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Goa & Mumbai
Contents
PLAN YOUR TRIP

Welcome to Goa & Mumbai

Goa & Mumbai’s Top 14
Need to Know
First Time Goa
What’s New
If You Like...
Month by Month
Itineraries
Beach Planner
Activities
Travel with Children
Regions at a Glance

ON THE ROAD

MUMBAI (BOMBAY)
Sights
 Activities
Courses
Tours
Sleeping
Eating
Drinking & Nightlife
Entertainment
Shopping
Information
Getting There & Away
Getting Around

PANAJI & CENTRAL GOA

Panaji
Around Panaji
Dona Paula
Chorao Island
Divar Island
Old Goa
Goa Velha
Ponda Region
Molem Region
Beyond Goa
Hampi
 Anegundi

NORTH GOA
Along the Mandovi
Reis Magos & Nerul Beach
Candolim & Fort Aguada
Calangute & Baga
Anjuna
Assagao
Mapusa
Vagator & Chapora
Siolim
Morjim
Asvem
Mandrem
Arambol (Harmal)
Inland Bardez & Bicholim

SOUTH GOA
Margao
Around Margao
Chandor
Loutolim
Colva
North of Colva
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 Betalbatim, Majorda & Utorda
Cansaulim, Arossim & Velsao
Bogmalo
Colva to the Sal River
Benaulim
Cavelossim & Mobor
Cabo da Rama
Cola & Khancola
Agonda
Chaudi
Palolem
Patnem
Rajbag
Galgibag & Talpona
Polem
Beyond Goa
Gorkana

UNDERSTAND

Goa Today
History
The Goan Way of Life
Delicious India
Markets & Shopping
Arts & Architecture
Wildlife & the Environment

SURVIVAL GUIDE

Scams
Women & Solo Travellers
Directory A–Z
Accessible Travel
Accommodation
Customs Regulations
Electricity
Embassies & Consulates
Food
Insurance
Internet Access
Legal Matters
LGBT+ Travellers
Money
Opening Hours
 Post
Public Holidays
Safe Travel
Telephone
Taxes & Refunds
Time
Toilets
Tourist Information
Visas

Transport
GETTING THERE & AWAY
GETTING AROUND

Health
BEFORE YOU GO
IN INDIA

Language
Behind the Scenes
Our Writers
Welcome to Goa & Mumbai
A kaleidoscopic blend of Indian and Portuguese
cultures, sweetened with sun, sea, sand, seafood,
susegad and spirituality, Goa is India’s pocket-sized
paradise.

Beach Bounty
Goa’s biggest draw is undoubtedly its virtually uninterrupted string of
golden-sand beaches. This coastline stretches along the Arabian Sea from the
tip to the toe of the state, and each beach community has developed its own
personality and reputation since the hippie days of the ’60s. They cater to
every tropical whim: choose from backpacker Arambol or bolder, brasher
Baga; the palm-fringed sands of Palolem, hippie market bliss at Anjuna or
lovely, laid-back Mandrem; expansive groomed sands in front of fancy five-
star resorts or hidden crescent coves, where the only footprints will be the
scuttling crabs’ and your own.

Spiritual Sanctuary
Want to top up your Zen as well as your tan? Welcome to winter in Goa
where yoga is king and the crop of spiritual activities grows more bountiful
each year: sunrise yoga sessions on the beach, reiki healing courses,
meditation, and just about every other form of spiritual exploration, are all
practised freely. Many travellers come here for a serious yoga experience
and you’ll find everything from drop-in classes to teaching training courses
and spiritual retreats.

The Spice of Life

Food is enjoyed fully in Goa and Mumbai, as it is throughout India. The
scents, spices and flavours of Goa’s cuisine will surprise and tantalise even
seasoned travellers: whether it’s a classic fish curry rice, a morning bhali-
pau (bread roll dipped in curry), a piquant vindaloo, with its infusions of
wine vinegar and garlic, or a spicy xacuti sauce, the Indian-Portuguese
influence is a treat for the taste buds. While you’re here, visit a back-country
spice farm to learn why the Portuguese were so excited about Goa.

Cultural Crockpot
Goa stands out in India for its Portuguese colonial architecture and heritage,
while Mumbai boasts the finest Victorian-era colonial architecture in India.
The Portuguese arrived in Goa in 1510, lured by the exotic East and the
promise of lucrative spice routes, before being booted out in 1961. Their
indelible mark is still evident in the state’s baroque architecture,
whitewashed churches, crumbling forts, colourful Catholic ceremonies,
mournful fado music and the stunning cathedrals of Old Goa.
Goan beach | LENA SERDITOVA/SHUTTERSTOCK ©
Why I Love Goa
By Paul Harding, Writer
After travelling overland from Delhi through central India and Mumbai to Goa
back in the ’90s, the beaches, all-night parties and laid-back tropical vibe
came as a blissful surprise. Over many return visits a lot of things have
changed, but the essence of Goa remains the same. I love the omnipresence
of the beach, cruising through impossibly green countryside on two wheels,
and the evening ritual of watching the sun melt into the Arabian Sea with a cold
beer and a fish thali. And the Goan people – hard-working, optimistic, witty,
quick with a smile and always happy to chat.
For more, see our writers
Goa & Mumbai’s Top 14
Panaji (Panjim)
Slung along the banks of the broad Mandovi River, Panaji is an
easygoing city with the delightful old Portuguese districts of
Fontainhas and Sao Tomé the perfect setting for a lazy afternoon of
wandering. Sip firewater feni with locals in a hole-in-the-wall bar,
gamble the night away on a floating luxury casino, clamber up to the
wedding-cake-white Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate
Conception or poke about in boutiques and book shops. You’ll
probably find you’re not missing the beach one bit.

Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception | PORAS CHAUDHARY/GETTY IMAGES ©

Top Experiences

Historic Goa
The 17th-century Portuguese capital of Old Goa once rivalled Lisbon
and London in size and importance and was widely known as the
‘Rome of the East’. Today all that remains of the once-great city is a
handful of amazingly well-preserved churches and cathedrals – but
what a sight! The Basilica de Bom Jesus contains the grizzly
‘incorrupt’ body of St Francis Xavier, while Se Cathedral is the largest
in Asia. Stop by for Mass on a Sunday morning, marvel at the
intricately carved altars, and imagine religious life here four centuries
ago.
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Basilica de Bom Jesus | IMAGESOFINDIA/SHUTTERSTOCK ©
Top Experiences

Mumbai to Goa by Train

The Konkan Railway (pictured), linking Mumbai with Mangaluru
(Mangalore) and passing right through Goa, is one of India’s great
railway journeys. It may be quicker to fly, but the romance of the rails
is still alive here. Today the rails cross rivers and valleys, with some
2000 bridges and more than 90 tunnels. Whether you’re riding in a
2nd-class sleeper or fancy air-con carriage, on the 12-hour Konkan
Kanya Express or nine-hour Jan Shatabdi Express, make sure you sit
near the window to watch the best show in town roll past.

DINODIA PHOTO/GETTY IMAGES ©

Top Experiences

Dudhsagar Falls
Frothy Dudhsagar – the name translates as ‘Sea of Milk’ – is the
second-highest waterfall in India (after Jog Falls in Karnataka) and is
a great day-trip adventure. Located deep in the Western Ghats on
Goa’s central border with Karnataka, the 300m-high tiered waterfall
can be reached from Colem by a bumpy 4WD ride through stunning
jungle scenery. Take a dip in the soothing pool or climb the rocky path
to the head of the falls for great views. Start early and book your
jeep in advance.
DIBYENDU DAS/GETTY IMAGES ©
Top Experiences

Palolem Beach
A blissful crescent of golden sand, balmy seas, gently swaying palm
trees, good food, beach huts galore and a colourful backpacker-
oriented beach bar scene make Palolem a favourite with travellers
from across the globe. Though some say it’s too crowded in season,
there are few better all-round beaches in Goa for yoga, kayaking,
swimming or just lazing in your beachfront hammock, and the quieter
beaches of Patnem and Agonda are just a short ride away. Palolem’s
distance from the northern beaches keeps it off many travellers’
radars.

NEJDET DUZEN/SHUTTERSTOCK ©
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 Example: Take the first name below, thus:—“Joseph Addison,
the essayist, was born at Milston in Wiltshire, in the year
1672.” Pursue the same plan with all the other sets of facts
here furnished.

When
Name. What he was. Where born.
born.
Joseph Addison Essayist Milston, Wiltshire 1672
William Blake Poet and painter London 1757
John Bunyan Author of the Elstow, 1628
“Pilgrim’s Bedfordshire
Progress”
Lord Byron Great English poet London 1788
Geoffrey Great English poet London About
Chaucer (probably) 1344
George First President of Virginia 1732
Washington the United
States
Justin S. Morrill United States Vermont 1810
Senator
William McKinley President of the Ohio 1844
United States

Where he When he
Name. What he was.
died. died.
Matthew Arnold Poet and essayist Liverpool 1888
Daniel Defoe Author of “Robinson London 1731
Crusoe”
Henry Fielding Novelist Lisbon 1754
Henry Hallam Historian Penshurst 1859
William Greatest English poet Stratford-on- 1616
Shakespeare Avon
William H. Great English Hawarden 1898
Gladstone statesman
Henry W. American poet Cambridge 1882
Longfellow
Abraham Lincoln President of the Washington 1865
United States

Battle. Date. Between. Victor.

Senlac, near 1066 English and Normans Normans
Hastings
Bannockburn 1314 English and Scotch Scotch
Cressy 1346 English and French English
Waterloo 1815 English and French English
Marston Moor 1644 Royalists and Parliamentarians
Parliamentarians
Bull Run 1861 Unionists and Confederates
Confederates
Manila 1898 Americans and Spaniards Americans

These facts should be combined into sentences in various

ways, thus:
The Normans defeated the English at Senlac, near
Hastings, in the year 1066.
The English were defeated by the Normans at Senlac, near
Hastings, in the year 1066.
In the year 1066, at Senlac, near Hastings, the Normans
beat the English, etc. etc.

