Calculus

Chapter 5
Applications of
Integration

Norhafizah Md Sarif
Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology
 Description
Aims
This chapter is aimed to :
1. Consider various application of integration
2. evaluate the definite and indefinite integral
3. explain the basic properties of integral

Expected Outcomes
1. Students should be able to use definite integral to find area between two
curves
2. Students should be able to sketch graph to find area between curve and
surface area
3. Students should be able to determine the length of a plane curve
4. Students should be able to compute volumes of revolution using cross
sections, disks, washers, and cylindrical shells.

References
1. Abdul Wahid Md Raji, Hamisan Rahmat, Ismail Kamis, Mohd Nor Mohamad,
Ong Chee Tiong. The First Course of Calculus for Science & Engineering
Students, Second Edition, UTM 2016.
 Contents

Area Volume :
Between the Volume : Disc Cylindrical
Curve Method Method

01 03 05
02 04 06

Area Under Arc Length & Volume :

the Curve Surface Area Washer
Method
 Area Under the Curve

Definition – Area: If f(x) continuous on [a,b] then the

area of region between the curve y = f(x) and the

x-axis from x = a to x =b is given by

b
A   f ( x)dx
a
 Above x  axis Below x  axis

d
Area, A   g ( x) dx
b
Area, A   f ( x) dx c
a

6
 Example

Find the area bounded by the curve y  x 2 and x-axis between x  0 to x  3 .

Solution:

The required region is the shaded y  x2

region as shown in Figure 1. The area
of this region is

3
3 x 
3

 x dx   
2
0
 3 0
27
 x3
3
9 Figure 5.1
 Example

Find the area bounded by the lines y  2  x, x  3, x  4 and x-axis .

Solution:

The required region is the shaded

3
region as shown in Figure 2. The 2
shaded region is below the x- 1
0
axis, therefore the area of this 0 2 4 6 8
-1
region is -2
-3
4
 x2  -4
 2  x  dx   2 x  
4
3
 2 3
-5
Figure 5.2
3 1
   1 unit 2
2 2
 Example

2
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve x  , y  2, y  4 and y-axis
y
.

Solution:
2
x
The required region is the shaded y
region as shown in Figure 3. The area
of this region is

2
dy   2 ln y 2
4

4 2
2 y
 2  ln 4  ln 2 
 1.386 unit 2
Figure 5.3
 Example

Determine the area of the region bounded by the curve y  x and x -axis for
3

.1  x  1.

Solution:
For −1 ≤ x ≤ 0, region is located below the x-axis whereas 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 the
region located above the x-axis. Area is partly above
Area below
Area above
and below the x-axis x-axis
x-axis
x = -1 1.5 x=1
1
1 0 1
0.5 
1
x 3 dx  1
x 3 dx   x 3 dx
0

0 0 1
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5  x4   x4 
-0.5     
-1
 4  1  4  0
1

-1.5
unit 2
Figure 5.4 2
 Example

Find the total area bounded by the curve y  x( x  1)( x  3) and x -axis for
0  x  3.

Solution:

For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1region is located above the x-

axis whereas 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 the region located
below the x-axis.

3
 0
x( x  1)( x  3)dx

y  x( x 1)( x  3)
1 3
  x( x  1)( x  3)dx   x( x  1)( x  3)dx
0 1

   x 
1 3
  x3  4 x 2  3 x dx  3
 4 x 2  3x dx
0 1

37 Figure 5.5
 unit 2
12
 Example

Find the area between x-axis and the graph f ( x)  x  1 from x  0 to x  2

2

Solution:
x – intercept :
x2  1  0
x  1, 1

y- intercept: y  1
1 2
A   0  ( x  1)dx   ( x 2  1)  0dx
2
0 1
1 2
Figure 5.6
3 3
x x
 x  x
3 0
3 1
Remarks: A common mistake is to work
2 4 this problem by evaluating the integral
 
3 3 2
2 x3 2
2 A x  1 dx   x 
2
0 3 0
3
 Area Between Curves

In some practical problems, we need to compute the area between

1 any two curves.
Let f(x) and g(x) are function such that f(x)≥ g(x) on the interval [a,b].
2

To find the area of the region between the two curves from x=a
3 and x=b, we subtract the area between the lower curve and the x-
axis from the area between the upper curve and the x-axis.

