Language of Research, Campaigns and Advocacies

 RESEARCH – is an imperative area in not just the field of education, but in other fields
as well.
- it primarily focuses upon improving quality and is research for knowledge (Kapur, 2018)
- It shows how to make provisions of solutions to a problem in a scientific and methodical
manner.
- Fact finding
 Campaign- this can be a single ad or a series of ads.
-it has ads that revolve around a single idea.
-it provides a framework in which processes of advocacy that can be easily developed
and enclosed.
-it has varying purposes, they are created using similar structures, as well as through
the use of persuasive language in order to convince audiences to perform a certain
function.
5 Dimension of a Campaign
1. Awareness Raising- intended to make the problem to be addressed known by the
general public.
2. Research- provides the necessary knowledge to take action.
3. Social Mobilization- these are used by grassroots-based social movements, but also
as a tool for the elite and the state itself.
Grassroots- a movement which uses the people in a given area as the basis for
political or economic movement.
4. Training- focused on a clear and specific target.
- involves a lot of different groups like civic and religious organizations,
particularly the members of institutions.
5. Lobbying - act to influence decisions made by officials in the government.

 Advocacy- it is an action for a cause or purpose such as a media campaign of a non-

government organization or NGO that works for human rights to find shareholders and
partners to sustain its activity.
- includes many different stakeholders involved for the complexity of the topics
usually chosen; like, academics, partnership with universities and field data and
interviews.

Connecting Ideas using Conjunctions in an Argumentative Text

- A conjunction is the glue that holds words, phrases and clauses (both dependent
and independent) together.
- serve as a cue within a sentence, signaling the reader that another idea is coming.
Example:
Peter and Paul are best friends.
(the word “and” is a conjunction. It is joining two entities, which are Peter, Paul).
I am going to the market and to the grocery store.
(the word “and” in this sentence is joining two ideas, which are going to the market
and to the grocery store).
My mother asked me if I am going to wash my clothes or wash the dishes.
(It is stating that the girl has two choices, to wash her clothes or wash the dishes)
Kinds of Conjunctions
1. coordinating - link ideas by showing how they relate
2. subordinating - indicates that one idea depends on another
3. correlation - join elements within a sentence, indicating the two are of
equal importance.
 Formulating Assertion and Opinion
 Fowler H. Ramsay (1986), as outlined in the Colorado State University website,
described assertion as a term generally used to refer to statements of fact,
opinion, belief and prejudice.

These types or categories of assertion are quite different from one

another
 A fact is a verifiable statement. It can be proven objectively by verified
observations or the results of research among others.
 Opinion is a personal judgment based on facts; hence, it is debatable and
potentially changeable.
 Belief- a conviction based on cultural or personal faith, morality or values. A
statement of belief may look similar with an opinion, but they are not based on
evidence; that is why they cannot be contested or argued in a rational or logical
manner.
 Commonplace assertion. This is a stereotype, an oversimplification or a
prejudice, which is a half-baked opinion based on insufficient or unexamined
evidence, but it presented as if it were a fact.
- statement that is commonly believed to be true even without proof or evidence.

 An opinion is a type of assertion which expresses a judgment, viewpoint, or

statement about matters commonly considered to be subjective. It is a personal
view; however, it is still based on facts. In other words, it is an honest attempt to
draw a conclusion from factual evidence, and not a mere statement of one’s belief,
preference, or prejudice (e.g. The president is the worst leader the country has
ever had.)
An opinion statement is composed mainly of a debatable topic and a focus (i.e.,
the specific feeling or belief the writer or speaker has about the topic.) It can
sometimes be distinguished from other constructions because it often uses
qualifying words such as almost, usually, maybe, probably, often, some,
most and in most cases. It does not have to be explicitly stated using the words
“I think...” or “In my opinion...” Take, for instance, the sentence: Most
public schools are ready for distance education. The word “most” makes the
sentence an opinion that is easier to support. Opinions result from ambiguities; the
more ambiguous a statement, the more difficult it is to verify, and so they are open
to disputes.
THERE ARE THREE CATEGORIES OF OPINION STATEMENTS
o Statement of Truth-It is an opinion that something is or is not the case.
For example: With the minimal number of Covid-19 cases in the city, Baguio City
clearly has more effective contact tracing methods than most cities in the country.
o Statement of Value-It is an opinion statement which claims that something does
or does not have worth. For example: Hard lockdowns of barangays has not been
effective in controlling the spread of the coronavirus.
o Statement of Policy- It claims that something should or should not be done.
For example: Amidst the ongoing pandemic, what teachers and students need is
not academic freeze but material, moral and instructional support from the leaders
in the education department.
 Another statement or expression that is somewhat similar to an opinion is called
commonplace assertion. Readers or listeners sometimes confuse the two with
each other; however, a commonplace assertion does not appear to be as
subjective as an opinion.
EXAMPLES:
1. Men are stronger than women.
2. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
 Argumentative Text: Modal Verbs and Modal Adverbs

