Design approach of solid-core

photonic crystal fiber sensor with

sensing ring for blood component
detection

Veerpal Kaur
Surinder Singh

Veerpal Kaur, Surinder Singh, “Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal fiber sensor
with sensing ring for blood component detection,” J. Nanophoton. 13(2), 026011 (2019),
doi: 10.1117/1.JNP.13.026011.

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 Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal
fiber sensor with sensing ring for blood
component detection

Veerpal Kaur and Surinder Singh*

Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India

Abstract. The solid-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor with circular sensing ring has been
proposed for biochemical detection. Finite-element method-based numerical technique has been
applied to solve Maxwell’s equations with perfect matched boundary conditions. The relative
sensitivity and confinement losses are two performance parameters of PCF sensor for blood
component detection. In the proposed design, the circular sensing ring over solid core is filled
with different blood components and light propagates inside the core region. The evanescent
field of core mode uniformly interacts with sensing liquids. The sensing ring is preferred over
the multiple air holes because of easy liquid infiltration and fabricated for biosensing applica-
tions. © 2019 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) [DOI: 10.1117/1.JNP.13
.026011]

Keywords: solid-core photonic crystal fiber; evanescent field; finite-element method; relative
sensitivity; confinement loss.
Paper 18175 received Nov. 8, 2018; accepted for publication May 7, 2019; published online May
31, 2019.

1 Introduction
In the last decade, photonic crystal fiber has become a potential research concern in the field of
optical sensing technology due to high sensitivity and selectivity, low-fabrication cost, and
design flexibility.1 Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has main three features: (i) single silica material
used for fabrications, (ii) variety of array design of air holes, and (iii) infiltration of sensing liquid
inside the air hole that add extra degree of freedom for sensing applications.2 To date, various
advance fabrication techniques such as capillary stack and drawing, sol–gel casting, drilling,
chemical vapor deposition, slurry casting, and extrusion methods have being adopted for
PCF fabrication. Globally, several industries and research groups are investigating new plas-
monic materials and expanding the miniaturization range of new PCF design. Also PCF sensors
have been highly demanded in various field applications, such as food safety, liquid and gas
detection, medical detection, bio sensing, and drug detection.3–7
In the literature, Knight et al.8 proposed the first hexagonal PCF design for gas sensing appli-
cations, and later on various advance designs such as octagonal,9 decagonal,10 elliptical,11 honey
comb cladding,12 and hybrid core cladding13 have been reported. The hollow core PCF has high
sensitivity, narrow transmission spectra, and needs precise arrangement of air holes.9 Despite
that, solid-core photonic crystal fiber (SC-PCF) overcomes the limitations of hollow core
PCF but at lower sensitivity.14 Park et al.15 have reported high index GeO2 doped silica ring
around the hollow core for more sensitivity and lower confinement loss. Olyaee et al.16 reported
a modified silica ring of PCF with hexagonal arrangement of air holes. Morshed et al.17
have proposed P2 O5 PCF sensor for detection of CH4 , HF, and various toxic gases in the envi-
ronment and achieved relative sensitivity >42.47% and confinement loss 4.783 × 10−6 dB∕m.
Kawsar et al.18 have proposed a hybrid PCF sensor for benzene, ethanol and water detection,
having maximum sensitivity 49.29% and confinement loss 3.13 × 10−10 dB∕m for benzene.

*Address all correspondence to Surinder Singh, E-mail: [email protected]

1934-2608/2019/$25.00 © 2019 SPIE

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 Kaur and Singh: Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal. . .