Event. Place. Date. Person.

Printing introduced into 1476 William Caxton
England
Discovery of America 1492 Christopher
Columbus
Defeat of the Spanish English 1588 Howard, Drake and
Armada Channel others
Gunpowder Plot Westminster 1605 Guy Fawkes and
others
Conquest of England 1066 William, Duke of
Normandy
Surrender of British Yorktown 1781 Lord Cornwallis
Destruction of Spanish Santiago 1898 Admiral Schley
fleet

SENTENCES COMBINED.
A number of simple sentences may sometimes be
combined so as to form one.
Example:—The girl was little. She lost her doll. The doll was
pretty. It was new. She lost it yesterday. She lost it in the
afternoon.
These sentences may be combined in one, thus:—The little
girl lost her pretty new doll yesterday afternoon.

The combined sentence tells us as much as the

separate sentences, and tells it in a shorter, clearer,
and more pleasing way.
Exercise 20.
Combine the following sets of sentences:—
1. The man is tall. He struck his head. He was entering a
carriage. The carriage was low.
2. Tom had a slate. It was new. He broke it. He broke it this
morning.
3. The cow is black. She is grazing in a meadow. The
meadow is beside the river.
 4. The apples are ripe. They grow in an orchard. The
orchard is Mr. Brown’s.
5. The corn is green. It is waving. The breeze causes it to
wave. The breeze is gentle.
6. The father is kind. He bought some clothes. The clothes
were new. He bought them for the children. The children
were good.
7. The boy was careless. He made blots. The blots were
big. They were made on his book. The book was clean.
8. The bucket was old. It was made of oak. It fell. It fell
into the well. The well was deep.
9. Polly Flinders was little. She sat. She sat among the
cinders. She was warming her toes. Her toes were pretty.
They were little.
10. Tom Tucker is little. He is singing. He is singing for his
supper.
11. There were three wise men. They lived at Gotham.
They went to sea. They went in a bowl. They had a rough
trip.
12. The man came. He was the man in the moon. He came
down soon. He came too soon.
13. I saw ships. There were three. They came sailing. They
sailed by. I saw them on Christmas day. I saw them in the
morning.
14. Cole was a king. He was old. He was a merry soul.
15. A great battle began. It was between the English and
the Scotch. It began next morning. It began at break of day.
It was at Bannockburn.

Sentences are often combined by means of

Conjunctions or other connecting words.
 Sentences are combined, by means of the
Conjunction and.
Examples:—1. The boy is good. The boy is clever.
2. William is going to school. John is going to school.
3. I admire my teacher. I love my teacher.

These may be combined into single sentences, as

follows:—
1. The boy is good and clever.
2. William and John are going to school.
3. I admire and love my teacher.

Note the use of the comma when more than two

words or sets of words are joined by and:—
I met Fred, Will and George.
Faith, Hope and Charity are sometimes called the Christian
Graces.
I bought a pound of tea, two pounds of coffee, ten pounds
of sugar and a peck of flour.

The comma is used in the same way with or.

Exercise 21.
Combine the following set of sentences by means of
the Conjunction and:—
1. Jack went up the hill. Jill went up the hill.
 2. The lion beat the unicorn. The lion drove the unicorn out
of town.
3. Edward is honest. Edward is truthful.
4. The child is tired. The child is sleepy.
5. Tom will pay us a visit. Ethel will pay us a visit. Their
parents will pay us a visit.
6. The grocer sells tea. He sells coffee. He sells sugar.
7. Maud deserves the prize. She will get it.
8. Coal is a mineral. Iron is a mineral. Copper is a mineral.
Lead is a mineral.
9. The boy worked hard. He advanced rapidly.
10. Little drops of water, little grains of sand make the
mighty ocean. Little drops of water, little grains of sand make
the pleasant land.

Sentences are combined by means of the

Conjunction or, thus:—
1. The boy is lazy. The boy is stupid.
2. I want a pen. I want a pencil.
3. The horse is lost. The horse is stolen.

These sentences may be combined as follows:—

1. The boy is lazy or stupid.
2. I want a pen or a pencil.
3. The horse is lost or stolen.

Remember to put in the commas when more than

two words or sets of words are joined by or, thus:—
 We could have tea, coffee or cocoa.
The beggar asked for a piece of bread, a glass of milk or a
few pennies.

Exercise 22.
Combine the following sets of sentences by means of
the Conjunction or:—
1. The child was tired. The child was sleepy.
2. My father will meet me at the station. My mother will
meet me at the station.
3. Will you have tea? Will you have coffee?
4. The colonel must be present. One of the other officers
must be present.
5. The cup was broken by the servant. The cup was broken
by the dog. The cup was broken by the cat.
6. I must find the book. I must buy another.
7. The horse is in the stable. The horse is in the barnyard.
The horse is in the meadow.
8. The prize will be gained by Brown. The prize will be
gained by Smith. The prize will be gained by Jones.

