Data, Information

and Knowledge
Done by: Ms. S Johnson
 Specific Objectives
1) Define the term Data.
i. Explain the Characteristics of Data

2) Define the term Information.

3) Define the term Knowledge.
4) Distinguish among data, information and
knowledge.

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 What is Data?
• Data is the collection of unorganized and
unprocessed facts that have little meaning
individually.
• Data can be in form of : text or words,
numbers, images, audio (sounds) and
video.
Example : |Suzan Peterson| 1990 |Yes|7895421|
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 What is Data?
• Data is raw facts that are used to derive
information, after analysis.
• This raw fact is
•Unanalyzed
•Unorganized
•Unrelated
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 Characteristics of Data
• It is Unprocessed
• It is Discrete (in separate, unrelated chunks)
• It is Qualitative (opinion- based, subjective)
• It is Quantitative (measurement-based,
objective)
• Data can be detailed or sampled-

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 Two Types of Data
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
• Quantitative research is based on numeric data.
• Qualitative research focuses on the qualities of users—the 'why'
behind the numbers.

Quantitative data refers to any information that can be

quantified, counted or measured, and given a numerical value.
Qualitative data is descriptive in nature, expressed in terms of
language rather than numerical values.
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 Two Types of Data
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
• Quantitative (measurement-based, objective) research
is based on numeric data. It answers key questions
such as “how many, “how much” and “how often”.

• Qualitative (opinion- based, subjective) research

focuses on the qualities of users—the 'why' behind the
numbers. 7
 What is
Information?
 What is Information?
Information is data that is organized, meaningful and
useful. Computer process data into information.
•Example: |Suzan Peterson| 1990 |Yes|7895421|

The results of processing which is called

“information” can be either stored for further
use/retrieval or used to generate output.
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 What is Knowledge ?
Knowledge is the familiarity or understanding of
a topic that's gained through experience or study.
For example, someone with computer knowledge
has a broad understanding of computers, and the
software and hardware used on a computer
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 Figure 1: The flow from data to information to knowledge.

The flow from data to information and knowledge is not uni-directional. The knowledge gained may reveal
redundancies or gaps in the data collected. As a result, an actionable insight may be to change the data collected,
or how those data are converted into information, to better meet user needs.

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 Table 1: Characteristics of data, information, and knowledge (adopted from de Vries 2018).

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Table 2: Examples of transforming water data to information to knowledge that leads to action.

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 What is Sampled
Data?

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 What is Sampled Data?
• Data sampling is a statistical analysis technique used to:
 Select
 Process
 and Analyze
a representative subset of a population.

• It is also used to identify patterns and extrapolate trends in

an overall population.

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 What is Sampled Data?
• With data sampling:
 researchers
 data scientists
 predictive modelers
 and other data analysts
can use a smaller, more manageable amount of data to
build and run analytical models.

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 What is Sampled Data?
This allows them to more quickly produce
accurate findings from a statistical population.
For example, if a researcher wants to determine
the most popular fruit in a country with a
population of 100 million people, they would
select a representative sample of N (e.g., 1000,
10,000).
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 What is Sampled Data?
For Example
If you wanted to estimate the number of trees in a 100-acre area
where the distribution of trees was fairly uniform, you could
count the number of trees in 1 acre and multiply by 100, or count
the trees in a half acre and multiply by 200 to get an accurate
representation of the entire 100 acres.

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 What is Detailed
Data?

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 What is Detailed Data?
Detailed Data means data based on primary data in a form which

does not allow natural persons or legal entities to be identified directly

or indirectly.

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 What is Information?
Information is data that is organized, meaningful and useful.
Computer process data into information.
•Example: |Suzan Peterson| 1990 |Yes|7895421|

The results of processing which is called “information” can be

either stored for further use/retrieval or used to generate
output.

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 Characteristics of
Useful Information
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 Characteristics of Information

1. Reliable

2. Relevant

3. Timeliness

4. Complete

5. Availability
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 Characteristics of Information
QUESTIONS??

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 Information:
• including distortion, disguise, reliable, inconsistency,
incomprehensible, subject to interpretation, value,
relevance, confidentiality, timeliness, completeness, security,
shareability, availability, lifespan
• information as a commodity, format and medium.

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 What is Accurate
Information?
Accuracy
• This data quality characteristic means that information is correct. To determine whether data is accurate
or not, ask yourself if the information reflects a real-world situation.
• For example, In the realm of financial services, does a customer really have $1 million in his bank account? if
there’s an error in a customer’s bank account, it could be because someone accessed it without his knowledge.
• Accuracy is a crucial because inaccurate information can cause significant problems with severe
consequences.

