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Epithelial Tissues AND Glands

Human Anatomy and Physiology Cells (Southwestern University)

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EPITHELIA
EPITHELIAL TISSUES & - Occur as membranes and as glands
GLANDS
MEMBRANES
MAIN CHARACTERSITICS OF THE 4 BASIC - formed by sheets of cells
TYPES OF TISSUES - cover an external surface or line an internal
1. NERVOUS TISSUES surface
- cells are elongated with extremely fine
processes GLANDS
- Extracellular Matrix is in very small amount - down growth of epithelial surfaces into
- its main function is the transmission of nerve underlying connective tissue
impulses - usually, connection to surface remains as a
duct (e.g., exocrine glands). In some cases,
2. EPITHELIAL TISSUES surface connections are lost and the gland
- cells are aggregated polyhedral cells secrets internally into the vascular system.
- Extracellular Matrix is in small amount
- its main function is it serves as the lining of 2 FORMS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES:
surface or body cavities, glandular secretion. 1. Sheets of contiguous cells (epithelia) that
cover the body on its external surface and
3. MUSCLE TISSUES line the body on its internal surface and;
- cells are elongated contractile cells 2. glands, which originate from invaginated
- Extracellular Matrix is in moderate amount epithelial cells
- its main function is to provide strong
contraction, body movements. EMBRYONIC GERM OR CELL LAYERS
- is a group of cells in an embryo
4. CONNECTIVE TISSUES - layers interact with each other as the embryo
- it contains several types of fixed and develops and will eventually give rise to all of
wandering cells the organism's organs and tissues.
- Extracellular Matrix is in an abundant amount - Almost all animals initially form two or three
- it supports and protects the tissue/organs germ layers.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE TYPES OF GERM LAYER

- closely opposed polygonal cells with little or 1. ECTODERM [OUTER LAYER]
no intracellular material. - give rise to oral and nasal mucosa, cornea,
epidermis and glands of the skin, and the
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: mammary glands
1. Highly Cellular
2. Arranged in sheets or in layers 2. ENDODERM [INNER LAYER]
3. Intimate contact with one another - give rise to the liver, pancreas, and the lining
4. Avascular of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract
5. Forms glands
6. Scanty or absent intercellular substance 3. MESODERM [MIDDLE LAYER]
7. Supported by a basement membrane - develop the uriniferous tubules of the kidney,
lining of the male and female reproductive
systems, endothelial lining of the circulatory
system, and the mesothelium of the body
cavities

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Functions: CELL SURFACE SPECIALIZATIONS

● PROTECTION of underlying tissues of the I. APICAL SURFACE
body from abrasion and injury A. CILIA
● TRANSCELLULAR TRANSPORT of ● Actively motile processes
molecules across epithelial layers ● Propel substances along epithelial surfaces
● SECRETION mucus precursor, hormones, ● Core of the longitudinally arranged
enzymes, and other molecules from various microtubules (axoneme)
glands ● Arise from a basal body during ciliogenesis
● ABSORPTION of material from a lumen (i.e., Note: Larger than Microvilli
intestinal tract or certain kidney tubules)
● SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY to control the B. MICROVILLI
movement of materials between body ● Finger-like projections of epithelia thatextent
compartments of intercellular junctions into the lumen
between epithelial cells. ● Characterized by a glycocalyx (sugar coat) on
● DETECTION OF SENSATIONS via taste their exterior surface
buds, retina of the eye, and specialized hair ● Bundle of 30 actin filaments
cells in the ear. ● Constitute the:
➢ Brush border of kidney PCT
EPITHELIUM ➢ Striated border of intestinal absorptive
- Avascular, tightly bound contiguous cells cells aid in absorption
forming sheets covering or lining the body.
- the adjacent supporting connective tissue C. STEREOCILLA
through its capillary beds supplies ● Very long microvilli
nourishment and oxygen via diffusion through ● Located in the:
the basement membrane.
➢ Epididymis
- displays little extracellular space and little
extracellular matrix. ➢ Vas deferens
Note: Longer and less Motile than Microvilli
- Is separated from the underlying connective
tissue by an extracellular matrix, the
II. BASAL SURFACE
basement membrane (composed of basal
A. BASAL LAMINA
lamina and lamina reticularis).
● Extracellular supporting structure
● Produce by epithelium
BASAL LAMINA [BASAL MEMBRANE]
● Composed of type IV collagen, laminin,
- (histology) a layer of extracellular matrixfound
entacin, proteoglycans (mostly heparin
on the basal surface of epithelial cells, and
sulfate)
which is secreted by the epithelial cells. - lies next to
● Located at the boundary between epithelial
plasma membrane
- separates the epithelium from the underlying lamina densa.
cells and the underlying connective tissue
connective tissue; via diffusion,nourishments - denser
and oxygen are passed from the adjacent meshwork
2 ZONES:
connective tissue to the epithelium
1. LAMINA RARA OR LUCIDA
- lies next to plasma membrane lamina densa.
- denser meshwork
- lies adjacent to the reticular lamina of the
deeper connective tissue.

