DCS 2111: ELECTRONICS IN COMPUTING

LECTURE 3 BY AYIKO MIKE

APPLICATION OF HEALTH AND SAFETY AND ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES

1. SAFE WORKING ENVIRONMENT

1.1 Importance of Safety

A safe working environment is paramount in the electrical field due to the inherent risks associated
with electrical work. Electrical hazards can lead to severe injuries or fatalities if proper precautions
are not taken.

Accident Prevention: Emphasizing safety can reduce the likelihood of accidents, such as electrical
shocks, burns, and falls. Organizations that prioritize safety often experience fewer incidents,
leading to lower insurance premiums and less downtime due to injuries.

Health Benefits: Protecting workers from hazards enhances their physical and mental health. A
safe workplace can lead to improved job satisfaction, higher morale, and increased productivity.
Employees who feel safe are more likely to be engaged and focused on their tasks.

Regulatory Compliance: Following safety protocols ensures compliance with local and
international regulations, thereby reducing legal liabilities and penalties for employers.
Compliance with regulations not only protects workers but also safeguards the company’s
reputation.

1.2 Key Safety Practices

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Types of PPE: Includes gloves (insulated for electrical work), safety goggles, hard hats, ear
protection, and flame-resistant clothing. Proper selection of PPE is crucial based on the specific
hazards present in the workplace.
Usage: Training employees on the correct use and maintenance of PPE is essential to ensure
maximum protection. Regular inspections of PPE for wear and tear can help maintain safety
standards.

2. Hazard Communication:

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS): These documents provide information about the properties
of hazardous materials, including handling, storage, and emergency measures. Employers are
required to have MSDS for all hazardous substances in the workplace.

Training: Regular training sessions should educate workers about potential hazards associated with
electrical work, including safe handling practices and emergency response procedures.

3. Workplace Organization:

5S Methodology: This methodology focuses on sorting, setting in order, shining, standardizing,

and sustaining workplace organization. Implementing 5S can enhance efficiency and safety.

Clutter Reduction: Keeping work areas free of unnecessary items minimizes trip hazards and
improves overall workplace efficiency.

1.3 Safety Regulations

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): A U.S. agency that sets and enforces
standards to ensure safe working conditions. Compliance with OSHA standards is mandatory, and
employers must provide a safe working environment for their employees.

International Electro-technical Commission (IEC): This organization provides international

standards for electrical and electronic technologies, ensuring safety and performance across
different countries. Understanding IEC standards is vital for engineers working on international
projects.

Safety Audits: Regularly scheduled inspections assess compliance with safety regulations. Safety
audits help identify areas for improvement and ensure that safety protocols are being followed.
 2. USING TECHNICAL INFORMATION

2.1 Reading Electrical Diagrams

Electrical diagrams are crucial tools for understanding and troubleshooting electrical systems.

Schematic Diagrams: These diagrams represent the components of a system and their connections
using standardized symbols. They are essential for visualizing circuit designs and diagnosing
issues.

Example: In a simple circuit, the battery may be represented as a long and short parallel line, while
a resistor is often depicted as a zig-zag line.

Wiring Diagrams: These diagrams show the physical layout of the system, including wire
connections and component locations. They are important for installation and repair work.

Example: A wiring diagram for a household circuit might show how various lights and outlets are
connected to a breaker box.

2.2 Technical Manuals and Datasheets

Technical manuals and datasheets provide detailed information about electrical components and
systems.

Specifications: These documents include key characteristics such as voltage ratings, current
capacities, and environmental conditions for safe operation. Understanding specifications is
essential for selecting the right components for a project.

Application Notes: These are guidelines and best practices for installing and using components.
They often contain examples and troubleshooting tips that can be invaluable for engineers and
technicians.

Example: A datasheet for a capacitor might include information on its capacitance, voltage rating,
equivalent series resistance (ESR), and temperature coefficients.

2.3 Standards and Codes

National Electrical Code (NEC): This set of standards for electrical installation and safety in the
United States is crucial for electrical engineers and electricians. Familiarity with the NEC is
essential for compliance and safety.

International Electro-technical Commission (IEC): Provides globally recognized standards for

electrical installations. Understanding IEC standards enhances safety and interoperability,
particularly for multinational projects.

Safety Certifications: Familiarity with various safety certifications (such as UL, CE, or CSA) can
help ensure that the equipment and systems meet established safety standards.

3. ALTERNATING CURRENTS THEORY AND MACHINES

3.1 Basics of Alternating Current (AC)

Definition: Alternating current is a type of electrical current that changes direction periodically. It
is characterized by its frequency, typically measured in hertz (Hz), with the standard frequency
being 50 or 60 Hz depending on the region.