Area, A    f ( x)  g ( x)dx
b

a
 Example

Find the area of the shaded region

Upper function
y

y = 2x + 1

y = x2 – 3x + 5

Lower function
Solution:

We need to find the upper and lower limits of the integrals by searching
for the intersection points of the curve. This can be done by solving the
simultaneous equations.
x 2  3x  5  2 x  1
x2  5x  4  0
( x  4)( x  1)  0

The lower limit is a  1 and the upper limit is b  4 . Therefore, the area
of the shaded region is
  2 x  1   x  3x  5  dx
4
2
Area =
1
4
 5x2 x3 
  4x  
 2 3 1
9

2
 Example

Find the area of the shaded region by the curve y  x  2 and the lines
2

y   x, x  0 and x .1

Solution: y

The upper and lower functions

y  x2  2
are given by y  x  2 and
2

y   x respectively. The area of

the shaded area is y  x

x

 x  2     x  dx
1
2
Area =
0
1
  x 2  2  x dx
0 x=0 x=1
1
 x3 x 2  17
   2x    Figure 5.7
3 2 0 6
 Example

Find the area of the region that is enclosed between the curve y  x and
2

the lines y  x  6 .

10 Solution:
y  x2 8
By solving simultaneous equations,
6
the lower limit is a  2 and the upper
4 limit is b  3. The shaded region is in
y  x6 2 interval [-2,3] and has lower function

0 y  x 2 and the upper function y  x  6.

    dx
3
2   2
Area = x 6 x
 20.8333 unit 2
Figure 5.8
 Example

Find the area of the shaded region by the curve y  x3 and the lines y  x.

Solution: y y
y  x3
We obtain the intersection points of y= yx
x3 and y = x by solving the equation.

x3  x
x3  x  0
x
x( x  1)  0
2
1 1

Thus x = 0 and x = ± 1.

Figure 5.9
For 1  x  0 , the upper function y  x3 and the lower function y  x .
Whereas for 0  x  1, the upper function y  x and the lower function
y  x3 .

Hence the area of the shaded region is

Area = A1  A2

x  x  dx +   x  x 3 dx
0 1
= 3
1 0
0 1
 x4 x2   x2 x4 
     
4 2  1  2 4 0
1 1
 
4 4
1
 unit 2
2
 Example

Find the area of the region that bounded by the curve y  2 x and the
line y  x  3 in the first quadrant .

Solution:

The required region is shown in shaded region

in Figure 5.10. Notice that the shaded region
can be obtained by subtracting the whole area
with the triangle. The area is
1
 9  3  6
9
Area  = 0
2 x dx Area  =
2
9
 4 23 
 x   18
 3 0
 36 Figure 5.10
Area  36  18  18unit 2
 Arc Length

Definition – Arc Length: If the function y  f ( x) is a smooth

curve on the interval [a,b] then the arc length L of this curve
over [a,b] is defined as

2
 dy 
1    dx   1   f ( x)  dx
b b
L 
2
a
 dx  a

.
 Example
3
Find the arc length (rounded to 4 decimal places) of the curve y  x on
2

the interval 1,3 .

Solution:
3
3 12
Let f ( x)  x . Therefore f ( x)  x
2
2
2
3
 3 12 
L 1   x  dx
1 2 
3
9
  1  xdx
1
4
9 du 9
By applying substitution technique, let u  1  x . Thus 
4 dx 4
31

4 12 4
  u du
9 13
4

 4.6566
 Surface Area

 When the arc of a curve is revolved about a line, it generates

a surface.
 A surface of revolution is a surface generated by rotating a
two-dimensional curve about the x -axis and y -axis. The
resulting surface always has azimuthal symmetry. Examples
of surface revolution include cone and cylinder.
 Example

The curve y  f ( x) in the interval  a, b is revolved about the x -axis.

 a b

s

y
s

x
Geometry
 Surface Area

Definition – Revolving about x-axis: If the function y = f(x)

has a continuous first derivative throughout the interval

a ≤ x ≤ b then the area of the surface generated by

revolving the curve about the x -axis is

S   2 f ( x) 1   f '( x)  dx
b 2
a

.
 Surface Area

Definition – Revolving about y - axis: If the function y = f(x)

has a continuous first derivative throughout the interval

c≤ x≤d then the area of the surface generated by

revolving the curve
y about the y - axis is

S   2 g ( y ) 1   g '( y )  dy
d 2
c

.
 Example

Find the surface area that is generated by revolving the portion of the
y  x3
curve between 0  x  2, about x -axis.

