Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT-2022)

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0118-0

Simulation of Electric Vehicles Using Permanent

Magnet DC Motor
Ashutosh Mohanty1, Dr. Manitha P.V2 , Ms. Lekshmi S.3
1, 2, 3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract— Global pollution is increasing, and all efforts are A. Advantages and Disadvantages of EV
being made to minimize CO2 emissions and rescue the earth. The greatest test the EVs face today is to manage the
The introduction of electric vehicles is one such initiative (EV).
battery-powered battery. Most EVs can just head out 100 to
2022 4th International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT) | 978-1-6654-0118-0/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICSSIT53264.2022.9716549

This paper provides the work on the Electric Vehicles using

PMDC Motor. The importance of EV, the challenges and
200 miles prior to reloading; full re-energizing of the battery
future aspects of EV is discussed in this paper. This paper also can require four to eight hours. Batteries are weighty, costly,
emphasizes on the battery used in EVs. The paper also require substitution, and consume a large chunk of the day.
describes the functioning and comparison of each component. By and large, the electric vehicle has a greater number of
The regenerative breaking of the vehicle and the state of advantages than disadvantages. The advantages incorporate
charge (SOC %) of the Lithium-Ion battery is examined. no exhaust emissions; which prompts less dangerous
MATLAB/Simulink is used to create and simulate a dynamic atmospheric emissions. Table.1 sums up the benefits and
model of an electric car. detriments of the EV.
Table.1. Advantage and Disadvantage [2]
Keywords—Electric Vehicle, Modeling, Control Systems,
MATLAB/Simulink, SOC Advantage Disadvantage
Fuel can be tackled from any Restricted somewhere out there
I. INTRODUCTION wellspring of power, which is that can be driven before the
Natural and financial issues are the really main thrust in accessible in many homes and total disappointment of the
the improvement of EVs for metropolitan vehicle. The organizations. battery.
nursery impact, which prompts a dangerous atmospheric Also reduces pollution. More costly due to cost of the
devation, is caused generally by the fumes discharges of parts.
ordinary inward ignition motor (ICE-internal combustion
It cuts hydrocarbon and Electric motors, batteries,
engine) vehicles [1]. The contamination issue will just turn carbon monoxide emissions chargers, and controls make the
out to be more awful as the quantity of automobiles out and by 98 percent, which are automobile heavier.
about builds a seemingly endless amount of many years. responsible for a variety of
The low energy transformation productivity of burning environmental issues.
motors additionally has a financial effect. At the point when There are no emissions. This Accessories, such as air
proficiency is estimated as far as changing raw petroleum is especially important in conditioning and mobile
over to tractive exertion at the wheels, electric vehicles are metropolitan areas, where charging etc. can drain the
not extensively more effective. Besides, productive force cleaner air is desperately battery.
age at confined offices, incredibly high engine and regulator required.
effectiveness, and advancements in battery or force source
innovation inside the vehicle are only a couple of the
elements that can be considered. As a result of the II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
previously mentioned factors, electric vehicles have a ton of From the block diagram displayed in Fig.1, it very well may
potential for working on generally productivity. The main be seen that the battery will supply the capacity to the power
choice for a spotless, productive, and harmless to the converter. Power converter is utilized to work with the
ecosystem metropolitan transportation framework is to regenerative breaking utilizing H-Bridge. Electric Motor
utilize an electric vehicle [2-3]. (which is PMDC in this work) is associated with the wheels
of the vehicle through a stuff box and shaft in the vehicle
This paper presents a model and recreation apparatus body.
dependent on MATLAB/Simulink for electric vehicles with
accentuation on the speed control of the vehicle and state of
charge (SOC) of Lithium Ion batteries. The goal of this
paper is to introduce the basics of electric vehicles so one
can without much of a stretch comprehend the plan, strategy
and standards of activity. This work will fill in as the
schooling angle on electric vehicle, which can be considered
vital in stimulating the interest among individuals for
creating and utilizing electric vehicles.
Fig.1. Block Diagram for EV system

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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT-2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0118-0

