SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste is unused or unavoidable product of human activity. The waste management is become
one of the major problem especially in developing countries this is because of rapid
increase of population. These wastes are normally solid and are mostly useless and unwanted,
still many of these materials can be recycled and thus they became resource for industrial
production or energy generation, if managed properly. Waste management has become one of
the most significant problems in the world. Municipal solid waste management is an obligatory
function per the respectivemunicipal acts that govern function and responsibilities of local
bodies in India. It is the responsibility of the local bodies to collect, transport and dispose the
waste in an environmentally accepted manner. The quantity and characteristics of solid waste
vary to a significant extent and cannot be attributes to specific location. The factors that
influence the volume and composition are average level of income, population, social behavior,
climate changes, industrial production and market for waste materials.Municipal solid waste
includes waste produce from commercial, domestic, industrial, institutional,demolition,
construction and municipal services.Managing solid waste is one of the most essential services
which often fail due to rapid urbanisation along with changes in the waste quantity and
composition.
The term solid waste management mainly refers to the complete process of collecting, treating
and disposing of solid wastes.
Disposal of Waste

The process of waste handling and disposal varies in different countries. In India, the processes
differ according to the source of solid waste. They can be classified as:
⦁ Municipal Solid Waste.
⦁ Hazardous Solid Waste.
Municipal solid waste can further be divided into biodegradable, recyclable and hazardous
domestic wastes. The biodegradable waste includes rotten food, vegetable peel and mostly wet
kitchen waste. Recyclable waste includes plastic and hazardous wastes include, bulb, batteries,
etc.
The industry generated waste from chemical factories, medical waste from hospitals are
considered as Hazardous Solid Waste and they need special settings to dispose of them.
In any region, solid waste management is very important for the safe disposal of wastes and to
reduce environmental pollution and avoid any health hazards that it may cause.

Methods of waste disposal:

Landfills:
Landfills are the most common method of disposing of solid wastes. Landfills are engineered
sites where solid waste is deposited and compacted. The waste is then covered with soil to
reduce odours, prevent the spread of disease, and minimize environmental contamination.
Landfills should meet certain design and regulatory requirements to prevent pollution of soil,
groundwater, and air.
Modern-day landfills are designed by taking care of various environmental factors and types of
wastes, so as to minimise
pollution and health risks.

Incineration:

The second method is incineration ,this method is hazardous to environment and also to public.
Incineration is the process of controlled combustion of garbage to reduce it to incombustible
matter such as ash and
waste gas. The exhaust gases from this process may be toxic, hence it is treated before being
released into the environment.
This process reduces the volume of waste by 90 per cent and is considered as one of the most
hygienic methods of waste disposal. In some cases, the heat generated is used to produce
electricity. However, some consider this process, not quite environmentally friendly due to the
generation of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Composting:

The final method is composting which is considered as a preferable method to manage waste but
there is a failure in large scale composting plant in developing countries due to shortage of
simple scientific methods. All organic materials decompose with time .Food scraps, yard waste,
etc., make up for one of the major organic wastes we throw every day. The process of
composting starts with these organic wastes being buried under layers of soil and then, are left
to decay under the action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
This results in the formation of nutrient-rich manure. Also, this process ensures that the nutrients
are replenished in the soil. Besides enriching the soil, composting also increases the water
retention capacity. In agriculture, it is the best alternative to chemical fertilizers.

Recycling:
Recycling involves separating, processing, and reusing materials from solid waste. Paper,
plastics, glass, metals, and some types of organic waste are typical recyclable materials. This
methods lessens the need for raw materials, mitigates energy usage, and lessens greenhouse
gas emissions. It serves to transform the wastes into products of their genre through industrial
processing.It is environmentally friendly to reuse the waste instead of adding them to nature.
However, processing technologies are pretty expensive.
 Solid waste management system

SOLID WASTE CATEGORIZATION AND ITS TREATMENT METHOD

The Solid waste categorization are Organic waste, Household waste, E-waste, Biomedical
waste, Construction and debris, Inorganic waste. The following are the treatment methods
which we are using provided below
Organic waste –Bio-composting
Household waste- Bioethanation
E waste- Recycling
Biomedical waste-Burning
Construction and debris, Inorganic waste -Land filling
The waste which we need more care is the biomedical waste which is generated in
medical colleges. There is separate rules was implemented in 1998 and amendment was made
twice in 2000 to maintain the biomedical waste. To handle such waste the staffs need more
knowledge, attitude and practice. Segregation and collection need to be done in a suitable
manner.

CONCLUSION
Despite the numerous emerging techniques that arise for solid waste management, landfilling is
still the most prevalent approach in the northeastern area of Illinois. Creation and closure of
landfills may present potential groundwater threat due to leachate intake, and air quality due to
released gases. Although proper care and monitoring is sustained for a relatively long period of
time (30 years), this may result in a danger to public health. Such administration, if inaccurate, is
inefficient and potentially risky.
● The statistics gathered indicate that the overall proportion of refuse induced by food and
vegetable scraps, the percentage of the reuse caused by food and vegetable scraps, the second
highest was paper and the third highest was inert material. There was a higher proportion of
disposable carry bags, where glass, ceramics and metals were nearly equal to one another.
● Since there is a manual separation plate type of solid waste at the dumping site in villages, it is
the most effective way to obtain the recovery and reuse of materials such as metal, plastic, glass
and rubber etc. Framework should be based on rules on environmental protection (reduction,
recycling, reuse, and recovery).
●Annual report of addition of the strategies for collection of solid waste shall have to be
formulated.
●Provision of litter bins at public places shall be made and there will be compulsory
segregation at all the sources.
●Community knowledge, political commitment and civic participation are key to the effective
application of the regulatory regulations and to an comprehensive approach to efficient disposal
of solid urban waste.
●There should be sufficient health and safety provisions for workers at all stages of waste
handling.
●As the dump site is several kilometers away and smaller trucks are used for solid waste
transportation, it would be ideal to set up recycling plant and save on transportation expenses.