Sentences may be combined by either ... or, and

neither ... nor, thus:—
James was at school this morning. His sister was at school
this morning.

These sentences may be combined thus:—

Either James or his sister was at school this morning.
 Neither James nor his sister was at school this morning.

Exercise 23.
Combine the following sets of sentences:—(a) By
either ... or. (b) By neither ... nor.
1. The man can read. The man can write.
2. He is deaf. He is stupid.
3. That shot will strike the horse. That shot will strike the
rider.
4. The king was weak in mind. The king was weak in body.
5. The king was loved. The queen was loved.
6. The cow is for sale. The calf is for sale.

Sentences may be combined by both ... and, thus:

—
The man is tired. The horse is tired.

These sentences may be combined in the

following:—
Both the man and the horse are tired.

Exercise 24.
Combine, by means of both ... and, the sets of
sentences given in Exercise 23.
Sentences may be combined by means of
Conjunctions of Cause, Consequence or Condition,
such as if, though, although, because, thus:—
1. You are tired. You may rest.
2. The boy was not bright. He was good.
3. He is liked. He is good tempered.

Combine these sentences as follows:—

1. If you are tired you may rest.
2. Though the boy was not bright he was good.
3. He is liked because he is good tempered.

Exercise 25.
Combine the following sets of sentences:—
(a) By means of if.
1. You will get the prize. You deserve it.
2. He might have succeeded. He had tried.
3. You are truthful. You will be believed.
4. Send for me. You want me.
5. You do not sow. You cannot expect to reap.
6. You are waking. Call me early.
7. I will come with you. You wish it.
8. We had known you were in town. We should have called
on you.

(b) By means of though or although.

9. The man was contented. He was poor.
 10. The little girl has travelled much. She is young.
11. The story is true. You do not believe it.
12. He spoke the truth. He was not believed.
13. It was rather cold. The day was pleasant.
14. He is often told of his faults. He does not mend them.

(c) By means of because; also by means of as

and since.
16. I came. You called me.
17. I will stay. You wish it.
18. The dog could not enter. The hole was too small.
19. You are tired. You may rest.
20. Freely we serve. We freely love.
21. The hireling fleeth. He is a hireling.
22. We love him. He first loved us.

Sentences may be combined by means of

Conjunctive Adverbs (such as where with its
compounds, also when, whence, why), and of
Conjunctions of Time (such as after, before while,
ere, till, until, since).
Exercise 26.
Combine, by means of one of the words given in the
last paragraph, the following sets of sentences:
1. This is the place. My brother works.
 2. Mary went. The lamb was sure to go.
3. The boy was reading. His master came up.
4. The moon rose. The sun had set.
5. It is now three months. We heard from our cousin.
6. Do not go out. The storm has abated.
7. The man arrived. We were speaking to him.
8. I remember the house. I was born.
9. I know a bank. The wild thyme blows.
10. There is the field. The money was found.
11. The workman did not hear. He was called.
12. He goes out riding. He can find time.

Supply the omitted clauses:

The tree is still lying where.... Wherever ... was my poor
dog Tray. William came after.... My brother cannot stay till....
The merchant has been here since.... Go where.... Smooth
runs the water where.... She stayed till.... The boy has
worked hard since.... We shall be pleased to see you
whenever.... The train had gone before.... The little girl was
tired after.... Make hay while....

Sentences may be combined by means of Relative

Pronouns, thus:
1. That is the boy. The boy broke the window.
2. That is the man. The man’s window was broken.
3. Mary is the girl. You want Mary.
4. This is the house. Jack built the house.
 5. The knife was lost. The knife cost fifty cents.

Combine as follows:
1. That is the boy who broke the window.
2. That is the man whose window was broken.
3. Mary is the girl whom you want.
4. This is the house that Jack built.
5. The knife which was lost cost fifty cents.

Exercise 27.
Combine, as in the examples just given, the following
pairs of sentences:
1. The boy is crying. The boy is called Tom.
2. The man was hurt. The man is better now.
3. The grocer has sent for the police. The grocer’s goods
were stolen.
4. The child is very naughty. The father punished the child.
5. My uncle gave me the book. The book is on the table.
6. The horse goes well. I bought the horse.
7. The lady sings beautifully. You see the lady.
8. They did not hear the preacher. They went to hear the
preacher.
9. The gentleman is very kind to the poor. You see the
gentleman’s house.
10. I have just bought an overcoat. The overcoat is
waterproof.
11. The tree was a chestnut. The wind blew the tree down.
 12. Tom had just been given the dollar. He lost it.
13. The boy drove away the birds. The birds were eating
the corn.
14. The girl is very clever. You met her brother.
15. The dog fetched the birds. Its master had shot them.
16. Where is the book? You borrowed it.
17. The cow has been found. It was lost.

