MOTION

W HAT IS M OT IO N
TYPES OF MOTION
LAWS OF MOTION
DESCRIBING MOTION
-DISTANCE
-DISPLACEMENT
-DISPLACEMENT/TIME GRAPH
-SPEED
SPEED/TIME GRAPH
R E LAT IV E M OT IO N
AC C E LE R AT IO N
- AC C E LE R AT IO N / T IM E G R A PH
VELOCITY
VELOCITY/TIME GRAPH.
 MOTION
L.O. Understanding the
Movement of Objects
 STARTER ACTIVITY

Choose 1 task from the following

list and answer it.
Individual Work
1. Write a definition for motion.

2. List some examples of motion.

3. Draw a moving object.

 WHAT IS MOTION?
Motion is the change in position of an object over time.
Key Points:
Objects are in motion if they change their position
relative to a fixed point.
Speed and direction are important factors in
describing motion.
WATCH THIS VIDEO TO LEARN.
 TYPES OF MOTION
1. Linear Motion: Objects
move in a straight line.
2. CIRCULAR MOTION:
Objects move
in a circular
path.
 3. ROTATIONAL MOTION:
Objects spin around an axis.
 4. OSCILLATORY MOTION:
Objects move back and forth in a
repetitive pattern.
 5. RELATIVE MOTION
Relative motion is the perceived
movement of one object with respect to
another.
It means that the motion of an object
depending on the reference point from
which it's observed.
EXAMPLE 1
• Train and Passenger: If you're sitting on
a moving train, you might feel at rest
relative to the train.
However, from the perspective of someone
standing on the platform, you're moving
at the same speed as the train.
EXAMPLE 2
Car and Tree: If you're driving past a
tree, the tree appears to be moving
backward relative to you. However,
from the tree's perspective, it's
stationary, and you're the one
moving.
CALCULATING RELATIVE MOTION
The calculation for relative speed depends
on whether the objects are moving in the
same direction or the objects are moving
in opposite directions towards, or away
from, each other.
 OBJECTS MOVING IN THE SAME DIRECTION

Relative speed=fastest speed−slowest speed

For example:
Two cars are travelling in the same direction on a road.
The blue car is travelling at 25 m/s in front of the red
car, which is travelling at 30 m/s. What is their
relative speed?
Relative speed=fastest speed−slowest speed
Relative speed=30−25
Relative speed=5m/s
To a passenger in the red car, the blue car appears to be
travelling past at 5 m/s.
 OBJECTS MOVING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS TOWARDS,
OR AWAY FROM, EACH OTHER
Relative speed=speed of object 1+speed of object 2
For example:
Two cars are travelling towards each other on a road.
The blue car is travelling at 15 m/s. The red can is
travelling at 20m/s. What is their relative speed?
Relative speed=speed of object 1+speed of object 2
Relative speed=15+20
Relative speed=35m/s
To a passenger in either car, it would appear that the
other car is approaching at a speed of 35 m/s.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
How is a car's motion different
from a ball's motion?
 PLENARY
A car moving in a straight line at a
constant speed is exhibiting:
A. Rotational motion
B. Linear motion
C. Periodic motion
D. Oscillatory motion
A spinning top A pendulum swinging
demonstrates: back and forth is an
A. Linear motion example of:
B. Periodic motion A. Linear motion
B. Periodic motion
C. Rotational motion C. Rotational motion
D. Oscillatory motion D. Oscillatory motion
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Learn about the laws of motion
STARTER ACTIVITY THINK-PAIR-SHARE
USING THESE PICTURES, SUGGEST THE
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION (LAW OF INERTIA)
Statement: An object at rest will remain at rest, and an
object in motion will continue to move in a straight
line at a constant speed unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
Example: A book on a table remains at rest unless
someone pushes it.
 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
Statement: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional
to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its
mass.
Formula: Force = mass x acceleration
Example: A heavier object requires a greater force to accelerate
at the same rate as a lighter object.
 NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
(LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION)
Statement: For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction.
Example: When you push on a wall, the wall
pushes back on you with an equal force.
 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Concept Mapping Activity: Newton's Laws of Motion
Create a concept map to illustrate your understanding of
Newton's laws of motion. Include the following terms:
• Force •Acceleration
• Mass •Inertia
•First Law
• Action-reaction
•Second Law
•Third Law
You may also include examples or diagrams to illustrate your
concepts.
 PLENARY
Explain the following physics phenomena
using Newton's laws of motion:
 A car accelerates when you press the
gas pedal.
 A ball bounces off a wall.
 A rocket launches into space.
What is Newton's first law of motion?
How does the mass of an object affect its
acceleration?
Explain the concept of action-reaction
forces.
What is the difference between a scalar
quantity and a vector quantity?
Provide an example of a real-world
application of Newton's third law.
 STARTER ACTIVITY