Therefore, enhanced sensitivity of index guided solid core PCF has been reported in the literature
and their application as smart biosensor19–22 for various applications. Dinish et al.23 experimen-
tally described the use of hollow core PCF for cancer cell detection with minimum detection
limit 100 pg with sample volume around 10 nL. Chorpa et al.24 suggested a resonance ring
resonator photonics crystal waveguide (PCW) for disease detection. Besides, a new class of
porous PCF design has been also reported for detection of gases and chemicals such as porous
horizontal and vertical slotted core,25,26 porous circular and elliptical air hole,27,28 porous dia-
mond core,29 and porous hexagonal core.30,31 Apart from this, a micronano scaled optoelectronic
device32 has also been proposed.
Blood is the most vital fluid in the human body, which performs all important functions in our
body, such as oxygen transportation; it also provides nutrient to cells and removes the waste
material from the body. Blood has numerous cells such as red blood cells (RBCs), white
blood cells (WBCs), plasma, water, hemoglobin, platelets, mineral, vitamins, and proteins.24
Ambiguities in blood cell composition create many serious diseases. Many human lives can
be saved if these ambiguities are detected at early stage. Some common blood disorder related
diseases are malaria, anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, hemophilia, hepatitis B and C, etc. Photonic
biosensor is an ultimate device for detection of these abnormalities, and these devices are
more reliable, accurate, cost effective, small size, and more compatible to the human body.
There is need to develop a PCF sensor that can detect human abnormality such as cancer tissue,
diabetes tissue, and blood components.
In this paper, an SC-PCF sensor with sensing ring for blood component detection is pro-
posed. The result reveals high relative sensitivity and low-confinement loss for different refrac-
tive indices of blood components,33 such as RBCs (1.40), hemoglobin (1.38), WBCs (1.36),
plasma (1.35), and water (1.33). Previously reported PCF designs face some experimental
challenges such as displacement of PCF sensing probe during liquid infiltration, which change
dielectrics properties of sensing liquid. Some liquids flow out of the PCF probe and cause
inaccurate results. This challenge is overcome by this proposed design because the evanescent
field interacts with sensing liquid in a uniform manner and supports high relative sensitivity.
Further, mathematical modeling of the design is described using curve fitting technique. The
remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the design and numerical
analysis of proposed sensor. Section 3 evaluates the performance of proposed sensor for different
blood components and its mathematical modeling for RBCs. Finally, conclusions have been
made in Sec. 4.

2 Design and Numerical Analysis

Figure 1 shows the cross-sectional view of proposed SC-PCF sensor for different blood com-
ponent detections. The solid core PCF sensor consist the SC with uniform 0.6-μm wider sensing
ring and four layers of air hole in circular patterns with different diameters are present in cladding
region. The Sellmeier equation is used to define the refractive indices of background silica
material.3 In cladding region, the first and fourth layers have diameter of 3.6 μm and the second

Fig. 1 Cross section of proposed SC-PCF with circular sensing ring around the SC.

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 Kaur and Singh: Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal. . .

and third layers of air hole have diameter 1.8 μm. This circular symmetry helps to confine
the light in sensing ring region and uniform ring for better sensitivity.
The finite-element method is the most accurate and numerically efficient tool to solve
electromagnetic equation and needs less computational time. Commercial available COMSOL
MULTIPHYSICS software34 used to compute the modal solution of proposed PCF sensor
design. Perfectly matched layer is applied on the outside of PCF to absorb the leaky
radiations.15,16 Depending upon the refractive index of blood components, the intensity of light
is modulated and detected at other end of PCF. The relation between evanescent field absorbed
by sensing species and intensity modulation at output end is followed by the Beer–Lambert law1
in the following equation:
I0
A ¼ log ¼ rεLC: (1)
I
EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e001;116;616

Here I 0 and I are the intensity of incident and transmitted wave, L is the path length, ε is
the molar absorptivity, and C is the concentration of absorbing material. Relative sensitivity
coefficient r at particular wavelength is defined35,14,15 as
nr
r¼ f; (2)
ne
EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e002;116;538

R
ðEx H y − H x Ey Þ∂x∂y ðsampleÞ
f¼ R × 100: (3)
ðEx H y − H x Ey Þ∂x∂y ðtotalÞ
EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e003;116;482

Here nr stands for refractive index of sensing analyte, ne is the effective refractive index of
guided mode, and f is the fraction of power located in sensing region. Ex , Ey , H x , and H y
are the transverse electric and magnetic fields. Further, confinement loss occurs when light
propagates inside sensing region and some parts of light leakages in cladding region and these
losses are unavoidable in PCF. Confinement loss controlled by proper selection of air filling
ratio, number of air hole rings, pitch, diameter of air hole, and operating wavelength (λ).
Confinement loss22,23 of fundamental mode is calculated by

LC ðdB∕mÞ ¼ 8.686k0 Imðneff Þ × 106 :

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e004;116;373 (4)

Here Imðneff Þ signifies imaginary part of effective refractive index, and k0 is the free-space
number.

3 Result and Discussion

Figures 2(a)–2(e) depict that the fundamental mode is uniformly distributed in the sensing ring
around the SC and supports strong light matter interaction for water, plasma, WBCs, hemoglo-
bin, RBCs, respectively. The real value of effective refractive index of all fundamental modes is
shown in Fig. 3. It reveals that effective refractive index linearly decreases with respect to the
increase in wavelength for all blood components because light spread into cladding region due to
the presence air hole. At longer wavelength, light intensity spreads into cladding region of
PCF as shown in Figs. 4(a)–4(b). The relative sensitivity depends upon core design of PCF
and refractive index of sensing liquid by referencing Eq. (2). Figure 5 clearly reveals that relative
sensitivity increases with the increase in wavelength due to uniform intensity distribution in
sensing ring for respective blood component. Lower index liquid (water 1.330) has the lowest
sensitivity, and RBCs (1.40) have the highest sensitivity because relative sensitivity is directly
proportional to the refractive index of sensing liquid.
Confinement loss of PCF is the second most important parameter to measure the sensor
performance. Confinement loss depends upon the porosity in the core and cladding region
and further porosity depends upon the size of air hole and air filling factor. In addition to
this, confinement losses increase with the increase in wavelength because light penetrates
more into the cladding region as clearly shown in Fig. 6. To get minimum confinement
loss, the diameter of air hole in first and fourth layers is kept large as compared to the diameter