PUNCTUATION.
If the proper stops are left out, the meaning of a
sentence may be doubtful. Take, for example, the
toast at a public dinner:
Woman without her man is a brute.
This might mean that woman without man is a brute.
Punctuate the sentence correctly by the right use of the
comma, and you will see that the meaning is quite different.
Thus: Woman, without her, man is a brute.

The misplacing of the stops may make nonsense

of a sentence. Take the sentence:
Cæsar entered, on his head his helmet, on his feet sandals,
in his hand his trusty sword, in his eye an angry glare.
This may become: Cæsar entered on his head, his helmet
on his feet, sandals in his hand, his trusty sword in his eye,
an angry glare.
The barber’s sign also had two meanings according to its
punctuation:
1. What do you think?
 I shave you for nothing and give you a drink.

2. What! Do you think

I shave you for nothing and give you a drink?

The Full Stop.

A Full Stop is placed at the end of every
sentence.
Exercise 28.
Insert full stops where wanted. Place a capital letter
after each.
The old man was sitting under a tree the house was burned
the roses were scattered by the wind the carpet was beaten
this morning the mower was bitten by a snake that book is
liked England was conquered by William the corn was ground
by the miller the father was called by a little girl the cheeses
were eaten by mice that fish is caught with a hook the
flowers were gathered by Ellen that carving is much admired
the lady was nearly stunned snow had newly fallen the sun
had just risen the moon was almost setting Amelia is always
reading Nelly had often driven the horse the week has quickly
gone the bells were merrily ringing.
Examples:—The old man was sitting under a tree. The house
was burned. The roses were scattered by the wind, etc.

Write the following, insert stops where wanted, and

make good sense of it.
The celebrated Rabelais was once staying at a remote
country inn he wished to go to Paris but had no money to pay
his traveling expenses he therefore hit upon a plan of
 traveling at the expense of the government out of brickdust
he made up three little parcels on the first he wrote “For the
king” on the second “For the king’s son” on the third “For the
king’s brother” the landlord seeing these on the table where
they had been purposely left sent word to the king’s ministers
they ordered a messenger to fetch the traitor when he
reached Paris he was recognized he proved that he was no
traitor and his trick was discovered.
Example:—The celebrated Rabelais was once staying at a
remote country inn. He wished to go to Paris, but had no
money to pay his traveling expenses. He, therefore, hit upon
a plan of traveling, etc.

Exercise 29.
Correct the punctuation.
A farmer had several sons. Who used to quarrel with one
another. He tried to cure them of this bad habit. By pointing
out how foolish and wicked it was. But he found. That he did
no good. By talking to them. So one day he laid a bundle of
sticks before them. And he bade them break it. The eldest put
out all his strength. But in vain. The other sons tried in vain.
But they all failed. Then the father. Untying the bundle. Gave
his sons the separate sticks to break. And they broke them
easily. “Remember,” he said, “the lesson. Which this bundle
teaches. While you help each other. None can harm you.
When you quarrel. You are easily hurt.”

The Note of Interrogation.

Every direct question is followed by a Note of
Interrogation; as, “How do you do?” “When did
you see your father?” “I suppose, sir, you are a
doctor?”
Sometimes a question forms part of a larger
sentence, as,
They put this question to the committee, “Will you grant us
a hearing?” in a manner that proved their earnestness.

Except in such cases, a note of interrogation is

always followed by a capital letter.
Carefully observe the full stops and notes of
interrogation in the following:
A Paris fortune-teller was arrested and brought before a
magistrate. He said to her, “You know how to read the
future?” “I do, sir.” “Then you know what sentence I mean to
pass on you?” “Certainly.” “Well, what will happen to you?”
“Nothing.” “You are sure of it?” “Yes.” “Why?” “Because if you
had meant to punish me you would not be cruel enough to
mock me.”

Exercise 30.
Insert full stops and notes of interrogation.
Is the gardener pruning the trees has the baker been here
is the teacher liked were those roses cut to-day had the
gentleman lost his hat was the thief caught is the water
boiling have the girls learned their poetry has the window
been broken was the ship wrecked has the crew been saved
was Susan knitting will Mr. Robinson sing has Frank started
 A boy was going away without his mother’s leave she called
after him “Where are you going, sir” “To the village” “What
for” “To buy ten cents worth of nails” “And what do you want
ten cents worth of nails for” “For a nickel”

The Comma.
The Comma is the most frequently used of all
stops.
As a general rule, it may be stated that when, in
reading, a slight pause is made, a comma should be
inserted in writing; thus:—
The Spaniards were no match for the Roosevelt fighters,
however, and, as had been the case at La Quasina, the
Western cowboys and Eastern “dandies” hammered the
enemy from their path. Straight ahead they advanced, until
by noon they were well along toward San Juan, the capture
of which was their immediate object. Fighting like demons,
they held their ground tenaciously, now pressing forward a
few feet, then falling back, under the enemy’s fire, to the
position they held a few moments before.
Without books God is silent, justice dormant, natural
science at a stand, philosophy lame, letters dumb and all
things involved in Cimmerian darkness.

