotypes, 39
MakeTasselVcfFilter, 49 MergeRareHaplotypes, 52
RADdata2VCF, 60 MergeTaxaDepth, 53
readDArTag, 62 OneAllelePerMarker, 54
readHMC, 64 RADdata, 57
readProcessIsoloci, 66 SetBlankTaxa, 75
readProcessSamMulti, 68 TestOverdispersion, 83
readStacks, 69 ∗ misc
readTagDigger, 71 PipelineMapping2Parents, 55
readTASSELGBSv2, 73 ∗ regression
VCF2RADdata, 84 AddAlleleFreqByTaxa, 4
∗ iteration AddAlleleLinkages, 8
IterateHWE, 45 ∗ utilities
∗ manip Accessors, 3
EstimateContaminationRate, 25 CanDoGetWeightedMeanGeno, 24
ExportGAPIT, 32 LocusInfo, 48

88
INDEX 89

OneAllelePerMarker, 54 Export_MAPpoly (ExportGAPIT), 32

SetBlankTaxa, 75 Export_polymapR, 56
Export_polymapR (ExportGAPIT), 32
Accessors, 3 Export_polymapR_probs (ExportGAPIT), 32
AddAlleleFreqByTaxa, 4, 13, 14, 21, 24, 46 Export_rrBLUP_Amat (ExportGAPIT), 32
AddAlleleFreqHWE, 6, 8, 11, 16, 30, 46 Export_rrBLUP_GWAS (ExportGAPIT), 32
AddAlleleFreqMapping, 6, 7, 12, 18, 30, 55, Export_Structure (ExportGAPIT), 32
56 Export_TASSEL_Numeric (ExportGAPIT), 32
AddAlleleLinkages, 8, 46 ExportGAPIT, 32, 61
AddDepthSamplingPermutations
(AddGenotypeLikelihood), 10 FaFile, 48
AddGenotypeLikelihood, 10, 13–15, 17, 20,
23, 30, 38, 46, 55, 56, 59, 83 GetAlleleNames (Accessors), 3
AddGenotypePosteriorProb, 12, 15, 25, 39, GetBlankTaxa (SetBlankTaxa), 75
46, 55 GetContamRate (Accessors), 3
AddGenotypePriorProb_ByTaxa, 5, 13, 17, GetDonorParent (SetBlankTaxa), 75
46 GetLikelyGen, 19, 20, 23, 30, 37, 56
AddGenotypePriorProb_Even, 15 GetLocDepth, 59
AddGenotypePriorProb_HWE, 6, 10, 14, 15, GetLocDepth (Accessors), 3
16, 20, 46 GetLoci, 49
AddGenotypePriorProb_LD, 46 GetLoci (Accessors), 3
AddGenotypePriorProb_LD GetProbableGenotypes, 15, 30–33, 61
(AddAlleleLinkages), 8 GetProbableGenotypes
AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents, (GetWeightedMeanGenotypes), 39
13, 14, 17, 18, 55, 56, 76 GetRecurrentParent (SetBlankTaxa), 75
AddPCA, 5, 20, 24, 46, 54, 59 GetTaxa, 55
AddPloidyChiSq, 15, 22, 24, 25, 39, 46, 55 GetTaxa (Accessors), 3
AddPloidyLikelihood, 23, 23 GetTaxaByPloidy (Accessors), 3
attr, 59 GetTaxaPloidy (Accessors), 3
GetWeightedMeanGenotypes, 5, 6, 8, 15, 24,
BSgenome, 48 32, 36, 39, 47, 54, 56, 79, 81

HindHe, 29, 42, 44, 45, 61, 68

CanDoGetWeightedMeanGeno, 24
HindHeMapping (HindHe), 42
checkF1, 35
CollapsedVCF, 60, 61 InbreedingFromHindHe, 29, 44, 44
IterateHWE, 45, 56, 83
EstimateContaminationRate, 25, 75
IterateHWE_LD (IterateHWE), 45
EstimateParentalGenotypes, 43
IteratePopStruct, 32, 56, 79
EstimateParentalGenotypes
IteratePopStruct (IterateHWE), 45
(AddGenotypePriorProb_Mapping2Parents),
IteratePopStructLD (IterateHWE), 45
18
ExamineGenotype, 26 LocusInfo, 48
exampleRAD, 28
exampleRAD_mapping (exampleRAD), 28 MakeTasselVcfFilter, 49, 86
ExpectedHindHe, 29, 44, 45 makeTxDbFromGFF, 49
ExpectedHindHeMapping (ExpectedHindHe), MergeIdenticalHaplotypes, 51, 67
29 MergeRareHaplotypes, 51, 52, 67, 70, 73, 74,
Export_adegenet_genind (ExportGAPIT), 32 86
Export_GWASpoly (ExportGAPIT), 32 MergeTaxaDepth, 53
90 INDEX

Msi01genes (exampleRAD), 28 SimGenotypes (ExpectedHindHe), 29

SimGenotypesMapping (ExpectedHindHe), 29
nAlleles (Accessors), 3 SplitByChromosome, 35
nLoci (Accessors), 3 SplitByChromosome (SubsetByLocus), 78
nTaxa (Accessors), 3 StripDown, 47, 56, 76
SubsetByLocus, 52, 77, 78, 81, 82
OneAllelePerMarker, 40, 54 SubsetByPloidy, 34, 80
SubsetByTaxon, 54, 77, 80, 81, 82
pipeline, 9, 10, 76
PipelineMapping2Parents, 40, 42, 47, 55, TestOverdispersion, 83
78, 83 TxDb, 48
plot.RADdata (RADdata), 57
predictCoding, 48 VCF2RADdata, 28, 49, 52, 59–61, 64, 65, 70,
72, 74, 80, 84
RADdata, 3, 5–8, 11–16, 18, 20–25, 28, 29, 32,
37, 39, 42, 46, 48, 51–55, 57, 60, 62,
63, 65–73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82–86
RADdata2VCF, 36, 60, 63, 64, 86
re-run genotype calling, 81
readDArTag, 62, 65, 70, 72, 74, 75, 86
readHMC, 59, 64, 64, 70, 72, 74, 86
readProcessIsoloci, 45, 51, 59, 60, 66, 69,
86
readProcessSamMulti, 45, 59, 67, 68
readStacks, 52, 59, 64, 65, 69, 72, 74, 86
readTagDigger, 59, 64, 65, 70, 71, 74, 86
readTASSELGBSv2, 59, 60, 64, 65, 70, 72, 73,
86
readVcf, 85
RemoveHighDepthLoci (SubsetByLocus), 78
RemoveMonomorphicLoci, 86
RemoveMonomorphicLoci (SubsetByLocus),
78
RemoveUngenotypedLoci (SubsetByLocus),
78
reverseComplement, 64, 74
reverseComplement,character-method
(reverseComplement), 74

ScanVcfParam, 85
SetBlankTaxa, 4, 25, 75
SetContamRate, 26
SetContamRate (Accessors), 3
SetDonorParent, 7, 18, 42, 56, 59
SetDonorParent (SetBlankTaxa), 75
SetRecurrentParent, 7, 18, 42
SetRecurrentParent (SetBlankTaxa), 75
SetTaxaPloidy (Accessors), 3
SimAlleleDepth (ExpectedHindHe), 29