Does the train in the adjacent figure

move?
Explain your answer.
SCALAR & VECTOR QUANTITIES
 DISTANCE
Distance is a measure of how
far an object moves. it does
not include an object's
direction.
Distance is a scalar quantity.
Smaller distances can be
measured with a ruler, or a
tape.
Larger distances can be
measured with GPS
.
 DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH
If an object
moves along a
straight line,
the distance
travelled can
be represented
by a distance-
time graph.
 KEY FACT
On a distance-time graph, the
gradient of the line is equal to
the speed of the object. The
greater the gradient (the steeper
the line) the faster the object is
moving.
 EXAMPLE
Calculate the speed of the
object represented by the
green line in the graph, from
0 to 4 seconds (s).
change in distance = (8 - 0) = 8
m
change in time = (4 - 0) = 4 s
speed=distance / time
speed=8÷4
speed=2 m/s
 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Calculate the
speed of the
object
represented
by the purple
line in the
graph.
 DISTANCE-TIME GRAPHS FOR ACCELERATING
OBJECTS
If the speed of an
object changes,
it will be
accelerating or
decelerating.
This can be Section of
graph
Gradient Speed

shown as a A increasing increasing

curved line on a B
C
constant
decreasing
constant
decreasing
distance-time D zero
stationary (at
rest)
graph.
 GRADIENT OF SLOPE OF DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH
If an object is accelerating or
decelerating, its speed can be
calculated at any particular time
by:
• drawing a tangent to the curve at
that time
• measuring the gradient of the
tangent
As the diagram shows, after drawing
the tangent, work out the change
in distance (A) and the change in
time (B).
gradient=vertical change /
horizontal change
EXAMPLE OF GRADIENT OF D/T GRAPH
PLENARY
Calculate the
speed of the
object as it
moves from 0 to
10km
DISPLACEMENT
 STARTER ACTIVITY
Walk 5 cm from the teacher’s table
towards the back of the classroom,
then stop, turn around and walk
3cm towards the teacher’s table.
If one tile represent 1cm :
1.Calculate the total distance walked
2.Calculate the displacement.
 DISPLACEMENT
Displacement is the distance
between an object's
starting point and its
ending point, measured in
a straight line. It's a vector
quantity, Formula for
displacement in one
dimension:
Displacement = Final position - Initial position
Note: If the displacement is negative, it means the object moved in the
opposite direction of the positive direction.
CALCULATING DISPLACEMENT IN
TWO DIMENSION
 DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH
Sections A and C
show travelling
away from home.
Sections B and D
are when the
journey has
paused for a rest
or a wait.
Section E shows
the return home.
1. WHAT IS THE SPEED IN SECTION A?
2. WHAT IS HAPPENING IN SECTION B?
3. WHAT IS THE AVERAGE SPEED BETWEEN 8:00 AND
11:00?
4. WHAT IS THE TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED?