When a Noun or Pronoun in Apposition is very

closely connected with the preceding word, no
comma is needed, as,
William the Conqueror.
My cousin Fred.
 Cromwell the Protector.

When the connection is not so close, or when the

words in apposition are qualified, the phrase should
have commas before and after, as,
William, the Norman conqueror of England, lived a stormy
life.
My cousin, the bold and gallant Fred, fell in battle.
Cromwell, the great Protector, died in 1658.

Exercise 31.
Insert the necessary commas.
Napoleon the fallen emperor was sent to St. Helena. I live
in Washington the capital of the United States. The children
love their uncle Mr. Holmes. That coat was made by Brown
the village tailor. It was the lark the herald of the morn. Tom
the piper’s son stole a pig. Frank the jockey’s leg is broken.
Rome the city of the emperors became the city of the popes.
He still feels ambition the last infirmity of noble minds. Julius
Cæsar a great Roman general invaded Britain.
Examples:—Napoleon, the fallen emperor, was sent to St.
Helena. I live in Washington, the capital, etc. The children
love their uncle, Mr. Holmes, etc.

A Nominative of Address is marked off by commas,

as,
Are you, sir, waiting for anyone?
 Should the Nominative of Address have any
qualifying words joined to it, the whole phrase is
marked off by commas, as,
How now, my man of mettle, what is it you want?

Exercise 32.
Insert the necessary commas.
O Romeo wherefore art thou Romeo? In truth fair
Montague I am too fond. O grave where is thy victory? I pray
you sire to let me have the honor. Exult ye proud patricians.
Put on thy strength O Zion. My name dear saint is hateful to
myself. I am sorry friend that my vessel is already chosen. O
night and darkness ye are wondrous strong. Good morrow
sweet Hal. Now my good sweet honey lord ride with us to-
morrow. Come my masters let us share. For mine own part
my lord I could be well content to be there.
Examples:—O Romeo, wherefore art thou, Romeo? In truth,
fair Montague, I am too fond. I pray you, sire, to let me have
the honor, etc.

An Adverbial phrase or clause let into a sentence

should be marked off by commas, as,
His story was, in several ways, improbable.
The letter was written, strange to say, on club paper.

A time there was, ere England’s griefs began,

When every rood of ground maintained its man.

They sat, as sets the morning star, which goes

Not down behind the darkened west.
 Exercise 33.
Supply commas where necessary.
You will hear in the course of the meeting a full account of
the business. The story is however true. The wounded man is
according to the latest news doing well. He arrived in spite of
difficulties at his journey’s end. He explains with perfect
simplicity vast designs affecting all the governments of
Europe. In France indeed such things are done. I will when I
see you tell you a secret. I had till you told me heard nothing
of the matter. There where a few torn shrubs the place
disclose the village preacher’s modest mansion rose. You may
if you call again see him. You cannot unless you try harder
hope to succeed.
Examples:—You will hear, in the course of the meeting, a full
account, etc. The story is, however, true. You cannot, unless
you try harder, hope to succeed, etc.

Words, phrases, or clauses of the same kind,

coming after one another, must be separated by
commas, except when joined by Conjunctions, as,
Let Rufus weep, rejoice, stand still or walk....
Let him eat, drink, ask questions or dispute.

Her lower weeds were all o’er coarsely patched

With diff’rent colored rags, black, red, white, yellow.

On I walked, my face flushed, my feet sore, my clothes

dusty and my stomach as empty as my purse.

Exercise 34.
Supply commas where necessary.
 I met Fred Will and George. Faith hope and charity are the
Christian graces. The grocer sold four pounds of cheese two
pounds of bacon and seven pounds of sugar. Little drops of
water little grains of sand make the mighty ocean and the
pleasant land. We could have tea coffee cocoa lemonade or
ginger beer. The beggar asked for a piece of bread a glass of
milk or a few pence. The prize will be won by Smith Brown or
Jones. The first second third and fourth boys in the class will
be promoted.
Examples:—I met Fred, Will and George. Faith, hope and
charity are, etc. The first, second, third and fourth boys, etc.

A participial phrase is generally marked off by

commas; as,
The general, seeing his soldiers turn, galloped up to them.
The baby lying asleep, the children were very quiet.

Exercise 35.
Insert commas where necessary.
James leaving the country William was made king. The
storm having abated the ships ventured to sail. Henry
returning victorious the people went forth to meet him. My
friend Sir Roger being a good churchman has beautified the
inside of his church. The woman being in great trouble was
weeping. Fearing the storm we returned.
Examples:—James leaving the country, William was made
king. Fearing the storm, we returned, etc.