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 Kaur and Singh: Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal. . .

Fig. 2 Power distribution of fundamental modes in sensing ring for different blood components:
(a) water (b) plasma (c) WBCs, (d) hemoglobin, and (e) RBCs.

Fig. 3 Effective refractive index versus wavelength for different blood components.

of air hole in second and third layers because large sized air hole near the sensing region supports
more confinement of light in ring region. Figure 6 shows that confinement loss increases with the
increase in wavelength and having minimum loss at specific wavelength due to fundamental
mode present in sensing ring and no light leak out into cladding region. The maximum relative

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 Kaur and Singh: Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal. . .

Fig. 4 Power distribution in outer part of ring at (a) 1.1-μm and (b) 1.3-μm wavelength.

Fig. 5 Relative sensitivity versus wavelength for different blood components.

sensitivity and minimum confinement loss of proposed sensor for different blood components
are listed in Table 1.
Figures 7(a) and 7(b) show the relative sensitivity and confinement loss with different ring
widths. It is observed that the large width of sensing ring has lower sensitivity because the
evanescent field distributed in the large region of ring and light matter interaction takes in less
dense manner. Similarly, confinement loss decreases at higher width because the evanescent
field is mostly confined into sensing region and leakage of light in cladding region decreases.

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 Kaur and Singh: Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal. . .

Fig. 6 Confinement loss versus wavelength for different blood components.

Table 1 PCF sensor performance for different blood components.

Blood component Refractive index Relative sensitivity Confinement loss (dB∕Km)

Water 1.330 55.8268 8.1343 × 10−11

Plasma 1.350 58.04791 4.8787 × 10−10

WBCs 1.360 62.72134 1.8134 × 10−09

Hemoglobin 1.380 65.05429 2.5928 × 10−08

RBCs 1.40 66.46978 4.890 × 10−08

For this analysis, the width of ring varies from 0.6 to 0.8 μm for RBCs blood components.
Comparing the result of the proposed sensor with previously reported simulative results,8,17,18
the proposed PCF sensor has better performance in terms of relative sensitivity, while confine-
ment losses are comparable to previous design. Table 2 clearly exhibits that the proposed
design shows better performance compared to prior blood detection PCF33 biosensor. This
single-circular ring makes the design very simple as compared to multiple micro-air holes
and numerical analysis shows higher performance. The design of proposed sensor is simple
and various advanced techniques28–31 can be used for fabrication of this sensor. Also the liquid
infiltration into small sensing ring is done by capillary action or by pressure.36 Table 2 clearly
represents the performance achieved by this proposed design as compared with a previously
reported design.
Finally, performance of the proposed sensor is examined from a fabrication aspect. In stan-
dard fabrication procedure, 2% tolerance is allowed in global parameters. Performance of PCF
sensor with 1% and 2% variations in parameters shows that relative sensitivity varied from
69.799094 to 62.14306. Performance variation with global parameter is listed in Table 3.
Moreover, to explore the practical miniaturization of proposed sensing ring PCF, the drilling and
drawing technique should be sufficient for fabrication of this type of structure.20 Usually,
an air hole pattern with proper dimension is performed using numerically controlled drill.21
Advance fabrication techniques, such as selective liquid filling37,38 and sol–gel,39 are used for
fabrication of this type of fiber.
Next, a mathematical model of a proposed sensor for blood component detection is
described. Curve fitting40 is the ultimate tool for exploring the mathematical analysis of any
design and for validating the results. Mathematical relation defined between output performance
parameter (confinement loss and relative sensitivity) and input parameter (operating wavelength)
based on numerically results was calculated using COMSOL software. Figures 8(a) and 8(b)

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 Kaur and Singh: Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal. . .

Fig. 7 (a) Relative sensitivity and (b) confinement loss versus wavelength for different sensing
ring widths for RBC blood components.

Table 2 Performance comparison between proposed and prior PCF.