III. VEHICLE BODY SPECIFICATIONS Maximum Speed(kmph) 90

Table.2 represents the specifications of the vehicle body that
we have considered for this project.
Table.2 Vehicle Body Specifications
Parameters Values Units
Mass (M) 1200 Kg
No. of wheels per axle (n) 2 -
Distance between C.G and 1.4 Meters(m)
Front wheel (La)
Distance between C.G and 1.6 Meters(m)
Rear wheel (Lb)
C.G height (h) 0.5 Meters(m)
Frontal Area (Af) 2.654 m2 Fig.2. FTP75(2474) Drive Cycle
Radius of wheel (r) 0.3 Meters(m)
VI. SIMULATION MODELS AND RESULTS
Drag co-efficient (Cd) 0.38 -
This section contains the exact details of the simulation
circuit as well as the closed loop results. The major goal of
IV. DC MOTOR (PMDC) this project is realized using the following simulation models
A Permanent Magnet DC motor (PMDC motor) utilizes a (i.e., the vehicle model follow the reference speed).
long-lasting magnet to shape the field required for the a) Vehicle Body Subsystem
activity of a DC motor. They are typically utilized as a Fig.3 Consists of a vehicle body which has rear wheel
turning over motor in vehicles. Since no attractive power drive and front wheel drive, the two rear wheels are
energy is squandered in the DC Motor square in connected to the axle port and the front wheels are also
Simulink/MATLAB, the back-emf and power constants interconnected to the vehicle body. This also contains the
have similar mathematical worth in SI units. Motor unit conversion subsystem to convert the velocity units from
particulars will be provided either expressly or in a m/s to km/hr.
roundabout way dependent on no-heap speed and slow
Ideal translational movement sensor block is additionally
down power. In the event that no information on curl
utilized. This square estimates speed or dislodging in a
inductance is accessible, this boundary will be doled out to a mechanical translational organization. Since sensor doesn't
little non-zero worth. For this work the model definition is represent latency, grating, postponements, or energy
predicated on Rated burden and speed. Table 3 addresses the utilization, due to these the sensors are used. [4] The actual
determinations of the PMDC Motor. sign ports V and P report the speed and area of port R
corresponding to port C, separately. At the point when the
Table.3.DC Motor specifications
speed at port R surpasses the speed at port C, the noticed
Parameters Value speed is positive. The configuration of the vehicle body and
Armature inductance 12e-6 H
the wheels is mentioned in Table 2.
No-Load Speed 9200 rpm
Rated Speed(at rated load) 1053 rpm
Rated load(mechanical power) 60 kW
Rated DC supply voltage 110V
Rotor inertia 0.01 g*cm2

V. DRIVING CYCLE
Vehicle exhaust emissions and fuel consumption are
calculated using driving cycles, which are speed-time graphs.
In MATLAB/Simulink drive cycles ordinarily creates a norm
or client indicated longitudinal drive cycle. The square yield
is the vehicle longitudinal speed. In this model, FTP75 drive
cycle is utilized. The features of the drive cycle are shown in
Table 4. The representation of FTP75 drive cycle is shown as
a graphical representation between velocity and time in
Fig.2.
Table.4. FTP75 Drive Cycle Features
Fig.3.Vehicle Body dynamics subsystem
Features Values
b) Motor and Gear system
Time(s) 2474
This subsystem consists of the PMDC motor and the
gear box. Fig.4 represents the Motor and Gear subsystem.

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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT-2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0118-0

Ideal rotational movement sensor is additionally utilized in 𝛿=

𝑇𝑜𝑛
=
𝑇𝑜𝑛
(1)
this subsystem. This square is utilized to quantify precise 𝑇𝑜𝑛 +𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓
speed or point in a mechanical rotational organization. Since Where,
it doesn't represent idleness, contact, postponements, or
energy utilization, the sensor is regularly great.
Duty Cycle=ᵟ
The gearbox is a non-planetary, fixed gear ratio that is
perfect. The Gear Ratio is the single characteristic that On time=Ton
defines the gearbox. Mechanical rotational conserving ports Off time=Toff
‘S’ and ‘O’ are connected to the box input and output shafts,
respectively. The yield (output) in PWM mode is a PWM signal. The yield
is consistent in Averaged mode, with a worth comparable to
The Gear ratio is inferred by partitioning the info shaft the average value of PWM signal.
precise speed by the yield shaft angular speed. Just when a
positive force is given to the input shaft and the proportion is An H-bridge motor drive is represented by the H-Bridge
set to a positive value can create the torque in a positive way. block. The controlled PWM voltage block, in PWM or
Averaged mode, is routinely used to drive the squares. In
case the PWM port voltage is more critical than the limit
voltage, the motor is worked in PWM mode. The extent of
the on time to the PWM total in Averaged mode is described
by the PWM port voltage isolated by the PWM signal
amplitude parameter [6].
Because of the higher-than-mentioned criterion, Averaged
mode was chosen for this project. The square conveys a
normal voltage to the heap that creates the right normal
burden current utilizing this proportion and suspicions about
the heap. For the Controlled PWM Voltage and H-Bridge
obstructs, the Simulation mode boundary worth ought to be
same.
The longitudinal drive is connected to the current
scheme which supplies acceleration and swiftness command
Fig.4. Motor and gear box subsystem because the input to the facility controller or device scheme.
Fig. 5 shows the input and ouptut angular velocity in rad/sec.
The input and output angular velocity follows the exact path
with respect to eachother, and satifies the main reference
speed as mentioned earlier in Fig.2.