Solution:

By inserting the information given into the formula,

we obtained

   
1

2
S 2 x 3 1  3x 2 dx
0
1
  2 x 3 1  9 x 4 dx
0

By applying the techniques of substitution, where


u  1  9x4 ,  du
dx
 36 x 3
Figure 5.11
When x  0, u  1 and x  2, u  145
Simplify whenever necessary,

145 du
S  2  x3 u
1 36 x 3
 145

18 1
 u du
145
 2 32 
 u 
 27 1

 1746.0312  1
27
 64.6308
 Example

Find the surface area that is generated by revolving the portion of the
curve y  x between 1  x  4, about x -axis.

Solution:

Surface area are given as follow y

4 1
S   2 x 1  dx
1 4x y=x1/2
4
   4 x  1 dx
1
x

By applying the techniques of substitution, where

du
u  4 x  1, 4
dx

We get 17 1 Figure 5.12

S  u du
5 4
 Example

Find the area of the surface that is generated by revolving the portion of
the curve y  x 2 between x  1 and x  3 about y -axis.

y  x2

x 1 x  3

Figure 5.13
 Volume

If a region in the plane is revolved about the given line, the resulting solid
of revolution, and the line is called the axis of revolution. When
calculating the volume of a solid generated by revolving a region
bounded by a given function about an axis, follow the steps below :

1 Sketch the area and determine the axis of revolution, (this

determine the variable of integration)

Sketch the cross section (disk, washer, shell) and determine

2
the appropriate formula

3 Determine the boundaries of the solid

4 Set up the definite integral and integrate

 Volume: Disks Method

Definition – Volume by disk perpendicular to the x-axis :

Suppose R is the region bounded by y  f ( x) , the x-axis,

x  a and x  b. The volume of the solid revolution that is

generated by revolving the region R about the x -axis is

b
V     f ( x)  dx
2

a
 Volume: Disks Method

Definition – Volume by disk perpendicular to the y-axis :

Suppose R is the region bounded by x  f ( y ) , the y-axis,
y  c and y  d. The volume of the solid revolution that is
generated by revolving the region R about the y -axis is

d
V     f ( y )  dy
2

c
 Disk Method

If the plane bounded by the curve y  f ( x) , the x  axis and a  x  b is

rotating through a complete revolutions about the x  axis, it will generate
a solid symmetrical.

y  3x
 Example

Find the volume that is generated by revolving the portion of the curve
2
y x between 0  x  3 about x - axis
3

Solution:

Volume for the above problem is given by 2

y x
3
2
2 
3 3
2
0  y dx  0   3 x  dx
2

3
4 2
  x dx
0
9
3
4 x3
 
9 3 3
0

 4 unit 3 Figure 5.14

 Example

Find the volume that is generated by revolving the portion of the curve
y  x  x 2 between 0  x  1 about x - axis

Solution:

By inserting the function into the volume’s

y  x  x2 formula, we obtain
1 1

  y dx     x  x 
2
2 2
dx
0 0
1
    x 2  2 x 3  x 4  dx
0
1
x x3
x  4 5
    
 3 2 5 0
Figure 5.15 1
  unit 3
30
 Example

Determine the volume of the solid obtain bounded by y  x  5 x  7 , x  1

2

x  5 about x - axis

Solution:
In this example, the radius is simply the
distance from x -axis to the curve

R  x2  5x  7

Hence
b
V     R( x) dx
2

a
5
    x 2  5 x  7  dx
1
5
164
   x 4  10 x 3  39 x 2  70 x  49dx  
5 Figure 5.16
 Example

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region between
3
the y - axis and the curve, y  where 1  y  6 .
x

Solution:

In this case, the radius is simply the

distance from y -axis to the curve
3
R
y

Hence 2
d
3
6
V     R( y ) dy      dy
2

c 1  y
6
9
 dy
1
y2
6
 1  15 Figure 5.17
 9     
 y 1 2
 Example

6
Figure below shows the curve y  and the lines x  6, y  3.
x
Find the
a) coordinates of points P and Q
b) volume of the revolution of the solid generated when the
shaded region revolves 360 about the x  axis.
6
y
x

P
3
Q
Answer : 30 unit 3
6
 Washers Method

 This is an extension of the disc method. The procedure is essentially

the same, but now we are dealing with a hollowed object and two
functions instead of one, so we have to take the difference of these
functions into the account.