Characteristics:

Amplitude: The maximum value of voltage or current in the AC cycle. Higher amplitude means
more energy can be transmitted.

Phase: The position of the waveform at a specific time. In multi-phase systems, phase relationships
impact power delivery.

3.2 AC Waveforms

1. Sine Waves: The most common waveform for AC, characterized by smooth periodic
oscillations.

Peak Value: The maximum value of the wave.

RMS Value: Represents the effective value of AC, providing a basis for comparing AC with DC.
The formula for RMS is
2. Phase Shift: Refers to the difference in phase angle between two AC waveforms, which is
significant in multi-phase systems. A phase shift can lead to power factor issues in electrical
systems, affecting efficiency.

3.3 AC Machines

1. Transformers: Devices used to step up (increase) or step down (decrease) voltage levels in AC
systems, based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Operation: Transformers operate on the principle of mutual induction, where a changing magnetic
field induces a voltage in a coil.

Applications: Used in power distribution systems to transmit electricity over long distances with
minimal losses.

2. Induction Motors: These motors operate using the principle of rotating magnetic fields,
converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Applications: Widely used in industrial machinery, pumps, and fans due to their efficiency and
reliability. Induction motors are preferred for their simplicity and robustness.

3. Alternators: Machines that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, usually through
the principle of electromagnetic induction. Commonly used in power generation.

4. POLY-PHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

4.1 Introduction to Poly-phase Systems

Definition: Poly-phase systems utilize multiple phases of AC power, typically three phases, to
deliver electricity efficiently.

Advantages:
Improved Efficiency: Less power loss compared to single-phase systems. For example, three-
phase systems can transmit more power through smaller conductors.

Smoother Operation: Provides a constant power supply to motors, enhancing performance. This is
crucial in applications where consistent speed is required.

4.2 Three-Phase Systems

1. Configuration:

Star (Y) Configuration: Each phase is connected to a common point, providing higher voltage to
the load and allowing for the use of smaller conductors.

Delta (Δ) Configuration: Each phase is connected end-to-end, allowing for higher current capacity
and lower voltage. This configuration is often used in industrial applications.

2. Power Calculation:

Total power in a three-phase system is calculated as:

3. Example Calculation:

- For a three-phase system with a line voltage of 400 V, line current of 10 A, and a power factor
of 0.8:

4.3 Applications of Poly-phase Systems

Commonly used in industrial and commercial applications to power large motors and heavy
machinery, providing a reliable and efficient power supply. This includes applications in
manufacturing, HVAC systems, and large-scale electrical installations.

5. OVERCURRENT, SHORT CIRCUITS, AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

5.1 Overcurrent Protection

Definition: Occurs when the current exceeds the rated capacity of a circuit, leading to potential
overheating and fire hazards. Overcurrent can be caused by equipment failure, short circuits, or
overloads.

Protection Devices:

Fuses: These are sacrificial devices that melt to interrupt the circuit when the current exceeds a
specified limit, protecting the circuit from damage.

Circuit Breakers: These devices automatically disconnect the circuit when overcurrent is detected.
Unlike fuses, they can be reset and reused. They are classified into thermal, magnetic, and
combination types.

5.2 Short Circuits

Causes: Can occur due to faulty wiring, insulation failure, or equipment malfunction.

Example: A short circuit may happen when the insulation on a wire wears out, causing the live
wire to touch the ground or another wire, leading to a sudden spike in current.

Consequences: Can result in equipment damage, fire, and hazardous conditions. Short circuits can
create arcs that generate intense heat, leading to fires or explosions.

5.3 Earth Fault Protection

Definition: Protection against unintended current flow to the ground, which can occur due to
insulation failure.
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs): These devices detect ground faults and disconnect the
circuit quickly. GFCIs are critical in wet locations, such as kitchens and bathrooms, to protect
against electrical shocks.

5.4 Importance of Protective Systems

Protective systems ensure safety and reliability in electrical installations by minimizing risks
associated with over-currents, short circuits, and earth faults.

Regular Testing and Maintenance: Regular testing and maintenance of protective devices are
critical to ensuring their effectiveness in preventing accidents. This includes routine inspections
and testing of fuses, circuit breakers, and GFCIs.

Understanding health and safety principles, effectively utilizing technical information, and
mastering the theory of alternating currents and electrical machines are essential for professionals
in the electrical field. Knowledge of poly-phase systems and protective measures against over-
currents, short circuits, and earth faults is vital for ensuring the safety and efficiency of electrical
systems.