LECTURE 1

Art as a Humanistic
Discipline
Prepared by
Dr. Allan C. Orate

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
OBJECTIVES
a. Distinguish the humanities and the sciences as fields
of learning.
b. Survey the place of the humanities in the history of
Western civilization.
c. Relate the Western concept of humanities with the
Filipino notion of personhood or pagkatao.
d. Examine the history of art as a humanistic discipline.
e. Compare and contrast the concepts of art according
to Western thought and Filipino thought.
f. Discover the Filipino identity through the arts.
g. Apply the Filipino sense of art in the process of
appreciating art.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
READINGS
1.1. Panofsky, Erwin (1955). “The History of Art as a
Humanistic Discipline ” in Meaning in the Visual
Arts. Australia: Penguin Books, 1955. pp. 1-25.

1.2. Covar, Prospero (1992). Kaalamang Bayang Dalumat

ng Pagkataong Pilipino”, in http://www.journals.
upd.edu. ph/index. php/djwf/article/viewFile/ 49
50/4459.

1.2. De Leon, Felipe (2015). “Defining the Filipino

Through the Arts,” in journals.upd.edu.ph/index.
php/phr/ article/ download/4737/4273.DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
VIDEOS
1.1. “Laura Morelli (2014). “Is there a difference
between art and craft?” In https://www.you
tube.com/watch? v=tVdw60eCnJI

1.2 “Xiao Time: Damian Domingo, Ama ng PHL

Painting at unang pormal na gurong Filipino
ng sining sa Pinas” (2014) in https://www.you
tube.com/watch?v=3i8muLe9vss.

1.3. ANC-NCCA (2015). “Dayaw: Inukit, Hinulma,

Nilikha (Iconic Symbols of the Indigenous)”
Episodes 3. In https://www.you tube.com/wat
ch?v=8KlO 6_Jpd-4.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
LECTURES

1.1. Art as a Humanistic Discipline

1.2. The Humanities in Western

Civilization

1.3. The Humanities and the

Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao)

1.4. The Filipino Concept of Art

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 LECTURE 1.1
Art as a Humanistic
Discipline

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
Art as a Humanistic Discipline

How did art become a humanistic

discipline?

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
Art as a Humanistic Discipline

Humanistic discipline

intended to provide general knowledge

and intellectual skills (rather than
occupational or professional skills)

Synonyms: arts, humanities, liberal arts.

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
Art as a Humanistic Discipline

What area of learning does art

belong in?

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES

FIELDS OF LEARNING

Sciences HUMANITIES

THE TWO GENERAL

FIELDS OF LEARNING

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES

FIELDS OF LEARNING

Sciences HUMANITIES

THE TWO GENERAL

FIELDS OF LEARNING

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES

FIELDS OF LEARNING

Sciences HUMANITIES

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES

FIELDS OF LEARNING

Sciences HUMANITIES

Language History ART Philosophy

Art ART
Creation APPRECIATION
Artist DR.Spectator
ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
Practice Theory
 PARADIGM FOR LEARNING
IN THE SCIENCES
SUBJECT-KNOWER OBJECT-KNOWN

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

“The scientist learns about things in the world.”

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

 PARADIGM FOR LEARNING
IN THE HUMANITIES

SUBJECT-KNOWER = OBJECT-KNOWN

REFLEXIVE
METHOD

“The humanist learns about the self.”

 THE BASIC
QUESTION IN
THE HUMANITIES

“Who am I?”
THINKERS WHOSE THOUGHTS WERE THE BASIS
OF METHOD IN THE HUMANITIES

SOCRATES
469-399 BC “Know
thyself.”

