LAB 1

Time (minutes) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Voltage (V) 2.93 2.95 3.00 3.05 3.09 3.13 3.16 3.18 3.20 3.22 3.23
0
Temperature K 293 295 300 305 309 313 316 318 320 322 323
o
C 20 22 27 32 36 40 43 45 47 49 50

Questions

Q1. What are the conditions considered for Output Characteristics?

Output characteristics of a transducer, in this case, the LM 335 IC temperature sensor, refer to how its

output voltage varies with changes in temperature. In the given lab experiment, the conditions considered

for output characteristics are:

 The IC temperature sensor (LM 335) is connected to a digital voltmeter.

 The digital voltmeter's positive terminal (+ve) is connected to the output of the IC temperature

sensor.

 The digital voltmeter's negative terminal (-ve) is connected to ground (Gnd).

 The Techbook power supply is connected to the Scientech 2302.

 The heater element is supplied with +12V and voltage readings are taken every minute.

Q2. What are temperature sensors?

Temperature sensors are devices or transducers used to measure and detect changes in temperature and

convert them into a corresponding electrical signal. These sensors are employed in various applications

where temperature monitoring and control are essential. The output from temperature sensors can be used
for temperature measurement, control systems, thermal mapping, and other temperature-related

applications.

Q3. Give the types of temperature sensors?

There are various types of temperature sensors, and some common types include:

 Thermocouples: These are composed of two dissimilar metals joined together. They produce a

voltage output that varies with temperature.

 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs): RTDs are temperature sensors made of pure metals,

typically platinum, with a resistance that changes with temperature.

 Thermistors: Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors with a highly nonlinear resistance-

temperature relationship.

 Infrared (IR) Sensors: These sensors detect infrared radiation emitted by objects and are used for

non-contact temperature measurements.

 IC Temperature Sensors: Integrated Circuit (IC) temperature sensors are semiconductor devices

that provide a voltage or digital output proportional to temperature.

 Thermometers: Traditional liquid-filled or digital thermometers that use various principles for

temperature measurement.

Q4. What is LM 335?

LM 335 is an integrated circuit (IC) temperature sensor. It is a specific type of IC temperature sensor that

contains 16 transistors, 9 resistors, and 2 capacitors, all integrated into a single transistor type package.

LM 335 is designed to measure temperature and provides an output voltage of 10mV/K, which means the

output voltage varies by 10mV for every 1-degree Kelvin change in temperature.

Q5. What are the characteristics of LM 335?

The characteristics of LM 335 are as follows:

 The LM335 operates on a current range of 400uA-5mA having resistance less than 1 ohm.

 It has a breakdown voltage directly proportional to absolute temperature at 10mV/°K.

 LM335 has a low dynamic impedance and can be easily calibrated

LAB 2

297 299 304 309 313 317 319 321 323 325 326

RTD Temperature 24 26 31 36 40 44 46 48 50 52 53

RTD Resistance 109.34 110.12 112.06 114.99 115.54 117.08 117.86 118.63 119.40 120.17 120.55

Questions

Q1. What is the full form of RTD?

The full form of RTD is Resistance Temperature Detector.

Q2. What is PTC?

PTC stands for Positive Temperature Coefficient. It refers to materials that exhibit an increase in

resistance with an increase in temperature.

Q3. What is the requirement of a conductor material to be used in RTD?

The requirements of a conductor material to be used in RTDs are as follows:

 The change in resistance of the material per unit change in temperature should be as large as

possible.

 The material should have a high value of resistance so that a minimum volume of material is used

for the construction of the RTD.

 The resistance of the material should have a continuous and stable relationship with temperature.

Q4. What is the characteristic of RTD?

The characteristic of an RTD is that its resistance changes predictably and linearly with temperature. The

resistance of the RTD increases with an increase in temperature, and this relationship is usually stable and

consistent over a wide temperature range.

Q5. What is the PT-100?