Exercise 36.
 Insert commas where necessary in the following
sentences:—
On their bridal trip they took a palace car went down the
Cumberland Valley stopped awhile at a watering place and
wondered at the divorce cases recorded in the newspapers.
In those distant days as in all other times and places where
the mental atmosphere is changing and men are inhaling the
stimulus of new ideas folly often mistook itself for wisdom
ignorance gave itself airs of knowledge and selfishness
turning its eyes upward called itself religion—George Eliot.
When I was running about this town a very poor fellow I
was a great arguer for the advantages of poverty but I was at
the same time very sorry to be poor.—Johnson.

Sail on Three Bells forever

In grateful memory sail!
Ring on Three Bells of rescue
Above the wave and gale!

As thine in night and tempest

I hear the Master’s cry
And tossing through the darkness
The lights of God draw nigh.—Whittier.

The Semi-colon.
It may be generally stated that a Semi-colon is
used in a complex sentence when a comma would
not be a sufficient division.
Co-ordinate clauses or sentences, especially if not
joined by Conjunctions, are generally separated by
semi-colons.
 Examples of the use of semi-colons.
The first in loftiness of mind surpassed;
The next in majesty; in both the last.—Dryden.

Many a man lives a burden to the earth; but a good book is

the precious life-blood of a master-spirit, embalmed and
treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life.—Milton.

All nature is but art unknown to thee;

All chance, direction, which thou canst not see;
All discord, harmony, not understood;
All partial evil universal good.—Pope.

Exercise 37.
Supply semi-colons where necessary.
Of the great men by whom Milton had been distinguished
at his entrance into life some had been taken away from the
evil to come some had carried into foreign climates their
unconquerable hatred of oppression some were pining in
dungeons and some had poured forth their blood on
scaffolds.

Then palaces shall rise the joyful son

Shall finish what his short-lived sire begun
Their vines a shadow to their race shall yield
And the same hand that sowed shall reap the field.—Pope.

Examples:—Of the great men by whom Milton had been

distinguished at his entrance into life, some had been taken
away from the evil to come; some had carried into foreign
climates their unconquerable hatred of oppression; some
were pining in dungeons, and some had poured forth their
blood on scaffolds.
 Then palaces shall rise; the joyful son
Shall finish what his short-lived sire begun;
Their vines a shadow to their race shall yield;
And the same hand that sowed shall reap the field.—Pope.

The Note of Admiration or Exclamation.

The Note of Admiration or Exclamation is used
1. After Interjections; as,

Alas! he is already dead.

2. After a phrase in the nature of an address or

exclamation; as,

Vital spark of heavenly flame!

Quit, oh quit this mortal frame;
Trembling, hoping, ling’ring, flying,
Oh the pain, the bliss of dying!—Pope.

3. As a mark of surprise; as,

Two and two are five!

Prepare the way, a god, a god appears!

“A god! a god!” the vocal hills reply.

Exercise 38.
Insert notes of exclamation where necessary.
Alas he is already dead. Alas poor Yorick. Tush never tell
me that. Well-a-day it is but too true. Tut, tut that is all
nonsense. Hey come here. O for a falconer’s voice. Hurrah
our side has won. Bravo that was well done. Hush the baby is
 asleep. Ah the cowards. Oh what beautiful flowers. Heigh-ho
I am tired of waiting.

Hush hush mee-ow mee-ow

We smell a rat close by.

Hurrah, hurrah a single field hath turned the chance of war

Hurrah, hurrah for Ivry and Henry of Navarre

Ho maidens of Vienna ho matrons of Lucerne,

Weep, weep for those who never will return.

Examples:—Alas! poor Yorick. Tut, tut! that is all nonsense.

Bravo! that was well done, etc.

Ho! maidens of Vienna, ho! matrons of Lucerne,

Weep, weep! for those who never will return.

Quotation Marks.
A Quotation is said to be direct when the exact
words are given; it is said to be indirect when the
substance is given, but not the exact words; thus:—
Direct quotations.
1. Mr. Brown said, “I am going for a walk.”
2. Mrs. Evans writes, “I hope to see you soon.”
3. He asked me, “What is your name?”

Indirect quotations.
1. Mr. Brown said he was going for a walk.
2. Mrs. Evans writes that she hopes to see us soon.
3. He asked me what my name was.
 Exercise 39.
Turn the direct quotations into indirect.
Johnson said, “I am a very fair judge.” “I doubt the story,”
observed Mrs. Beckett. “That was not quite what I had in my
mind,” answered the widow. “I am very tired,” added Mr.
Brown. “That is false,” we all shouted. “You must be a born
fool,” shouted the old man to me. “Our host is an inferior
person,” he remarked. “Are you better?” inquired she. Some
one asked, “Do you mean to stay till to-morrow?” “Little
kitten,” I say, “just an hour you may stay.” “I’ll have that
mouse,” said the bigger cat. Bun replied, “You are doubtless
very big.”
Examples:—Johnson said he was a very fair judge. Mrs.
Beckett observed that she doubted the story. Some one asked
if you mean to stay, etc. Bun replied that he was doubtless
very big, etc.

A direct quotation always begins with a capital

letter, and is placed within inverted commas, thus:—
But his little daughter whispered,
As she shook his icy hand,
“Isn’t God upon the ocean,
Just the same as on the land?”