WISDOM
“Withdraw into yourself
truth dwells in the inner man.”
AUGUSTINE, 354-430 AD

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

 THE THE
SCIENCES HUMANITIES
KNOWLEDGE WISDOM

The scientist The humanist

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
becomes a becomes a
LEARNED MAN. WISE MAN.
THALES OF MILETUS
(620-546 BC)
A scientist tends to know everything about the world
that he forgets to know anything about himself.
 Who am I?
What is the basic answer
to this question?
 Who am I?
“I am a human being.”
“HUMANITIES”
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 LECTURE 1.2
The Humanities in
Western Civilization

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 Humanities
branches of knowledge that concern
themselves with human beings and
their culture or with analytic and
critical methods of inquiry derived
from an appreciation of human
values and of the unique ability of
the human spirit to express itself.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
Panofsky, “Art as a Humanistic Discipline”

“HUMANITIES”
LATIN ENGLISH
humanitas “humanity”

Gods in the state of

divinitas perfection in heaven
People in the state of
humanitas culture in civilized society
Savages in the state of
barbaritas nature for survival
 THE PLACE OF HUMANITIES IN
THE HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION

ANCIENT COSMOCENTRIC VIEW HUMA

PROTAGORAS: Man is the measure of all things.
800 BC NITIES
GEOCENTRISM: Man is at the center of the universe.

THEOCENTRIC VIEW
MEDIEVAL SCHOLASTICISM: Man is created in the image of God
300 AD Man is at the center of creation.

RENAISSANCE ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW HUMA

HUMANISM: Nothing is more wonderful than man. NITIES
1400

MODERN SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC VIEW

1600 Man is a part of nature.

ECLECTIC VIEW HUMA

POSTMODERN Man is a piece of everything. NITIES
1960 DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 ANCIENT
IMAGE OF
COSMOCENTRIC
MAN:

GEOCENTRIC
THEORY
Earth (Man) is
the center of
the universe.

Ptolemy
(100-170 AD)
Almagest
MEDIEVAL IMAGE
OF THEOCENTRIC MAN
Man is created by God.

Escorial Beatus,
Illuminated Manuscript,
10th Century
 RENAISSANCE
IMAGE OF MAN:
ANTROPOCENTRIC
MAN:
Measure of all
things

Leonardo da Vinci
Vitruvian Man, 1490
 RENAISSANCE IMAGE OF ANTHROPOCENTRIC MAN
The image of man is the image of God. Man is the measure of God.

Michelangelo, The Creation of Man (Sistine Chapel Painting, 1512)

 HELIOCENTRIC
THEORY: Removed
man from the center
of the universe and
suggested the view
man was special in
the universe.

Copernicus,
On the Revolution
of Celestial Bodies,
1542
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
Man is a part of nature.

The Evolution of Man

 MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
The scientist is detached observer of the objectified man.

Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Turf, 1642

MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-
TECHNOCENTRIC MAN

Man is dehumanized during

the industrial age.

Legaspi
Gadgets
1947
Medio Cruz, Poleteismo, from Kulo Exhibit 2011 INSTALLATION ART

POSTMODERN IMAGE OF ECLECTIC MAN

Man is a piece of everything.
 HUMANISTIC
DISCIPLINES

HISTORY
Human events happening in the world
LANGUAGE
Written and oral forms of human communication
PHILOSOPHY
Human reason concerning reality
ART
Admiration (ART APPRECIATION) of human-made objects
and the human creativity (ART CREATION) by which these
objects are made
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 ETYMOLOGY
Professional &
Academic Artist
LATIN ENGLISH
FINE ART
ars “art”
Architect
Skillful production Sculptor
or performance MAJOR ART
LIBERAL ART ARTIST ART
SERVILE ART ARTISAN CRAFT
MINOR ART
Stone Cutter
Carpenter
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
WESTERN CONCEPT ART

ACADEMIC Only schooled people are artists

ELITIST Meant for the higher social class

HIERARCHICAL Liberal art and servile art, high and

low art, major art and minor art or
craft, fine art and practical art, folk
art, indigenous art, popular art

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

WESTERN CLASSIFICATION
OF THE ARTS

MAJOR ART
Made by artists and
primarily concerned with
the form of beauty

MINOR ART OR CRAFT

Made by artisans and
concerned with functionality
and usefulness of
human-made objects
(artifacts)
 THE SEVEN MAJOR ARTS
IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION

Visual PAINTING
SCULPTURE
ARCHITECTURE

Performing MUSIC
DANCE
DRAMA
Linguistic LITERATURE
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 MINOR ARTS: CRAFT