PT-100 is a type of RTD that is based on platinum as the sensing element. The "PT" in PT-100 stands for

"Platinum Temperature," and "100" refers to the nominal resistance of the RTD at 0 degrees Celsius. A
PT-100 RTD has a resistance of approximately 100 ohms at 0 degrees Celsius and exhibits a linear

change in resistance with temperature.

Q6. What is the property of PT-100?

The property of PT-100 is its high accuracy and stability in temperature measurement. Platinum-based

RTDs, like PT-100, are widely used in various industries and applications because of their excellent

characteristics, including:

 High accuracy: PT-100 RTDs can provide precise temperature measurements over a wide range

of temperatures.

 Linear response: The change in resistance of a PT-100 RTD is nearly linear with temperature,

simplifying temperature calculations.

 Stability: Platinum RTDs offer long-term stability and reliability, maintaining their calibration

over time.

 Wide temperature range: PT-100 RTDs can measure temperatures from -200°C to over 600°C,

depending on the construction and application.

 Low susceptibility to contamination: Platinum is resistant to most forms of contamination,

ensuring accurate and consistent readings over time.

LAB 3

Time (minutes) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

298 300 305 310 314 318 320 322 324 322 327

Temperature (from °K

IC Temperature 25 27 32 37 41 45 47 49 51 52 54
 °C
sensor)
Vout(From NTC Thermistor 2.98 3.00 3.05 3.10 3.14 3.18 3.20 3.22 2.24 3.25 3.27

point)

15134. 15000 14672. 14108. 14108. 13867. 13750 13633. 13518. 13461. 13348.

Thermistor Resistance (R1) 2 1 8 2 9 5 5 5 6

Question

Q1. What is NTC?

NTC stands for Negative Temperature Coefficient. It refers to a type of thermistor whose electrical

resistance decreases as the temperature increases.

Q2. What is a Thermistor?

A thermistor is a type of temperature sensor that utilizes the principle of the predictable change in

electrical resistance with temperature in certain materials. Thermistors are designed to be highly sensitive

to changes in temperature, making them suitable for various temperature measurement and control

applications.

Q3. Name the material used for making Thermistor?

The materials commonly used for making thermistors are semiconductor ceramics, typically composed of

metal oxides, such as oxides of manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, and titanium.

Q4. What are the applications of Thermistor?

Thermistors find various applications in different industries and fields due to their sensitivity and

reliability in temperature sensing. Some common applications of thermistors include:

 Temperature measurement and control in electronic devices and appliances

 Overheating protection in electronic circuits and devices

 Temperature compensation in electronic components

 Temperature monitoring in HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems

 Thermal protection in motors, transformers, and power equipment

 Weather monitoring and climate control systems

 Medical devices for temperature sensing and monitoring

 Automotive temperature sensors for engine management and climate control

 Industrial processes and automation systems where temperature control is critical

Q5. How can the analogue resistance be converted into electrical voltage?

To convert the analog resistance of a thermistor into an electrical voltage, a voltage divider circuit is

commonly used. The thermistor is connected in series with a fixed resistor (R2), and the junction between

the thermistor and the fixed resistor is connected to a voltage source (Vin). The output voltage (Vout) is

taken from the junction between the thermistor and the fixed resistor. The voltage output is then measured

using a voltmeter.

The voltage divider formula is used to calculate the output voltage (Vout):

Vout = Vin * (R1 / (R1 + R2))

Where:
Vout is the output voltage (voltage across the thermistor).

Vin is the input voltage (voltage across the entire voltage divider circuit).

R1 is the resistance of the thermistor.

R2 is the resistance of the fixed resistor.

By measuring the output voltage (Vout) and knowing the values of Vin and R2, the resistance of the

thermistor (R1) can be calculated using the voltage divider formula.

Q6. Thermistors are.......................... (Active/passive transducer).

Thermistors are passive transducers. Passive transducers are devices that convert a physical quantity (in

this case, temperature) into an electrical signal without requiring any external power source. In contrast,

active transducers require an external power supply to operate and convert the physical quantity into an

electrical signal. Since thermistors do not need an external power source to function as temperature

sensors, they are considered passive transducers.