5. What is the speed in section E?

 KEY FACT

On a displacement-time
graph, the gradient of the
line is equal to the velocity
of the object.
 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
If you walk 5 blocks north and
then 3 blocks south,
1. Find your total distance
2. Determine your displacement
 PLENARY
A car drives 10 kilometers
north and then 5 kilometers
south. What is the distance
traveled? What is the
displacement?
SPEED
 STARTER ACTIVITY
A student walks 80m to
the gym in 60s. What is
the speed of the
student?
 SPEED
Speed is the rate of change of distance - it
is the distance travelled per unit time.
• Like distance, speed is also a scalar
quantity.
• To measure speed in the laboratory, a
distance value and a time value are
needed.
• The time can be measured with light
gates, or a stopwatch.
 TO CALCULATE SPEED
use the equation:
speed=distance/time
where:
 speed is measured in metres per
second (m/s)
 distance is measured in metres (m)
 time is measured in seconds (s)
 EXAMPLE
A toy car rolls down a ramp.
The car takes 0.4s to
complete the final 30cm of
the ramp. Calculate the
speed of the car as it rolls
down the final 30cm of the
ramp.
First convert the distance from
centimetres to metres:
30 cm = 0.3 m
Then substitute the values into
the equation:
AVERAGE SPEED AND DISTANCE
Sometimes, it is Where:
• distance travelled is
necessary to measured in metres (m)
calculate the • average speed is
average speed for measured in metres per
the whole journey second (m/s)
using: • time is measured in
seconds (s)
 EXAMPLE
A car travels 500 m in 50 s, then
1500 m in 75 s. Calculate its
average speed for the whole
journey.
First calculate total distance travelled: average speed
500 + 1500 = 2000 m = 2000 ÷ 125
Then calculate total time taken:
50 + 75 = 125 s
average speed
Then use the formula to calculate = 16 m/s
average speed:
 CALCULATING DISTANCE
The distance travelled by an object moving
at an average speed can be calculated
using the equation:
distance travelled = average speed × time
This is when:
• distance travelled is measured in metres (m)
• average speed is measured in metres per
second (m/s)
• time is measured in seconds (s)
 EXAMPLE
A motorbike travels at an average speed of
12 m/s for 25 s. Calculate the distance
travelled in this time.
distance travelled=average speed × time
distance travelled = 12 × 25
distance travelled = 300 m
 CONVERTING BETWEEN UNITS
Sometimes calculations require a conversion from one set of units
to another
Example
A truck is travelling at 72 km/h. Calculate its speed in m/s.
First, convert the distance from kilometres (km) to metres (m):
1 km = 1,000 m
This means that 72 km = 72,000 m
Then convert the time from hours (h) to seconds (s):
1 h = 3,600 s
Then, substitute the figures to obtain the final value in m/s:
Speed (m/s) = 72,000 ÷ 3,600
Speed = 20 m/s
 SPEED-TIME AND VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS
Speed-time graphs show speed on the vertical axis and time on
the horizontal axis.
The gradient of a speed-time graph represents acceleration
because:

'Metres per second per second' can be written

A negative gradient shows the rate of “slowing down” or

deceleration.
Velocity-time graphs show velocity on the vertical axis.
Acceleration is still represented by the gradient.
 KEY FACT
The gradient of speed-
time and velocity-time
graphs represent
acceleration.
The area under a speed-time graph
represents the distance travelled.
Likewise, the area under a velocity-
time graph represents
the displacement of the moving
object. If the velocity is always
positive, then the displacement will
be the same as the distance.
 EXAMPLE

Describe
what is
happening
in this
journey.
 PLENARY
Define speed. Which of these is
• Speed is the change in
position with time of
not a unit of
one object compared speed?
to another object. • metres per
• Speed is a numerical
description of how far
hour
apart two things are. • metres per
• Speed is a measure of second
how fast an object is
moving.
• minutes per
hour
 VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
Velocity
The only difference between velocity and speed is that
velocity has a direction.
velocity=displacement / time
EXAMPLE 1
If a car travels 24 m east
in 3 seconds, what is its
velocity?
 EXAMPLE 2
You walk all the way around the house in the
diagram in 20 seconds.
a) What is your speed?
b) What is your velocity?

b) Your velocity is zero. This is because your

displacement is nothing. You have ended up
at your original position.
 ACCELERATION
Acceleration is the change in velocity
per second and is measured in
m/s2.
 EXAMPLE 1
Find the acceleration of a car, if it
starts at 10 m/s and it reaches 30
m/s in 4 seconds.

The change in velocity is v – u, which

is 30 – 10 = 20 m/s.
The acceleration is the change in
velocity ÷ time, which is 20 m/s ÷ 4
s = 5 m/s2.
EXAMPLE 2
A motorcycle goes from 0 m/s
(rest) to 40 m/s in 8
seconds. Calculate the
acceleration.
The change in velocity v – u =
40 – 0 = 40 m/s.
The acceleration = change in
velocity ÷ time = 40 m/s ÷ 8 s
= 5 m/s2.
 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A sports car can A cyclist brakes
accelerate and slows from
from 0 to 26 11 m/s to 3 m/s
m/s (60 mph)
in 2 seconds.
in 5 seconds.
Calculate the
What is the
acceleration of acceleration of
the car? the bike.
 PLENARY A car accelerates
uniformly from rest
A car can to 20 m/s in 5
accelerate seconds. What is its
acceleration?
from 22 m/s Options:
to 30 m/s in 4 a) 2 m/s²
seconds. b) 4 m/s²
c) 5 m/s²
Calculate the d) 10 m/s²
acceleration.