Ceramics
Weaving
Sewing
Handicraft
Carpentry
Masonry
Stone Cutting
Gardening
Cooking
Video 1.1.
Michelangelo,
Painting in the
Ceiling of Sistine
Chapel
1508-1512

Made by the
artist and the
artisans, but
only the artist
took the credit
Conversion of
St. Paul Parish
Church
Pitogo, Quezon

Baroque
Architecture

Built in 1817
 Façade of
Pitogo Church

Made of
adobe
(gasang)

Bell tower
built in
1984
 Interior of
Pitogo Church
Renovated
in 1996
 Made of
coralline
limestone
(gasang)
Gloria Ching (1994)
History of Pitogo

“A very good ruler in the

person of Geronimo de
los Angeles came in
1817. During his time
the stone church was
built on the same place
where St. Paul was once
found on Maaliw Hill.”
Provided list of parish
priest from 1812-1994
 LECTURE 1.3
The Humanities and the
Filipino Personhood
(Pagkatao)

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
“HUMANITIES”

LATIN
humanitas
ENGLISH
“humanities”
FILIPINO
“pagpapakatao”
?
Mula sa
“pagkatao”
“tao”
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 COVAR’S FILIPINO ANTHROPOLOGY
KATAUHAN PAGKATAO
Biological: Cultural:
Born as a human being Becoming a human being
Act of being human Process of becoming human
“personality” “personhood”
“Madaling maging tao; mahirap magpakatao.”

“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process by which one
becomes a human being
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 FILIPINO
PERSONHOOD How does a human being
become a Filipino?

Manunggul Jar,
890-710 BC,
Tabon Cave,
Palawan

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

 Both came
from clay
THE JAR AND THE
FILIPINO PERSONHOOD
LABAS
LABAS LOOB
ulo isip
LOOB dibdib damdamin

LALIM LALIM
kaluluwa budhi
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 LABAS NG PAGKATAO
Katawan (Physical)
kulay ng balat (maputi, maitim)
tindig (matangkad, andak)
ilong (matangos, pango)
LOOB NG PAGKATAO
dibdib (malapad, malaki)
Kalooban (Intellectual,
Emotional and Moral)
isip (matalino)
ugali, asal (mabuti)

LALIM NG PAGKATAO
Kaluluwa (Espiritual)
anito (banal)

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

 NON-DUALISTIC RELATION OF TERMS

LABAS LOOB
malapad ng noo matalino
salubong ang kilay matapang o galit
malagkit ang tingin umiibig
maduming bibig masamang magsalita

LALIM DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

malinis ang kaluluwa matuwid ang budhi
NON-DUALISTIC RELATION IN
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
LABAS LOOB
hipo dama
pigil timpi
dinig ulinig
tawa tuwa
saya ligaya
sarap ginhawa
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 THE “HUMANITIES”
IN FILIPINO CONCEPT

“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process how a
human being becomes a
Filipino
FILIPINO
ART
In the study of Humanities, as Pagpapakatao,
the students would discover and realize their
own identity as a Filipino.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 Filipe del Leon Jr. (2011)
“Defining the Filipino through the Arts”
CULTURAL IDENTITY
“The worldview and values, beliefs systems,
knowledge, skills and practices, core principles
and ideas shared by a society”
.

FILIPINO
“Cultural identity is a sine qua non for
becoming active in the world… a source of social
empowerment. Rob a people of their identity
and they become passive, lost, indolent,
uncreative and unproductive.”
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 “The first objective of a colonizing power is to erase
the cultural memory of the conquered people, to
induce a collective amnesia about their past and
supplant it with the culture of the colonizers. In this
lie the roots of Filipino derivativeness and inferiority
complex vis-a-vis the West.”

