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Linux Unit- 3

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11 views

Linux Unit- 3

Uploaded by

bachhrajyashu28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Linux File System


The Linux file system is a structured way to store and manage files and directories on a Linux-based
system. It is hierarchical, starting with the root directory (/), and includes a variety of subdirectories
designed for specific purposes.

Key Linux File Systems


1. Ext (Ext2, Ext3, Ext4):

 Ext4 is the most widely used file system in Linux due to its performance and reliability.

2. XFS: High-performance journaling file system for large files and data.

3. Btrfs: Known for advanced features like snapshots and built-in RAID.

4. NTFS: Supported by Linux for compatibility with Windows file systems.

File Structure in Linux


1. Root (/) Directory:
o The top-most directory in Linux.

o Contains all other directories and files.

2. Important Subdirectories:
o /bin: Essential user command binaries (e.g., ls, cp, mv).

o /boot: Files for booting the system, including the kernel.

o /dev: Device files (e.g., hard drives, USB devices).

o /etc: System configuration files.

o /home: Personal directories for users.

o /lib: Libraries required by system binaries.

o /mnt: Temporary mount points for filesystems.

o /opt: Optional software packages.

o /proc: Virtual filesystem providing system information.

o /tmp: Temporary files.

o /usr: Secondary hierarchy for user programs and data.

o /var: Variable files like logs and caches.


2. Commands for Managing Files and Directories
File Management Commands
1. ls: Lists files and directories.

ls -l

2. cp: Copies files and directories.

cp file1 file2

3. mv: Moves or renames files.

mv oldname newname

4. rm: Removes files or directories.

rm filename

5. cat: Displays the contents of a file.

cat filename

6. touch: Creates an empty file.

touch newfile

7. less/more: View files page by page.


Directory Management Commands
1. mkdir: Creates a new directory.

mkdir newdir

2. rmdir: Removes an empty directory.

rmdir dirname

3. cd: Changes the current directory.

cd /path/to/dir

4. pwd: Prints the current directory.

pwd

5. find: Searches for files or directories.


find / -name file.txt

6. du: Shows disk usage of directories.

du -h /path

Other Common Commands


1. find: Searches for files and directories.

find / -name "filename"

2. grep: Searches within files.

grep "text" filename

3. chmod: Changes file permissions.

chmod 755 filename

4. df: Displays disk space usage.

df -h

3. Software Management
Linux provides tools for installing, updating, and managing software packages.

Package Managers
 Debian-based Systems: Use apt or dpkg.

sudo apt update

sudo apt install package_name

 Red Hat-based Systems: Use yum or dnf.

sudo yum install package_name

 Generic Methods:

o Source Code Installation: ./configure, make, make install.

o Flatpak, Snap, or AppImage for universal packages.

4. Office and Database Applications


1. Office Tools:
o LibreOffice: Open-source office suite.

o OnlyOffice and WPS Office for MS Office compatibility.

2. Database Applications:
o MySQL/MariaDB: Relational database management.

o PostgreSQL: Advanced object-relational database.

o SQLite: Lightweight, file-based database.

5. Graphics Tools and Multimedia


1. Graphics Tools:
o GIMP: Image editing.

o Inkscape: Vector graphics design.

o Blender: 3D modeling and animation.

2. Multimedia Applications:
o VLC: Media player for various formats.

o Audacity: Audio editing.

o Kdenlive: Video editing.

6. Internet and Network Services


Linux excels in internet and network-related tasks, offering robust tools and services.

Web Services
 Apache and Nginx: Popular web servers.

 PHP, Python, Ruby: Languages for web application development.

FTP Services
 vsftpd and ProFTPD: File Transfer Protocol servers.

 ftp and sftp: Command-line clients for file transfers.


Java Clients
 Java Development Kit (JDK): For compiling and running Java applications.

 NetBeans, Eclipse, or IntelliJ IDEA: IDEs for Java development.

Linux supports a vast range of applications and services, making it a versatile and powerful operating
system for both personal and professional use.

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