The man said, “Where are you going?”

The titles of books are generally placed within

inverted commas, thus:—
Defoe wrote “Robinson Crusoe.”
 Thackeray is the author of “Vanity Fair,” “Pendennis,”
“Esmond,” “The Newcomes,” and other novels.

Exercise 40.
Place all direct quotations within inverted commas.
Oh Charley, this is too absurd ejaculated Mrs. Beckett. Why,
Mr. Paton must be going mad exclaimed Mrs. Beckett. Oh
dear! dear! I can indeed gasped the widow. The butler
announced Major and Mrs. Wellington de Boots. You will give
my love to your mother when you write said Mary warmly. He
smiled as though he were thinking I have it not to give. The
elder replied I was, as usual, unfortunate. How naughty he is
said his mother. Do you understand the language of flowers?
inquired Uncle Ralph. Why, that is lightning exclaimed the
knight. Juan replied Not while this arm is free. He thought
The boy will be here soon. Tom broke in with You do not
know whom I mean. He will soon be back continued Mr.
Brooke. Remember the proverb Small strokes fell great oaks.
Provoking scoundrel muttered the antiquary. Out with those
boats and let us haste away cried one. Hearts of oak! our
captains cried.

Shoot, if you must, this old gray head,

But spare your country’s flag she said.

Who touches a hair of yon gray head

Dies like a dog. March on he said.

He woke to hear his sentries shriek

To arms! They come! The Greek! The Greek!

Out spake the victor then,

As he hailed them o’er the wave,
Ye are brothers! ye are men!
 And we conquer but to save.

Examples:—“Oh! Charley, this is too absurd,” ejaculated Mrs.

Beckett. “Why, Mr. Paton must be going mad,” exclaimed Mrs.
Beckett. “Hearts of oak!” our captains cried.

“Shoot, if you must, this old gray head,

But spare your country’s flag,” she said.

He woke to hear his sentries shriek,

“To arms! They come! The Greek! The Greek!”

The student should write out all of the above

sentences and place the quotation marks where they
belong. You have enough examples to guide you.
Sometimes, in the course of a quotation, words
are inserted which form no part of the quotation;
thus,
“Out with those boats and let us haste away,”
Cried one, “ere yet yon sea the bark devours.”

In such cases every separate part of the quotation

is marked off by inverted commas. A capital letter is
placed only at the beginning of the quotation, or
after a full stop.
Exercise 41.
Place all direct quotations within inverted commas.
I cannot tell you that replied the young man; it would not
be fair to others. It was not answered the other; your house
has always seemed like home. But, surely, argued the widow
it must be a comfort to feel that. In the meantime said Edgar
I will write to you. A common rose, said Uncle Ralph, like
common sense and common honesty, is not so very common.
Poor faithful old doggie! murmured Mrs. Currie, he thought
Tacks was a burglar. Capital house dog! murmured the
colonel; I shall never forget how he made poor Heavisides
run. Cloudy, sir, said the colonel, cloudy; rain before morning,
I think. I don’t see the dog I began; I suppose you found him
all right, the other evening. Oh, uncle, pleaded Lilian; don’t
talk like that.

Little kitten, I say,

Just an hour you may stay.

Agreed, said Ching, but let us try it soon:

Suppose we say to-morrow afternoon.
They’re there, said Chang, if I see anything
As clear as day-light.

May Heaven look down, the old man cries

Upon my son and on his ship.

Nay, Solomon replied,

The wise and strong should seek
The welfare of the weak.

Oh king! she said; henceforth

The secret of thy worth
And wisdom well I know.

Examples:—“I cannot tell you that,” replied the young man;

“it would not be fair to others.” “It was not,” answered the
other; “your house has always seemed like home.”

“Little kitten,” I say,

“Just an hour you may stay.”
 “May Heaven look down,” the old man cries,
“Upon my son and on his ship.”

When double inverted commas are used for an

ordinary quotation, a quotation within a quotation is
marked by single inverted commas; thus,
Miriam sang, “The enemy said, ‘I will pursue, I will
overtake, I will divide the spoil.’”

Exercise 42.
Place all direct quotations within inverted commas.
Mr. Brocklehurst said When I asked him which he would
rather have, a gingerbread nut to eat or a verse of a Psalm to
learn he says Oh the verse of a Psalm: angels sing Psalms. He
continued, On her return she exclaimed Oh, dear Papa, how
quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look. I shall remember
I said how you thrust me back though I cried out Have
mercy! Have mercy, Aunt Reed. The father said Remember
the proverb Keep not evil men company lest you increase the
number. But said the lecturer you must note the words of
Shakespeare
Spirits are not finely touched
But to fine issues.

The teacher asked in what play do the words All the world’s
a stage occur? My sister writes in her last letter Will you
please get me a copy of the song Tell me, my heart. In a
poem on Dr. South preaching before Charles II. we read
The doctor stopped, began to call,
Pray wake the Earl of Lauderdale.