Pre-Colonial Period
Had our own cultural identity
(Before 1500’s)
Our identity destroyed by colonizers:
Colonial Period
Westernization of Filipino Culture
(1500-1950) making us alienated from our own

Post-Colonial Period Reclamation, affirmation and definition

(1950 onwards) of our identify in our own terms
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 FILIPINO OTHER
CULTURE CULTURES
(Standard)
Some Recommendations for Developing
a Filipino and Humanistic Perspective
1. Heightening social consciousness and sense of responsibility to the
nation.
2. Promoting people participation, local genius, and cultural diversity.
3. Promoting the local but thinking national or global: human
communities, not the state, are the ultimate actors in the
development process
4. Integrating the arts to social and cultural phenomena as lucid
mirrors of social consciousness.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 FILIPINO
ARTS
BECOMING FILIPINO THROUGH THE ARTS:
The Process of Pagpapakatao
“The arts can provide us the most vivid
images of social relations and cultural
values. They are perhaps the most lucid
symbols of a people’s quality of being or
consciousness. Contemplating the arts is
like reflecting on the psychic template of
an artist or a cultural community.”
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 LECTURE 1.4
The Filipino
Concept of Art

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 Western
Concept
ART
Academic Only schooled people are artists
Elitist Meant for the higher social class
Hierarchical High and low art, major art and craft
fine and practical art, folk, indigenous

Filipino
Concept
ART Has no such Western distinctions
 Son of Chinese immigrants converted to
DAMIAN Christianity, but thought to be a noble
DOMINGO Spanish descent by the Spaniards so
that they commissioned him to paint
(1796-1834)
Engaged by a merchant to paint, in
miniaturismo style, albums of people
wearing their daily costumes
Had a vision of making art more
accessible to the Filipinos (Indios)
Founded the first Art School in the
Philippines Escuela Dibujo y Pintura
in Tondo Manila in 1821
His patron was Sociedad Economica
de los Amigos del Pais
FATHER OF Professor and Director of the Philippine Video
PHILIPPINE Art Academy. The academy was closed 1.2.
after his death producing Filipino artists
PAINTING trained in Western artistic tradition
Domingo, Tipos del Pais, Water color of Filipinos in native costumes
 JUAN LUNA (1857-1899)
Bachelor of Arts Degree, Ateneo Municipal de Manila.
Enrolled in Academy of Fine Arts, Manila

Went to Europe in 1877, and studied in Escuela de

ACADEMIC Bellas Artes de San Fernando
WESTERNIZED
Won gold medal in Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes
FILIPINO in 1884 for Spoliarium
PAINTER
Commissioned by Spanish government to do paintings
like La Batalla de Lepanto and El Pacto de Sangre

Arrested for murdering his wife and mother-in-law, but

was acquitted on grounds of crime of passion.
Juan Luna, Spoliarium, 1884, Gold Medal, Exposicion Nacional

NEOCLASSICAL STYLE
Felix R. Hidalgo, Las
Virgines Cristiana
espuestas al population,
1884, Silver Medal,
Exposicion Nacional
 “…. In the history of mankind there are names which
in themselves signify an achievement…. To such
RIZAL’S belong the names of Luna and Hidalgo: their
splendor illuminates two extremes of the globe-the
SPEECH Orient and the Occident, Spain and the Philippines.
As I utter them, I seem to see two luminous arches
that rise from either region to blend there on
high…to unite two peoples with eternal bonds; two
peoples whom the seas and space vainly separate;
two peoples among whom do not germinate the
seeds of disunion blindly sown by men and their
despotism. Luna and Hidalgo are the pride of Spain
as of the Philippines-though born in the Philippines,
they might have been born in Spain, for genius has
no country; genius bursts forth everywhere….”

Winning the exposition had proven that Filipinos were equal with the
Spaniards, so that the Filipinos deserve the recognition of other people
in the world with equal dignity and respect.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 Luna,
España y
Filipinas
1886

Philippine Western
Art Art
One positive way of looking at Filipino
identity in the arts is to see Philippine
Art as integrated in Western Art, and
these two traditions are uniting and
harmonizing with one another.
 Tolentino
Bonifacio
Monument
1933

NEOCLASSICISM
an art movement that
sought to evoke the
style of classical
antiquity; focuses on
the ideal human form
as opposed to the less
than perfect shapes of
real people
Amorsolo, Planting Rice
ROMANTIC REALISM
RENAISSANCE ART
IMPRESSIONISM
 Amorsolo, Planting Rice
ROMANTIC REALISM
real world with a
heightened sense of
emotion, imagination, and
RENAISSANCE ART idealism, while still
gradual shift from abstract forms of maintaining a focus on the
the medieval period to accurate representation of
representational forms of the 15th everyday life and human
century experiences