Modal Verbs are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different
from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the
function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative
functions.
Modal Verbs Expressions Examples
Can/Can’t (present) ABILITY- to say someone ● Lito can speak 5 dialects
Could/Couldn’t (past) has (or hasn’t) a particular fluently, but she can’t speak
ability. English fluently.
Could/Might/May (present POSSIBILITY -to express ● It might be raining
and future) possibility about the outside, you should take an
present or the future. umbrella with you.
● I may come and visit you
after work.
● It could rain later, so I will
bring an umbrella with me.
Must/ Must Have CERTAINTY – to express ● She speaks 5 dialects, so
(present/past) certainty. she must be clever
Should/ought to/Must ADVICE – to give advice. ● You should buy some new
shoes.
● You ought to go to sleep
early, you look tired.
● You must be careful and
alert when driving alone.
Must/Have to OBLIGATION – ● You must finish your task by
expresses strong obligation. this afternoon.
● She has to feed her pet
everyday.
Modal Adverbs are used to modify specific verbs that consist of a linking verb (verb of
being) and sometimes another verb.
Here are examples of modal adverbs: probably, possibly, evidently, certainly,
surely, undoubtedly, seriously, clearly, obviously
1. I will surely watch the Avengers movie.
2. It will probably rain this afternoon.
3. Ruben must seriously exert more effort in his studies to pass this final quarter.
What is MODALITY?
It is used in writing to express how definite you are about something.
Degrees of Modality
1. STRONG – uses the adverbs always and never, evidently, surely, seriously and
undoubtedly.
Example: People should always wash their hands before eating.
You will never graduate if you will not study hard.
2. MODERATE – uses often, rarely, usually, sometimes, frequently, and occasionally

Example: Mary rarely goes.

Some adverbs can be used to describe how likely it is that something will happen. These
are called ‘adverbs of possibility.
Some of the most common adverbs of possibility are:
certainly definitely maybe possibly
obviously perhaps probably clearly

FORMULATING CLAIMS OF FACT, POLICY AND VALUE

What is a claim?
For a Speaker: A claim is the main topic of an argument where the speaker tries to
assert on his or her beliefs, ideas or actions.
For a Writer: A claim is the central statement of a text where the writer tries to prove in
the text by providing details, explanations and other types of evidence.
Examples of claims: Characteristics
1. Covid-19 is deadly. It is a single statement.
2. Flu and covid-19 spread in similar way. It is being compared.
3. Baguio City had more than 100 cases of Covid-19. It is in the past, present or
future
4. You will have covid-19 if you have low body It has a cause and effect.
resistance.
5. You should wear mask and face shield. It has action to be taken.
6. People are sanitizing daily for their safety. It is what’s happening.
7. Tawa-tawa is the cure for covid-19. It could be true or false.
Other characteristics of a good claim:
 A claim should be argumentative and debatable.
 A claim should be specific and focused.
 A claim should be interesting and engaging.
 A claim should be logical.

THREE TYPES OF CLAIMS

1. CLAIM OF FACT
 A claim whether something is true or untrue but there must always be potential for
controversy, conflict and change.
 A claim that reports, describes, predicts and shows cause and effect.
 A claim that something has existed (past), exists (present) or will exist (future).
2. CLAIM OF POLICY
 A claim that urges that an action be taken or discontinued in specific policies.
 A claim that shows that a problem exists and it’s good to solve it in a certain way.
3. CLAIM OF VALUE
 A claim that gives judgment about morality, beauty, merit or wisdom.
 A claim that compares and contrasts a problem with a similar one in another time
and/or place
 A claim that is based on preference such as likes or dislikes, good or bad.