MODULE 7

State- is a group of people more or less numerous occupying a definite portion of territory,
possessing a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience
and enjoying from external control.

Government-it is an agency through which the will of the people re expressed ,carried out and
formulated.

1. Authoritarian Government
2. Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power is absolutely lodged with an individual
a. Totalitarianism is a political system that strives to regulate nearly every aspect of public and
private life.
3. Oligarch
An oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small-elite.
4. Democracy
Democracy is a form of government in which the right to governs is held by the majority of
citizens within a country or a state.

Nonstate institutions - are people and/ or organization that participate in international affairs and
relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation.

A. Banks
Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide several financial services to different types of
customers.
 Commercial Banks
Financial deposit with security and convenience which could be in the form of credit cards,
debit cards, and check
 B. Investment Banks
.Financial intermediaries that performs a variety of services for businesses and some
government

B. Corporations
It is a form of business operation that declares the business as a separate entity guided by a
group of officers known as the Board of Directors.

TYPES OF CORPORATIONS
 For-profit entities form most corporations, and they are formed to generate
revenues and provide a return to their shareholders, according to their percentage of
ownership in the corporation.
 Not-for-profit entities operate under the category of charitable organizations, which
are dedicated to a particular social cause such as educational, religious, scientific, or
research purposes.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are business organization that extends ownership, management,
production, and sales activities into several or more countries.

C. Cooperatives
Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their
members to realize their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations.
Cooperatives are businesses governed on the principle of one member, one vote.
D. Trade Unions
Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for common
interest of its members.
E. Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) play an increasingly important role in international and
regional politics and have contributed to changing policies of multilateral organizations and states.
F. Development Agencies have been established to develop the cooperation between the public
sector, private sector, and civil society. These are organizations with specific aims and goals.

Types of Development Agencies:

1.International Organization is an institution with membership drawn from two or more countries.
2.Non-government Organization is a non-profit group that functions independently of any
government. It serves the social or political goals such as humanitarian and environmental
causes.
 MODULE 8
Types of Education

In general, there are three types of education, these are:

1.Formal education

This refers to the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded educational system from primary school
to the university, including programs and institutions for full time technical and vocational training.

a. Elementary Education

Elementary education involves compulsory, formal education primarily concerned with providing basic
education, and usually corresponds to a traditional six grades or seven grades, and in addition, to
preschool programs.

b. Secondary Education

Secondary education, public schools and private schools, is concerned primarily with continuing basic
education of the elementary level and expanding it to include the learning of employable, gainful skills,
usually corresponding to four years of junior high school and two years of senior high school.

c. Tertiary Education

Institutions of higher education may be classified as either public or private college or university, and
public institutions of higher education may further be subdivided into two types: state universities and
colleges and local colleges and universities.

2.Non-formal education

It refers to any organized educational activity outside the established formal system to provide selected
types of learning to a segment of the population. ( example: vocational)

3.Informal education

It is a lifelong process whereby every individual acquires from daily experiences, attitudes, values, facts,
skills, and knowledge or motor skill from resources in his or her higher environment.

*Special Education

Special Education refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, or
culturally different from so- called “normal” individuals, such that they require modification of school
practices to develop their potential.

Functions of Education in the Society

As British sociologist Herbert Spencer explains, functions are important to be performed as they make the
society whole. If each function is working well, society attains progress. He lays down the functions of
education as follows:

1. Productive Citizenry

Education systems enable citizens to be productive members of a society, as they are equipped with
knowledge and skills that could contribute to the development of their society’s systems and institutions.

2. Self-actualization

Other most important objectives of education are:

 Teaching basic skills, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic.

 Helping children develop skills in abstracting thinking and problem solving.
 Transmitting the cultural heritage, from which individual may develop an appreciation of their
society.
 Communicating to children the basic value of the society.
 Teaching the special aspects of the culture, such as art, music,
literature, drama, science, technology, and sports.
 Teaching vocational skills that help individuals enter the job
market.
 Training citizens for life within the political system of their society.
 Preparing children to live long and form meaningful relationship
with other human beings.
MODULE 9

 Social stratification to describe the system of social standing.