 The general formula in this case would be

A    M 2  m2 
where M is an outer radius and m is the inner radius
 Washers Method

With a small modification of the disk method, we can find the volume of a
solid figure generated by revolving about the x-axis the region between two
curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) , where f(x)≥ g(x) for a ≤x≤ b.
 Washers Method

Definition – Volume by Washer perpendicular to x-axis :

Suppose R is the region bounded by from y  f ( x) , y  g ( x)

x  a and x  b where f ( x)  g ( x) in [a, b]. The volume of

the solid revolution that is generated by revolving the region
R about the x -axis is

 f ( x)   g ( x) dx

b
V  
2 2
a
 Washers Method

Definition – Volume by Washer perpendicular to y-axis :

Suppose R is the region bounded by from x  f ( y ) , x  g ( y )
y  c and y  d where f ( y )  g ( y ) in [ c,d]. The volume of
the solid revolution that is generated by revolving the region
R about the axis is

 f ( y)   g ( y) dy

d
V  
2 2
c
 Example

Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by

y  x 2 and y  x that lies in the first quadrant about the x - axis.

The intersection between two curves:

x2  x
x( x  1)  0
x  0,1

The outer radius is y  x and the inner

radius is y  x2 . Thus, the volume is
1
V     x    x 2  dx
2 2

 
0
1
 x3 x5  2
      Figure 5.19
3 5  0 15
 Example

Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by

y  x 2 and y  x that lies in the first quadrant about the y - axis

The intersection between two curves:

x2  x
x( x  1)  0
x  0, x  1
y  0, y  1

The outer radius is x  y and the inner

radius is x  y . Thus, the volume is

 
1
V      y  dx
2 2
y
 
0
1
 y 2 y3  1
      Figure 5.20
2 3 0 6
 Example

Find the volume of the solid revolution when the region bounded by the
curve y 2  8 x and y  x 2 revolves at 360 about the x -axis

The intersection between two curves:

x4  8x
x( x 3  8)  0
x  0, x  2

The outer radius is y  8 x and the

inner radius is y  x . Thus, the volume
2

is
 
2
V      x 2  dx
2 2
8x
 
0
2
 2 x5  48
  4 x    
 5 0 5
 5.5 Volume by Cylindrical Shells

• The shell method is a method of calculating the volume of a solid of

revolution when integrating along an axis parallel to the axis of revolution.

• It makes use of the so-called "representative cylinder" when the part of the
graph of a function is rotated around an axis, and is modeled by an infinite
number of hollow pipes, all infinitely thin.

• The idea is that a "representative rectangle” can be rotated about the axis of
revolution, thus generating a hollow cylinder – a shell.

• Volume of the solid is then calculated by integrating the lateral surface

areas of the “family” of shells
 5.5 Volume by Cylindrical Shells

• Sometimes, it is easier to compute a volume by taking the approximating

strip parallel to the axis instead of perpendicular to the axis as in the disk
and washer methods.
 Cylindrical Shells

Definition – Volume by Cylindrical Shells : Let f be continuous

and nonnegative on [a,b], 0  a  b and let R be the region that
is bounded above by y  f ( x) , bounded below the x-axis and
on the sides by the lines x  a and x  b . Then the volume V
of the solid of revolution that is generated by revolving the
region R about the y-axis is given by

b
V   2 xf ( x) dx
a
 Example

Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving
the region bounded by y  x3  x 2  1 , x -axis , x  2 and x  3 about the y
-axis

Solution:

Volume by cylindrical shells

3
V   2 x  x 3  x 2  1dx
2
3
 2  x 4  x 3  x dx
2

 x5 x 4 x 2 3

 2    
 5 4 2 
 2

 121.9
Figure 5.21
 Example

Determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded
by, y   x  1 ( x  3) 2 , x -axis about the y -axis

A  2  radius  (height)
=2 x  x  1 ( x  2) 2 
 2  x 4  7 x 3  15 x 2  9 x 

Volume by V   2 x  x 4  7 x 3  15 x 2  9 x dx
1
cylindrical 3
shells  2  x 4  7 x 3  15 x 2  9 x dx
1

 x5 7 x 4 9
3

 2    5x  x 
3 2
 5 4 2 1
 
24
 
5
Thank You