Fig.6. Power Converter Subystem

d) Regenerative Breaking
The kinetic energy of a moving vehicle can be recovered
Fig.5.Angular velocity Output using the regenerative braking method when the vehicle
slows down or travels downhill. The electric motor acts as a
c) Power controller generator in this mode. During slowing down, the
In this subsystem controlled PWM voltage block and recuperation of the energy because of the restricting
H-Bridge are used. Power converter is employed to facilitate electromotive power is guaranteed. Along these lines, higher
the regenerative breaking using H-Bridge. framework effectiveness and battery charge increment the
A Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) voltage is made across the reach [7]. In this work the regenerative breaking is obtained
PWM and REF ports by the controlled PWM voltage block. using the H-Bridge and controlled PWM voltage in
Right when the pulse is low, the output voltage is zero; when MATLAB/Simulink. The regenerative breaking mode can be
the pulse is high, the output voltage is comparable to the enabled using the H-Bridge.
yield voltage amplitude [10]. The input value determines the
duty cycle. The duty cycle formula is given in Eqn. (1)

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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT-2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0118-0

e) Battery
The following simulation is done to understand the f) Simulink model of Electric Vehicle System
main concept on the state of charge of the Li-ion battery and This section represents the combination of all the
how it actually varies and the functioning. In this simulation subsystems, making it a complete model. The major goal of
the charge and discharge of Li-ion battery with respect to this project is to have the vehicle model trace an exact path
real time application is done. In this case, the battery will that is comparable to the reference speed using the
stop discharging once the SOC reaches 30% and starts simulation model below.
charging till it reaches 90%. The SOC of the battery is examined. Outputs of
Initially the battery charge is zero, and at t=50secs the acceleration and deceleration are also emphasized with
vehicle starts to move till t=150secs. The complete respect to the reference speed, FTP75 (Fig.2). Speed
simulation circuit and the output are shown in Fig.7 and variation and distance traversed has also been specified, as
Fig.8 respectively. an output from vehicle dynamics subsystem.
Fig.9 shows the complete EV model.

Fig.9. Electric vehicle model

Fig.7. Li-on Battery SOC% Study Simulation

The red shading plot in Fig.10 addresses the reference speed
of the FTP75 drive cycle, while the blue shading plot
Fig 8, shows that the vehicle starts to move from t=50secs, addresses the genuine speed of the vehicle framework as seen
the battery initially charges and remains constant till after the reference speed.
t=50secs. After t=50secs it start discharging till t=150secs,
because the vehicles starts moving. The value at the end of
t=150sec is 55% and no more discharge takes place. At the
same time it doesn’t charge anymore, because the minimum
SOC% required for it to start charging is 30%. This is done
in order to understand the charge and discharge of the battery
in Electric vehicles for beginners.

Fig.8. SOC% Output Fig.10.Simulation plot of Reference & Actual Velocity

Fig.11 shows the SOC% of the battery and how it is varying

throughout the simulation. The values of one represents that
initially it was 100% charged and at the end of 2474sec as per
the Drive cycle the final SOC of the battery is 71.52%.

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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT-2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0118-0

VII. CONCLUSION
In the Simulink atmosphere, an essential EV framework with a
PMDC engine and regenerative brake control is planned and
recreated. Condition of charge of battery is observed. The final
SOC% of the battery is observed to be 71.52%. Analysis of
acceleration and deceleration is also done. The speed variation and
distance travelled by the vehicle simulation is also achieved. Along
with these the study on the lithium ion battery, advantages and
disadvantages of EV is done and also emphasized on the future
aspects of Electric vehicles. Since EVs are a method for overall
supportable transportation and its use is expanding quickly.
However, there are many obstacles which must be managed for
more extensive reception of EVs in India.

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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT-2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22P17-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0118-0

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