2. BASEMENT MEMBRANE
- underlying reticular lamina observed by light
microscopy.
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B. HEMIDESMOSOMES a) ZONULA OCCLUDENS

● Specialized junctions that resemble ½ of the ● Tight junction
Macula Adherens ● Zone around the entire apical parameter of
● Mediate adhesion of basal cell membrane to adjacent cells formed by fusion of the outer
basal lamina leaflets of the plasma membrane
● Integrins on one side is attached to the plaque ● Prevents movement of substances into the
with keratin tonofilaments and on the other intercellular space
side attaches to laminin and collagen IV of BL ● Analogous to fascia occludens between
● attach epithelial cells to underlying basal endothelial cells
lamina
b) ZONULA ADHERENS
C. BASAL PLASMA MEMBRANE INFOLDINGS ● Intermediate junction
● Finger-like enfoldings functions to increase ● Assist adhering cells to adhere to each other
the surface area available for transport ● Analogous to fascia adherens in intercalated
● Common in ion-transporting epithelia disks
Ex. Distal convoluted tubules, ducts in
salivary glands c) MACULA ADHERENS
● Compartmentalize mitochondria ● Desmosome
● Function to bring ion pumps close to their ● Help to resist shearing forces
energy supply (mitochondria) ● Small, discrete, disk-shaped adhesive site
● Found at sites other than the junctional
III. LATERAL SURFACES complex attaching epithelial cells together
- are specialized junctions for adhesion and
communication between cells and in B. GAP JUNCTION
restricting movement of materials into and out ● Nexus or communicating junctions
of lumina. ● Couple adjacent cells metabolically and
electrically
A. JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX ● Common in certain tissues like CNS, cardiac
- tightly bind together the sheets of contiguous and smooth muscles
cells in the epithelium. ● Composed of a channel-forming proteins
- Intricate arrangement of membrane (connexins) that assemble to form connexons
associated structures.
C. LATERAL INTERDIGITATIONS
Functions: ● regular, fingerlike projections that interlock
1. OCCLUDING JUNCTIONS adjacent epithelial cells.
- joining of cells forming an impermeable (not ● "legs" of different cells interdigitate with one
porous/penetrable) barrier. another and form a space into which ions and
water are transported.
2. ANCHORING JUNCTIONS ● Even though these are at the basal surface,
- maintaining cell-to-cell adherence they are called "lateral interdigitations".
(attachment) ● Also, any other substances that are moved
across the cell to the blood supply are
3. COMMUNICATING JUNCTIONS secreted into this region.
- movement of ions and signaling molecules (http://cytochemistry.net/medical-school-study-guides
between cells. /epithelia/)

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CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA MEMBRANES The most widespread type of pseudostratified

Cell arrangement and morphology are the bases of columnar epithelium is ciliated.
classification of epithelium. ➢ PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED
I. Based on Cell Layer (between the basal COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
lamina and the free surface): - having cilia on the apical surface of the
A. Simple (one layer) cells that reach the epithelial surface.
B. Stratified (more than one cell layer) - is found lining most of the trachea and
II. Based on Cell Morphology (of the surface of primary bronchi, the auditory tube, part of
most epithelial cells): the tympanic cavity, the nasal cavity, and
the lacrimal sac.
A. Squamous Others:
B. Cuboidal D. Pseudostratified
E. MODIFIED EPITHELIA
C. Columnar E. Transitional
- are usually columnar cells with added
specializations.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CELL LAYER
I. SIMPLE ➢ GLANDULAR OR PYRAMIDAL
- one layer of cells - secretory type like the goblet cells

A. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

➢ CILIATED
- is formed of a single layer of flat cells
- cilia is present on the top surface of the cell.
- is composed of a single layer of tightly
packed, thin, or low-profile polygonal cells.
➢ PIGMENTED EPITHELIA
B. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM - cells contain colored pigment granules
- is composed of a single layer of cells shaped
like truncated (shortened) hexagonal solids. ➢ NEUROEPITHELIUM
- constituted (made up) by a single layer of - for sensory reception
polygon-shaped cells
II. STRATIFIED OR COMPLEX
C. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM - multi-layer
- is composed of a single layer of tall cells - serves chiefly for protection
shaped like hexagonal solids.
- its cells appear much like those of simple 1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
cuboidal epithelium. However, they are tall, Topmost Layer: Flattened cells
rectangular cells whose ovoid Middle Layer: 2 or more layers of polyhedral
(three-dimensional egg-shaped) nuclei are cells
usually located at the same level in the basal Basal Layer: cuboidal to columnar cells
half of the cell.
A. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS (NONKERATINIZED)
D. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED [COLUMNAR] EPITHELIUM
EPITHELIUM - seen in wet, moist surfaces that are subject to
- only appears to be stratified (but is actually considerable wear and tear.
composed of a single layer of cells) - composed of several layers of cells, the
- layers of cells having false stratification surface-most layer of which possess nuclei.
- all cells in all layers are attached to the - surface cells are nucleated
basement membrane (but only some cells
reach the surface of the epithelium).

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B. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS (KERATINIZED) stratified squamous epithelia.

EPITHELIUM - distinct, located exclusively in the urinary
- topmost layer undergo metamorphosis (e.g., system.
skin)
- Is distinct in that the layers of cells composing GLANDS
the free surface are dead, are non-nucleated, - specialized as organ of secretion or excretion
and are filled with keratin. - formed when epithelial tissues grow down into
- constitutes the epidermis of the skin the underlying connective tissue.

C. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS CLASSIFICATION OF GLANDS

(PARAKERATINIZED) EPITHELIUM I. ACCORDING TO SITE OF SECRETION:
- pyknotic (irreversible condensation of A. EXOCRINE
chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing - secrete into a duct or onto a surface
necrosis or apoptosis) - most glands in the body are of this
- Surface-most cells retain their nuclei. type
- Keratinization if this epithelium is: B. ENDOCRINE
➢ greater than nonkeratinized - ductless
➢ less than keratinized - secrete into the blood
Locations: hard palate and gingivae Ex. Thyroid gland, pituitary gland, testes,
parathyroid, adrenal
2. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
- composed of large polyhedral cells with the II. ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGY
topmost layer being big cuboidal cells. (based on duct branching):
- contains only two layers of cuboidal cells.
- lines the ducts of sweat glands. A. SIMPLE
- duct does not branch
3. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR 1. SIMPLE STRAIGHT TUBULAR
Top Layer: Columnar cells Ex. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
secretory cells (goblet cells) Lumen'
Middle Layer: Irregular shaped polyhedral cells
Basal Layer: Columnar cells touching the 2. SIMPLE COILED TUBULAR
basement membrane. Ex. Sweat Glands
Long excretory duct and unbranched
- consists of more than one layer of cells
- The superficial layer is columnar in shape. 3. SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR
- composed of a low polyhedral to cuboidal Ex. Gastric glands, uterine glands
stomach, gastric pits
deeper layer in contact with the basal lamina
and a superficial layer of columnar cells. 4. SIMPLE BRANCHED ALVEOLAR
Ex. Tarsal glands
secretory cells arranged in an
4. TRANSITIONAL unbranched acinus or alveolus
- variety of stratified epithelium 5. SIMPLE BRANCHED SACCULAR
- transition between stratified squamous and Ex. Sebaceous gland
secretory portions are branched acini.
stratified columnar epithelia
- superficial cells tend to bulge into the lumen
giving a dome-shaped profile called
“umbrella cells / facet cells”
- consists of several layers of cells with the
surface layer being large and dome shaped.
- erroneously (mistakenly) believed to be in
transition between stratified columnar and
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B. COMPOUND C. SEROMUCOUS
- duct branches - both cell types are present in a single
alveolus
1. COMPOUND TUBULAR Elongated coiled - serous secreting cells are found in the
Ex. Testes Brunner periphery of a mucous alveoli
- so called serous demilunes of
2. COMPOUND ALVEOLAR Saclike Gianuzzi
Ex. Glands in the respiratory tracts
Exocrine gland; pancreas V.
ACCORDING TO MECHANISM OF
3. COMPOUND TUBULO-ALVEOLAR SECRETION:
A. MEROCRINE
Sublingual glands Ex.serous
Large Salivary glands Tubular and acinar
demilune converge - secretory cells release their contents by
4. COMPOUND SACCULAR exocytosis.
Ex. Mammary gland Ex. Parotid gland