Previous work33 Our proposed work

Sensing Relative Confinement Relative Confinement

PCFs analyte RI sensitivity (%) loss (dB∕km) sensitivity (%) loss (dB∕km)

Water 1.330 55.09 8.13 × 10−09 55.8268 8.1343 × 10−11

Plasma 1.350 54.02 4.87 × 10−07 58.04791 4.8787 × 10−10

WBCs 1.360 53.72 1.81 × 10−08 62.72134 1.8134 × 10−09

Hemoglobin 1.380 66.47 1.19 × 10−08 65.05429 2.5928 × 10−08

RBCs 1.40 56.05 4.07 × 10−07 66.46978 4.890 × 10−08

show that third-order polynomial is most suitable for available data as compared to fourth higher
order polynomial because regression coefficient 0.991600277 ≈ 1. The mathematical expression
as written in Eq. (5) is the best fit for experimental data for RBCs; A, B, C, and D are the
coefficients of the polynomial, Y is the sensor performance parameter, and X is the operating
wavelength. All these coefficients are listed in Table 4, which are specific to performance param-
eters and RBC component detection.

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 Kaur and Singh: Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal. . .

Table 3 Performance comparison between optimum changes in global parameter for RBCs.

Change in global parameters (%) Confinement loss (dB/Km) Relative sensitivity (%)

þ2 5.67 × 10−05 69.799094

þ1 9.89 × 10−07 68.13437

Optimum 8.23 × 10−08 66.4697

−1 7.39 × 10−09 64.80503

−2 5.44 × 10−11 62.140306

Fig. 8 Confinement loss versus wavelength: (a) fourth order polynomial and (b) third order
polynomial.

Table 4 Coefficient of mathematical model for biosensor for RBCs.

Coefficient Confinement loss (dB∕Km) (Y ) Relative sensitivity (%) (Y )

A −8.89896564330 × 10−03 7.36364596766 × 10−01

B 2.71860223170 × 10−02 2.85944824997 × 1002

C −3.80298324329 × 10−02 −2.78460891061 × 1002

D 9.16254975246 × 10−02 5.79289329835 × 1001

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 Kaur and Singh: Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal. . .

Fig. 9 Relative sensitivity versus wavelength for third-order polynomial.

Y ¼ A þ BX þ CX 2 þ DX 3 :
EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e005;116;556 (5)

Similarly, a different mathematical model designed for different blood components can be
proposed. Figure 9 shows curve fitting curve for relative sensitivity; value of coefficient for
mathematical expression for RBCs is mentioned in Table 4.

4 Conclusion
In this work, an SC-PCF sensor design has been numerically investigated for blood component
detections. The design exhibits relative sensitivity of 55.82%, 58.047%, 62.721%, 65.054%,
and 66.469%; confinement losses (dB∕Km) 8.1343 × 10−11 , 4.8787 × 10−10 , 1.8134 × 10−09 ,
2.5928 × 10−08 , and 4.890 × 10−08 are for different blood components such as water, plasma,
WBCs, hemoglobin, and RBCs, respectively. The single ring around the solid silica makes the
design simple; practical implementation of this design offers the best solution for nanoscale
biosensor technology and medical science. In addition to this, the concept of mathematical
modeling has been also introduced to explore the use of the curve fitting tool. The mathematical
modeling of any design helps to fabricate optimum design with minimum cost. This type of
mathematical model helps the technology to form a nanosized biosensor device with maximum
performance.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank AICTE, New Delhi, for their funding to RPS-NDF research
Project No. 2/RIFD/RPS-NDF/POLICY-1/2018-19, dated 13 March 2019.

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Veerpal Kaur received her BTech degree in the electronics and communication engineering
from Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, in 2012, and her MTech degree in electronics
and communication engineering from Punjabi University, Patiala, in 2014. She is currently
pursuing her PhD in Electronics and Communication Engineering Department at Sant Longowal
Institute of Engineering and Technology (deemed university), Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India,
since August 2015. She has five research papers published in reputed international journals.
Her field of interest is optical sensors and networks.

Surinder Singh received his BTech degree from Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Regional Engineering
College, Jalandhar, in 1997, his MTech degree from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College,
Ludhiana, in 2003, and his PhD from Thapar University, Patiala, India. Currently, he is working
as a professor of electronics and communication engineering at Sant Longowal Institute of
Engineering and Technology. His field of interest is optical fiber communication and networks,
as well as antenna, and optical sensor design. He has around 132 research papers, of which 62 are
in SCI international journals with Thomson Reuters impact factors, and 70 are in international
and national conferences. He is also handling research projects and is a reviewer for many
international journals and conferences.

Journal of Nanophotonics 026011-11 Apr–Jun 2019 • Vol. 13(2)

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