IMPRESSIONISM
small. visible brushstrokes that
offer the bare imression of form,
unblended color and an emphasis
on the accurate depiction of
natural light
 Manansala,
Marketscene

TRANSPARENT
CUBISM
essensial tones,
shapes and
patterns of
figure and
environment
are faceted and
superimposed
 Lamaroza
Ecology Series
1978

SURREALISM
ideas, images, and
objectives are combined
in a strange way, like a
dream
Joya
Karate

ACTION
PAINTING
splashing, using
gestural
brushstrokes and
dripping paint
onto canvas
rather that
carefully applying
it
Joya
Karate

ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM
new form of
abstract art

Abstract - does not

represent an
accurate depiction of
visual reality
Expressionism -
image of reality is
distorted to make it
expressive of the
artist’s inner feelings
or ideas
 Albor,
Upward
Duality

COLOR
FIELD
PAINTING
large-scale
canvasses
dominated by
flat expanses
of colour and
a minimum of
surface detail
Tinalak, Tiboli Art
Basey, Art of Colorful Mats from Samar-Leyte
Pastillas Wrapper Art of Pampanga and Bulacan
Vinta
Badjao
Art
Sarimanok Design
Maranao Art
Okir, Maranao Art
Torogan, Maranao Art
Maranao Brassware Art
Burnay
Jars of
Ilocos
PASIKING
Ifugao
Native
Backpack
Ling Ling O, Art of
the Cordillera Group
Bulul, Igorot Art
COLORFUL
ART OF THE
PAROL

Lanterns
made of
capiz shells
with twikling
light design
PAHIYAS, ART OF LUCBAN QUEZON
Taka Art of Paete, Laguna
JEEPNEY
ART
THE COLORFUL ART OF THE PHILIPPINE KALESA
THE COLORFUL ART OF TRICYCLE DESIGN
COLORFUL PHILIPPINE ICE CREAM CART
Laji of the Ivatan is literature and music.
Pasyon is literature, and pabasa is music.
Senakulo is a theater art.
“dayaw”
Binisaya word
that means
good, valuable,
superior or
beautiful

Video 1.3.
 “The principle of cultural identity does not mean
that cultures cannot be criticized. If all cultures
on earth are to survive, most of them have to
change some of their beliefs and practices in
order to become compatible with one another”
(Felipe, 2011).

FILIPINO IDENTITY WESTERN

The Philippine culture has to be dynamic in its
relation with other cultures in the world. By
harmonizing the Western and the Filipino
co n c e pts o f a r t a n d i ts p ra c ti c e , a tr u l y
Philippine identity in the arts would emerge out
of the shared cultural universe, not only of our
own people, but of the humanity as a whole.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
ACTIVITY AND
ASSESMENT

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
ACTIVITY AND ASSESMENT
a. Individual activity: Along the sidewalks or local shops,
find a native Philippine product (work of art) such as
basket, bracelet, hut, rags, textile, sandals, etc.

b. Make a documentation of the artifact: Where did you

buy it? How much? What is its local name? What is it
made of? Its color, size? Other information?

c. Write a one-paragraph essay answering the question:

How does the product or artifact express the Filipino
concept of art?

d. Use the paper provided for this activity.

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

 RUBRICS FOR ACTIVITY 1
Needs
Excellent Good Fair
CRITERIA Improvement
(9-10 points) (6-8 points) (4-5 points)
(1-3)

Documentation Some elements Many elements There is no

Documentation of the artifact is are lacking in the are lacking in the documentation
complete. documentation. documentation at all

The essay answers The essay A large part of the The essay
Content and the question partially answers essay incorrectly does not answer
Substance completely and the question answer the the question at
correctly. correctly. question. all.

The essay is There are many The essay has

The essay abides
understood mistakes in many mistakes
Language and with all the rules of
although there are language, and the in language, and
Comprehension language, and it is
some mistakes in essay is hard to it is totally not
easily understood. DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
language understand. understood.