III. ACCORDING TO NUMBER: B. APOCRINE

A. UNICELLULAR - part of the apical cytoplasm is released
- single cell functioning as a gland along with the contents.
Ex. Goblet cell Ex. Lactating mammary gland

B. MULTICELLULAR C. HOLOCRINE
- many cells joined together in producing a - the entire secretory cell along with its
gland content is released.
Ex. Mammary glands, salivary glands, Ex. Sebaceous gland of hair follicles
pancreas

IV. ACCORDING TO TYPES OR NATURE OF

SECRETIONS:
A. SEROUS
- watery secretion, often rich in
enzymes
Individual cells have:
➢ round nucleus near the base
➢ dark basophilic (produces many
basophils)
➢ Pyramidal in shape

B. MUCOUS
- thick viscous secretion
Individual cells have:
➢ Pyramidal
➢ Elongated nucleus at base
➢ Light-staining cytoplasm

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Examples of
Shape of Surface
Major Feature Cell Form Distribution / Main Function
Cells
Sample Locations

Limiting membrane,
fluid transport,
gaseous exchange,
Lining: lubrication, reducing
- pulmonary alveoli friction (thus aiding
- loop of Henle movement of
- parietal layer of viscera), lining
Bowman capsule membrane
- inner and middle
ear, - Facilitates the
Squamous Flattened - blood and movement of the
lymphatic vessels viscera
(endothelium) (mesothelium)
- Serous lining of - Active transport by
cavities: pinocytosis
pericardium, pleura, (mesothelium and
peritoneum endothelium)
(mesothelium) - secretion of
biologically active
molecules
(mesothelium)

- Ducts of many
glands (e.g, thyroid) Secretion,
Cuboidal Cuboidal - covering of ovary absorption,
Simple - form kidney protection
(One layer of Cells) tubules

Lining:
- oviducts
Transportation,
- ductuli efferentes
absorption,
of testis - uterus
secretion,
- small bronchi
Columnar Columnar protection,
- much of digestive
lubrication (to
tract
- gallbladder confirm with doc
floyd)
- large ducts of
some glands

Lining:
- most of trachea Secretion,
- primary bronchi, absorption
All cells rest on - epididymis and lubrication,
basal lamina but not ductus deferens protection,
all reach the - auditory tube transportation
Pseudostratified epithelial surface. - part of tympanic
cavity Cilia-mediated
Surface cells are - nasal cavity transport of particles
columnar - lacrimal sac trapped in mucus
- male urethra out of the air
- large excretory passages.
ducts

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Protection
Squamous Flattened
Epidermis of skin
Keratinized (Dry) (without nuclei)
Prevents water loss

Lining:
- mouth
- epiglottis Protection,
Squamous
Flattened (with - esophagus secretion
Nonkeratinized
nuclei) - larynx
(Moist)
- vocal folds Prevents water loss
- vagina
- anal canal

Lining:
Absorption,
- ducts of sweat
Stratified secretion
Cuboidal Cuboidal glands
(Two or More
- developing ovarian
Layers of Cells) Protection
follicles

- Conjunctiva of
eye,
Secretion,
- some large
Columnar Columnar absorption,
excretory ducts
protection
- portions of male
urethra

Dome-shaped
(Relaxed) Lining:
- urinary tract from Protection,
Transitional
Flattened renal calyces to distensible
(Distended/ bloated/ urethra
bulging)

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