 Social differentiation refers to how people can be distinguished from one another. People in a
group may differ in skin color, hair color, race, mental and physical ability, and the like.

Social stratification refers to the ranking of people in a society. In closed stratification, people cannot
change their ranks while those in open social stratification, people can change their ranks.

Two Kinds of Statuses:

1.Ascribed statuses are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of some fixed category,
without regard to a person’s abilities or performance. ( biologically)

2. Achieved statuses are earned by the individual because of his or her talent, skills, occupation and
perseverance. (wealth, position)

 Prestige refers to the evaluation of status. You have prestige according to your status.

 Power refers to the ability to influence other people. It is getting what they want despite the
unwillingness of others to give in to their desires.
 Prestige refers to the person’s position in the society. This refers to having a certain status that
enables someone to have resources or opportunities.
 Wealth refers to the amount of resources that a person has (Arcinas, 2016).

TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

A. Open System
The class structure is an open system. It encourages people to strive and achieve something.
People belonging to one social class have similar opportunities ,similar lifestyles; attitudes,
behavior and possibly similar socio-economic positions.
 Upper Class - The people in this class have great wealth and sources of income.
 Middle Class - the people in this class may belong to the upper-middle class which is often made
up of highly educated business and professional people with high incomes.
 Lower Class - The lower class is typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment.
B. Closed System
Closed system accommodates little change in social position. They do not allow people to shift
levels and do not permit social relationships between levels.
CATEGORIES:
1. Caste System – It is regarded as closed stratification system in which people can do little or
nothing to change their social standing.
2. Estate System – It is somewhat a closed system in which the person’s social standing is based
on ownership of land, birth, or military strength
C. ETHNIC SYSTEM
This type of social stratification is based on national origin, language and religion.

Social mobility refers to the movement within the social structure, from one social position to another. It
means a change in social status. All societies provide some opportunity for social mobility.

A. Social Mobility refers to the movement upward or downward among the social positions in any given
social stratification. It may be 1.upward (vertical) mobility and 2.downward (horizontal) mobility
1. Vertical mobility refers to the movement of people of groups from one status to another. It involves
change in class, occupation or power.
2. Horizontal mobility is a change in position without the change in status.
B. Geographical Mobility is otherwise known as physical mobility. It may be a voluntary
movement of people from one geographical area to another
C. Role Mobility is the individual’s shifting from role to role. Every member of a society has
roles to play.

GOVERNMENT - It refers to the governing body of a state or nation.

TRADE UNIONS - Organization formed by workers from related fields that work for common interest of its
members.
Power of the state to govern its territorial jurisdiction.
TOTALITARIANISM - political system that thrives to regulate nearly every aspect of public and private
life.
DEMOCRACY - A form of government in which the right to govern is held by the majority of citizens within
a country or state.,
BANK- Financial institution licensed to provide several financial services to different types of customers.
NON - STATE- People or organization that participate in international affairs and relations but are not
affiliated with any state or nation.
Business organization that extends ownership, management, production and sales activities into
several or more countries.
Institutions that have been established to develop cooperation between the public sector, private
sector and civil society.
Social institution through which the society provides its members with important knowledge, including
basic facts, job skills and values
RA number provided for the K12 curriculum in the Philippines.
It refers to the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded educational system from primary
school to the university, including programs and institutions for full time technical and vocational
training.
It refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally, emotionally, socially or culturally
different from called normal.
the lowest part of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
It refers to the ranking of people in a society.
It refers to individuals' position in the social structure.
These are the fixed status of an individual.
It refers to the ability to influence other people.
Type of social stratification which encourage people to strive and achieve something.
Type of social stratification which is based on national origin, language and religion.
A type of closed systems in which people and do little or nothing to change their social standing.
Sometimes known as physical mobility.
Class of the open system characterized by poverty, homelessness and unemployment.
It refers to the movement within the social structure from one position to another.
It refers to the movement of people or groups from one status to another.