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 What is Reliable
Information?
• Reliable information must come from dependable sources.
• According to UGA Libraries, a reliable source will provide a “thorough,
well-reasoned theory, argument, etc. based on strong evidence.” Widely
credible sources include:
 Scholarly, peer-reviewed articles and books
 Trade or professional articles or books
 Magazine articles, books and newspaper articles from well-
established companies.

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 What is Reliable
Information?
How to Identify Reliable Sources?
Accuracy: Compare the author’s information to that which you already
know is reliable. Are there proper citations? Is the information biased? If so,
does it affect research conclusions
Coverage: Is the information relevant to your topic and does it meet your
needs? Consider what you need such as statistics, charts, and graphs.
Currency: Is your topic constantly evolving? Topics in technology and
medical innovation require sources that are up to date.

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 What is Reliable
Information?
How to identify Reliable Sources?
What makes a source reliable? To determine whether a source is reliable
or not you must look at certain criteria. The criteria are as follows:
Authority: Who is the author? What are their credentials? Do they have
knowledgeable experience in the field they are writing about? What is
their reputation?

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 Importance of Reliable
Information
The Importance of Reliable Information
The internet is scattered with biased, misleading, and altogether incorrect
information and that is why it is important to follow the above criteria.

The importance of using reliable sources truly boils down to effective

communication. If your knowledge is based on unreliable information you
will not be a trustworthy asset to your company.
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 What is Relevant
Information?
 Relevance comes into play because there has to be a good reason as to
why you’re collecting this information in the first place. The
information collected must be important for it’s intended purpose.
 If you’re gathering irrelevant information, you’re wasting time as well as money.

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 What is Complete
Information?
 “Completeness” refers to how comprehensive the information is. When
looking at data completeness, think about whether all of the data you need is
available.

 If information is incomplete, it might be unusable.

For example: Let’s say you’re sending a mailing out and you need a customer’s first and last
name, but the middle initial may be optional. You need a customer’s last name to ensure the
mail goes to the right person & address – without it, the data is incomplete.

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 What is Complete
Information?
 “Completeness” refers to how comprehensive the information is. When
looking at data completeness, think about whether all of the data you need is
available.

 If information is incomplete, it might be unusable.

For example: Let’s say you’re sending a mailing out and you need a customer’s first and last
name, but the middle initial may be optional. You need a customer’s last name to ensure the
mail goes to the right person & address – without it, the data is incomplete.

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 Timeliness of Information
Timeliness
Timeliness, as the name implies, refers to how up to date information is. The

timeliness of information is an important because information that isn’t timely can

lead to people making the wrong decisions. In turn, that costs organizations time,

money, and reputational damage.

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Availability of Information
Availability: relates to information being available when required by the
business/organization process now and in the future.
• It also concerns the safeguarding of necessary resources and associated
capabilities.

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Availability of Information
Availability: relates to information being available when required by the
business/organization process now and in the future.
• It also concerns the safeguarding of necessary resources and associated
capabilities.

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 Disadvantages of
Information
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 What is Distortion of
Information?
• The tendency of information communicated within and between
individuals and organizations to be altered, omitted, or re-
organized as it is communicated.

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 What is Distortion of
Information?
• Intentional distortion of information can be found in the readings
for agnotology (intentionally distorting scientific results to spread
misinformation), or propaganda (prioritizing persuasion over
accurate and reliable understanding), among others.

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 Distortion of Information
• There are a variety of reasons information becomes distorted,

unreliable, or inaccurate. Sometimes the distortion is intended.

Sometimes it is through accident or negligence.

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 Distortion of Information
• Sometimes there is not a good system set up to correct false
information.

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 Inconsistency
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 Question?
• What is consistency???

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 Inconsistency
• Data consistency refers to the quality of data being uniform,
accurate, and coherent across various databases, systems, and
applications within an organization.

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 What is Information
Inconsistency?
Information Inconsistency occurs when the same data element has
different values.

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 What is Information
Inconsistency?
Information Inconsistency occurs when the same data element has
different values.

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 What is Information
Inconsistency?
Information Inconsistency occurs when the same data element has
different values.

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 Disguise
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 Value
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 Confidentiality
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 Security
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 Shareability
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 Lifespan
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 Information As A Commodity,
Format And Medium.

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 REFERENCES
https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/detailed-data

https://www.intellspot.com/data-types/

https://sites.google.com/site/infotechmr11/grade-12/01---module-1

https://utopia.ut.edu/InformationLiteracyFramework/information_distortion

https://www.stevenson.edu/online/about-us/news/how-to-identify-reliable-information/

https://atlan.com/data-consistency-101/

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Thank you
Mirjam Nilsson​
[email protected]
www.contoso.com